Signage

In recent years with the emergence of programmatic and also due to its flexibility of use and the audio-visual possibilities offered, digital signage systems have replaced traditional non-digital systems such as posters and boards. This paper is a guide to what parameters to use in order to effectively design DS.
The composition is the artistic design of the DS whereas the architecture would be the technical construction of the DS and involve a number of software and hardware issues. In this paper we deal with the design or composition aspects of what meets the eye.

During the past two decades, the body of empirical research on warning design and evaluation has grown. Consequently, there are now basic principles and guidelines addressing warning design (e.g., signal words, color, symbols, and text/content), placement (e.g., location within product instructions), and how to enhance the usability of designs by considering factors internal to the user (e.g., beliefs, perceptions of risk, stress). Similarly, evaluation methods have been developed that can be used to measure the effectiveness of warnings such as the degree to which warnings are communicated to recipients and the degree to which they encourage or influence behavioral compliance. An overview of the empirical literature on warning guidelines and evaluation approaches is provided. Researchers, practitioners, and manufacturers can use these guidelines in various contexts to reduce the likelihood that injury and product damage from exposure lo a hazard will occur.

In the last two decades, there has been heightened interest from industry, government and consumers regarding the effectiveness of warnings, and this interest has corresponded with an upsurge of research on the topic.  This book provides a comprehensive review and analysis of major issues in the theory, research, and applications of warnings and risk communication.  Its contributors include leading US and international experts.
Warnings and Risk Communication begins with a section containing an overview chapter introducing the area and telling some of its history.  This is followed by a chapter describing a communication-human information processing (C-HIP) model that serves as a theoretical framework and an organizational basis for the research literature presented in subsequent chapters.  The second section describes methods for investigating warning effectiveness issues.  Techniques on how to conduct research measuring the effects of warning at intermediate processing stages (such as attention and comprehension) and on behavioral intentions and compliance are detailed.  The third section consists of seven chapters based on the stages of the C-HIP model, with each chapter reviewing the associated warning research and theory.  The fourth section provides practical guidance for developing effective warnings.  Standards, regulations and guidelines are discussed, and procedures for developing and testing warnings are presented.  In the fifth section, the book concludes with two chapters addressing forensics issues.  Legal concerns in warning design and failure to warn are examined, and the role of the warnings expert witness in litigation is described.
Warnings and Risk Communication is an authoritative sourcebook on the theory, research and applications in the field.  It provides a resource for professionals and academics in diverse domains that range from human factors/ergonomics, engineering psychology, marketing, and design, to industry, government, and litigation.  Improving occupational and consumer safety is the book's foremost goal.

Apparel industry in India is booming and there is fierce competition among various players in apparel segment in terms of lifestyle format. The study is aimed to find out impact of various dimensions of visual merchandising on impulse buying behavior of the customers visiting " Central Malls ". Four dimensions of visual merchandising viz. window display, in-store form/ mannequin display, floor merchandising and promotional signage are studied and its impact on impulse buying behavior is found out. The results reveal that certain dimensions of visual merchandising do affect impulse purchase. Hence, visual merchandising is important for strategic marketing decisions to increase the sales of the stores. The full paper is uploaded for the ready reference of the researchers. The copyright of the paper rests with the publishers who have made full paper available on the internet. For the commercial use of this paper permission from the publisher is needed. Number of Pages in PDF File: 7 Abstract http://ssrn.com/abstract=2355742

Electronics, a high involvement product (HIP), consists of 8 per cent in organized retail industry in India. This category is growing at a rapid pace with many players entering into organized format of retail in this category. Recently many players have also entered into online marketing of their products. Hence, competition in this category is increasing rapidly. This product category is such that other than technological differentiation there can be little means to differentiate them from competitors. In addition, customers think many factors before purchasing these products like price, brand, etc. This study was undertaken to find out whether visual product display and other display criteria affect the purchase behavior of customers of electronic product category, as it is a high involvement products (HIP). The dimensions of visual display that were taken for study of this topic were window display, store front, merchandise presentation, store layout and organization, shelf display, floor merchandise, wall mount display, experience, signages/ graphics and store environment and it is found that window display and store front have impact on purchase behavior of consumers. Note: The full paper is uploaded for the ready reference of the researchers. The copyright of the paper rests with the publishers who have made full paper available on the online. For the commercial use of this paper permission from the publisher is needed. Number of Pages in PDF File: 12 Abstract http://ssrn.com/abstract=2645518

The basic goal of safety programmes and hazard analysis is to prevent personal injury and property damage. Warnings, the topic of this chapter, are one of several methods that can be used to defend against hannful outcomes. Warnings may be delivered by signs, on labels, in product manuals, and in other ways described later. The two principal purposes of warnings are to communicate information about potential hazards effectively and to reduce unsafe behaviour that might otherwise occur without their presence. However, warnings are not the best injury-prevention strategy to use (by themselves), particularly if other more effective methods can be employed instead of, or in addition to, warnings.

This chapter introduces several major warning-related concepts. Topics include the plll'poses of warnings and their place in the hazard control hierarchy. The who, what, when and where of warnings are described, followed by a discussion of the concepts of hazard control hierarchy and warning systems. A table of generalized design guidelines derived from the warning literature is presented. Lastly, testing using participants from the target population is recommended to verify warning effectiveness.

Few elements of the twentieth century built environment have historically stirred as much optimism, ire, or nostalgia as neon signs.  Despite a growing appreciation for its value by both municipalities and the general public, however, the fate of neon signage is far from secure.  Significant barriers exist to its conservation and continued in situ existence, with beloved signs continuing to disappear and others languishing in states of disrepair.  This project explores solutions to the question of how Portland, Oregon may better ensure that neon signs remain a vital part of its built environment.  It argues that neon signs provide multiple civic benefits and advocates for a targeted blend of regulatory tools, economic incentives, and public advocacy and outreach aimed at fostering a socio-economic environment more supportive of their conservation and continued presence.  This project first establishes a historic context that includes an overview of the history of neon signage and its relationship with public policy, followed by an outline of the many shining benefits these unique signs provide.  By evaluating the relevant state and national tools available for protecting these valuable resources as well as focusing on the protections for Portland neon, it reveals potential for improvement.  A curated survey of various strategies being employed around the country to protect neon signage identifies best practices, which are analyzed for their potential to be implemented effectively in Portland, culminating in a menu of recommendations for how city officials and neon advocates can best ensure a bright future for the city’s neon signs.  While research and recommendations are geared specifically to neon-rich Portland, the project’s insights are general enough that their relevance extends to other cities as well.

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The objective of this thesis is to study people’s navigation flow throughout architectural
spaces and to provide a further observation of how user’s notions and senses tend to
guide their spontaneous movement within a space. This study explores the use of “smart”,
self-personalized digital signage and wayfinding system using existing technologies (AGPS,
RFID, Face Detection, QR codes, and Augmented Reality) to locate and navigate users
through space to their intended destination without the interference of other misleading
information. Specifically, the implementation focuses on assisting in travelers’ navigation to
their required destination in international airports.

Resumo do mestrado apresentado no ENANPARQ 2014. Depois de mais de 30 anos de operação,  foi pedido,  licitado e executado o  redesign da  sinalização do Metrô de São Paulo, cujo sistema anterior era  tido como exemplo de design da década de 1960/70. O artigo  investiga as motivações do redesign (por meio de documentos e depoimentos), as exigências de projeto (a partir do edital) e o resultado da sua execução, demonstrando a falta de embasamento e estudos tanto para a avaliação do sistema anterior, quanto para a formulação das diretrizes (briefing) do projeto de redesign. O artigo também questiona a forma de participação do usuário em projetos públicos de larga escala, com grande custo e complexidade, em especial no Metrô de São Paulo, cuja abrangência se estende pelo território de uma megalópole e sua utilização é feita por mais de 4 milhões de passageiros diários.

Way-finding systems are approaches and methods of enhancing the legibility in different indoor or outdoor environments. Mainly these systems include various ways of informing people who use the environment to find what they want and find it as facile as it ought to be. Signage is mostly a big part of way-finding systems which consist of visual elements for informing, directing and identifying places; “Signage” is a sub-category of “way-findings” in which designers and architects would rather use the latter to point the whole methods and types of wayfinding, than the signage. Color in all methods is an application to increase the visual meaning of the elements in way-finding and is considered as an ergonomic criterion for make the way-finding elements both readable and legible; resulting in facilitating or optimizing the legibility of the whole environment. In this research after delving into the influences of color in way-findings, a set of elements is designed based on the importance of legibility criteria for environments (i.e. orienting the color parameter to incline toward legible spaces, or environments.). The methodology for evaluating the effects, consist of both quality interviews and point-to-point rout assignment (to see which one can find the easiest and fastest way between two points without preparation or not) in order to test the results.

O design de sinalização, apesar de ter o caráter de uso coletivo e público em espaços, não contempla a participação do usuário em suas principais fases de criação (pré-design, design e pós-design). A partir da revisão bibliográfica de profissionais-autores e analisando as mudanças da área nos últimos 40 anos, percebe-se a informalidade na validação do projeto, em especial na fase de pós-ocupação, contrariando o paradigma da centralidade do usuário no design. Sugere-se a abrangência da caracterização do usuário, sua validação por prototipagem e a utilização dos estudos de ergodesign no pós-uso, liderado pela equipe de design responsável pelo sistema criado.

This article aims at reporting the Ibirapuera Park signaling project development, striving a better communication and localization for the users. Thereunto, theoretical, iconographic and field researches were made to understand the current signaling

project and reformulate it according to the public needs. The project constitutes of the creation of visual identity, a signaling strategy, and orientation, regulation, information, direction and identification signposts.
Keywords:
Signaling Design; Ibirapuera Park; Wayfinding; Visual Identity.

This paper presents a design case of wayfinding design for a senior centre located in Amherst, New York. The design case proposed a new signage system and colour coding scheme to enhance the wayfinding experience of seniors, visitors, and staff members at Amherst Senior Center.

ENGLISH: Toponymy and signage in Friulian: an overview of the present situation. Friuli is a historical region of Northeast Italy comprising most of the Autonomous Region Friuli Venezia Giulia. It presents a special linguistic situation because Friulian (a Rhaeto-Romance language), Slovene, German and Veneto speaking communities coexist alongside the Italian community. In addition to the national law n. 482/1999 which protects historical linguistic minorities, the Autonomous Region Friuli Venezia Giulia has issued various laws to protect the different linguistic communities of its territory. Some of these laws contain specific rules concerning toponymy and signage in Friulian language (Regional Laws 68/1981, 15/1996, 29/2007, etc.). This paper considers the consequences of and the problems pertaining to the enforcement of these laws by local authorities (Region, Provinces, Mountain communities, Municipalities): i.e. graphization and normalization of Friulian toponymy, typologies and modes of realization of the road signs in Friulian, the relationship between the standard and local variants of place names, bi- and multilingual road signs and the Italian Highway code, the effects on and reactions of the local communities. In particular herein is shown the data collected and the results of the project "Mappatura Toponomastica del Friuli" (Toponymic Mapping of Friuli), which the author carried out in all the municipalities (177) where the legal protection of the Friulian language is in place. The paper is accompanied by photographic documentation gathered throughout the region.  /  – 
ITALIANO: Situata all’estremità nord-orientale dell’Italia, la Regione autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia presenta una situazione linguistica peculiare, poiché – oltre all’elemento italiano – vi convivono comunità retoromanze (friulane), slave, germaniche e venete. Oltre alle leggi nazionali (soprattutto n. 482/1999 di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche) la Regione autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia ha emanato varie leggi di tutela per le diverse comunità linguistiche del suo territorio, nelle quali compaiono norme specifiche sulla toponomastica. In questo contributo sono analizzati gli effetti e le problematiche legate all'applicazione di tali misure da parte degli enti locali (regione, province, comunità montane, comuni): processi di standardizzazione e normazione dei toponimi (grafia, morfo-fonologia, ecc.), rapporto tra varianti standard e varianti locali dei nomi, processi di ufficializzazione (o coufficializzazione) della denominazione friulana o slovena, segnaletica (bi- e trilingue) e codice stradale, gli effetti e le reazioni da parte delle comunità locali. In particolare sono illustrati i dati raccolti e i risultati del progetto "Mappatura Toponomastica del Friuli", che l'autore ha svolto in tutti i comuni (177) dove è prevista la tutela della lingua friulana. L'articolo è accompagnato da documentazione fotografica raccolta in tutta la regione.

Disorientation has many costs. It may lead to physical fatigue, stress, and frustration and can also jeopardize people's safety. Designing wayfinding aids to fit people's needs can facilitate their environmental knowledge acquisition and, therefore, improve their wayfinding performance. The scope of this article is human wayfinding in unfamiliar buildings, considering only individual pedestrian movement in an immersive virtual environment. The purpose is to investigate the use of external information at a higher level of awareness (e.g., signage) as a wayfinding aid, as well as the use of immersive virtual reality (VR) to study indoor wayfinding. Fifty-four volunteers accomplished a wayfinding task (i.e., finding a room from the building's entrance) within a virtual building, employing two types of signage systems (i.e., vertical and horizontal conditions). A neutral condition (no signage) was also considered as a control condition to be used as a baseline. Aside from the success of the wayfinding task (getting to the destination), other performance metrics (distance traveled, time spent, number of pauses, and average speed) were analyzed and compared. Although the differences found are not statistically significant, findings suggest that participants assigned to the horizontal condition traveled smaller distances, spent less time, made fewer pauses, and moved at higher average speed than those assigned to vertical and neutral conditions. Gender-related differences were found statistically significant only in the average speed variable (females were faster than males). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In spite of having very good growth potential, retail in India is passing through turbulent times and therefore, differentiation becomes very essential. There are various players in apparel segment in terms of lifestyle format. These apparel players deliver almost the same thing as their competitors do. Hence, the only means of increasing footfalls and sales of the store is differentiating it in the terms of visual merchandising. The study is aimed to " find out perception of consumers for apparel retail outlet in Ahmedabad ". Results reveal as to why visual merchandising is important for strategic marketing decisions to increase the sales of the stores. The study will help store managers to improvise on the dimension a particular store is weak and consequently improve the perceptions of the consumers towards the store. Note: The copyright of the paper rests with the publishers who have made full paper available on the internet. For the commercial use of this paper permission from the publisher is needed. Number of Pages in PDF File: 8 Abstract http://ssrn.com/abstract=2472603

Environmental and facility warning signs are displays that are placed in public areas to warn people of potential hazard. This chapter examines empirical research on warning signs and organizes this research based on the stages of (a) noticing, Cb) comprehending, and (c) complying with the warning. Additionally , this chapter identifies gaps in warning sign research and suggests possible topics for future research.

This paper argues that studies of the LL could merit from a more detailed social semiotic examination of particular sign-genres. It describes genre as normative system open to change, on the one hand, and as complex historical and cultural configurations of semiotic resources and affordances, on the other. Based on illustrative analysis of how the discursive interaction of 'pride' and 'profit' is affecting Galician and Basque street-name signing, the paper makes the following points: (1) genre depends on discourse, and discourse depends on genre; (2) particular materializations of a genre actualize distinct resources and highlight different affordances; (3) detailed and contextualized analysis of determined sign genres can reveal ideological layering in the LL; (4) when a genre is taken 'out of place' or is recontextualized, its typical repertoire of resources is rearranged and new affordances emerge.
[Español/Spanish] Este artículo sostiene que el estudio de paisajes lingüísticos podría sacar provecho de un análisis socio semiótico de determinados géneros de signos. Describe la noción de género como un sistema normativo abierto al cambio, por una parte, y como complejas configuraciones históricas y culturales de determinados recursos semióticos, por otra. Basado en un análisis ilustrativo de cómo la interacción discursiva entre 'orgullo' y 'lucro' afecta al diseño de placas de calle gallegas y vascas, el artículo sostiene que: 1) el género depende del discurso y el discurso depende del género; (2) las materializaciones particulares de un género activan recursos distintos y destacan diferentes afordancias; (3) el análisis detallado y contextualizado de determinados géneros de signos puede revelar capas ideológicas en el paisaje lingüístico; (4) cuando un género está utilizado 'fuera de lugar' o está recontextualizado, su repertorio típico de recursos se reorganiza y emergen nuevas afordancias.

The supermarket industry is an “industry in flux.”[i] Modern grocery stores face multinational opposition at the millennium paralleling the extinction of neighborhood “mom-and-pop” stores with the rise of chain stores of the late 19th century (Strasser, 1989). With this large-scale reorganization of the grocery store industry comes a concomitant restructuring of what constitutes a grocery store itself—its architecture, services, and signs. The following study analyzes the evolving discourse on signs—or ‘signage,’ as it is called in the industry—in Progressive Grocer magazine over the 12-year period from 1996 to 2008. First, signs are contextualized in terms of the history of in-store marketing, beginning with the birth of packaging that accompanied the shift away from neighborhood stores to chain stores at the close of the 19th century. This transformation parallels the change supermarkets faced at the close of the 20th century in response to consolidating forces, out of which emerged a new strategy for survival in the form of highly integrated customer-oriented marketing. This marketing strategy encompasses a number of themes, including streamlining organization of the grocery store to maximize profit, outsourcing of store design, re-evaluation of the role of labor and the creation of new in-store environments emphasizing customer experience. These conflate with the fragmentation of what has traditionally been called a sign. Finally, the study looks at some possible future trends for signage, including the integration of RFID into shelves, the increasing struggle to win space in shelf-ads, and a vision for the overhaul of the entire spatial construction of the store. The development of signage as a source of revenue in-and-of itself is considered in the context of emerging surveillance networks, and also from the perspective Baudrillard’s theory of symbolic exchange and the meaning of commodity fetishism under advanced capitalism.

Evacuation leaders and/or equipment provide route and exit information for people and guide them to the expected destinations, which could make crowd evacuation more efficient in case of emergency. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of recent advances in guided crowd evacuation. Different guided crowd evacuation approaches are classified according to guidance approaches and technologies. A comprehensive analysis and comparison of crowd evacuation with static signage, dynamic signage, trained leader, mobile devices, mobile robot and wireless sensor networks are presented based on a single guidance mode perspective. In addition, the different evacuation guidance systems that use high-tech means such as advanced intelligent monitoring techniques, AI techniques, computer technology and intelligent inducing algorithms are reviewed from a system’s perspective. Future researches in the area of crowd evacuation are also discussed.

Since the early 1980s there has been an increased interest in research on warnings. This chapter has several objectives. First, we describe the purpose of warnings and where warnings fit with other safety considerations, such as design and guarding. Next, we present a model that incorporates both communication and information-processing concepts, which is characteristic of theoretical orientations that have guided much of the warning research. The research and application issues have generally focused on two themes: design factors and non-design factors that influence warning effectiveness. Third, we review the progress and status of research and application, with an emphasis on identifying those factors that appear to be most important in determining warning effectiveness. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of some of the challenges and opportunities facing warning designers and researchers in the future.

This chapter provides an overview of the communication-human informaton processing (C-HIP) model. CHIP is a framework that describes warning processing and organizes the warning research literature into a coherent structure. As part of the discussion, an overview of the influential factors at each stage of the model is presented. Other separate chapters in this Handbook give more details for each of the stages. Lastly, another practical aspect of the O{IIP model is described whereby it can be used as an investigative tool to determine why a warning failed.

O design de sinalização do Metrô de São Paulo, projetado e implantado na década de 1970, é considerado um caso exemplar do design brasileiro. Costuma-se atribuir sua autoria ao escritório de João Carlos Cauduro e Ludovico Martino, celebrado em livros e entrevistas. No entanto, o artigo faz a revisão histórica apontando para uma autoria
coletiva, considerando a participação dos funcionários do Metrô, a partir dos desafios e soluções encontrados por eles
durante a implantação e o uso do sistema, em seus sete primeiros anos de atividade. Desse modo, o artigo pretende desmistificar as origens desse projeto, além de contribuir para o entendimento de que a autoria em design de sinalização deve considerar a execução e o uso desses sistemas.

Factors influencing warning effectiveness are organized around a communication-human information processing (C-HIP) model. It starts with a source relaying a warning message through media. At the receiver, processing begins when attention is switched and then maintained. Processing continues with successive stages of comprehension, beliefs and attitudes, motivation, and ending with behavior.

This chapter reviews some of the major concepts and findings regarding factors that influence warning effectiveness. Most of the research review is presented in the context of a communication - human information processing (C-HIP) model. The model not only is useful for organizing research findings but also provides a predictive and investigative tool. Following the presentation of the model and the review of major concepts and findings, a collection of recommendations for designing warnings in applications is presented.

The present paper examined the errors occurring in the use of English in the linguistic landscape of Tehran, the capital of Iran. To this end, a total of 400 bilingual (Persian and English) and multilingual signs (Persian, English and Arabic) were culled from the landscape of the city in a course of eighteen months. Having analysed all the signs, 101 errors in terms of translation and word choice, spelling, transliteration, grammar, and L 1 influence were detected. Adopting a mixed methods approach, the findings of our study revealed that errors on top-down signs significantly exceeded those of bottom-up. The results also showed that spelling errors and mistranslations vastly outnumbered other types on both top-down and bottom-up signs. Being the first paper in error typology in the use of English in the LL in the context of Iran, the study concludes by reviewing how language policy and foreign language education could result in inaccurate use of English in the LL. In the end, suggestions for further studies have been propounded in other areas of LL for those who are interested in this fascinating line of research.

Retail industry in India is booming and there is fierce competition. The country indeed has become the cynosure of FDI in retail sector and policies are heading towards more liberalization to attract foreign investment. There are various players in apparel segment in terms of lifestyle format. The study is aimed to find out impact of visual merchandising on the buying behavior of the customers visiting " Central Malls ". Four dimensions of visual merchandising viz. window display, in-store form/mannequin display, floor merchandising and promotional signage are studied and results reveal as to why visual merchandising is important for strategic marketing decisions to increase the sales of the stores. The study also reveals the dimensions of visual merchandising that are important and increase impulse buying of the consumers visiting the stores.

In Abu Dhabi, multilingualism amongst its highly diverse population is typical. However, with Arabic as the official language and English as the lingua franca, the population’s other languages are subordinate on public signage. Those proficient in English or Arabic have more access to information than those who are not. While effective communication is important in ordinary times, it is especially vital during a crisis. This study looks at COVID-19 signage in two Abu Dhabi live-work contexts: A beachside community and an industrial site. The study takes an ethnographic approach to linguistic landscaping in which a corpus of 326 top-down and bottom-up signs are investigated in terms of languages used, spacing, prominence and location, as well as intended audience and sociolinguistic implications. Key findings revealed that bottom-up handmade COVID-19 signage was mainly monolingual (English only) and municipality-produced warnings were predominately bilingual (Arabic and English). Des...

The U. S. Department of Transportation’s (U.S. DOT) Research and Innovative Technology Administration’s (RITA) John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), under the direction of the U.S. DOT Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research and Development (R&D), conducted a research study to evaluate the effectiveness of roadway pavement markings placed within the dynamic envelope, the region between and immediately adjacent to the tracks at a highway-rail grade crossing, and new corresponding signage at the Commercial Boulevard grade crossing in Ft. Lauderdale, FL. The goal of the added markings and signage is to reduce the number of vehicles that come to a stop within the dynamic envelope, a violation of most applicable State highway traffic laws, thus reducing the possibility that a vehicle is present on the tracks when a train approaches.
Results indicate that the addition of the dynamic envelope pavement markings and modified signage reduced the number of vehicles that stopped within the dynamic envelope zone and increased the number of vehicles that stopped properly—safely behind the stop line. Though these results seem to indicate that dynamic envelope pavement markings and signage may be an effective way to increase safe behavior, these safety enhancements have only been studied at one crossing. Additional field testing is necessary before recommendations for wider use can be made.

What makes a sign more or less legible at distance? This is the main question we aim to clarify in the following article, by stating essential definitions and observations based on a local case study: The change in the chilean typographic standard, from the "MOP Alphabet" (adaptation of the FHWA series) to the implementation of "RutaCL".

Raghu digitals is a Hyderabad based signage making company known for all kinds of flex printing and signage making. With years of experience and numerous satisfied clients, Raghu digitals has established itself as a pioneer in signage manufacturing in Hyderabad. over time Raghu digitals has earned the trust of many clients in Madhapur. Here are some of our happy clients.

When designers need to develop communication, interior, signage or urban environment design projects for elderly people, their skills are enhanced with studies about normal aging process and anatomic changes. The same way, knowledge about vision, colour vision, vision loss and deficient colour perception of older people, must be taken into account, in order to improve design practice. These aspects of projectual practice are the key aspects to be addressed in this paper. In order to prevent dependency and exclusion, designers have to understand and account for the reduced functional capabilities of older adults in their designs. Achieving project goals for this target group will ensure better solutions for all users. We hope that this work will support design professionals in their goal for 'design for all'. Bringing knowledge about colour vision deficits, and applying principles of visual ergonomics to projectual practice, will help people moving safely in urban environment...

This chapter provides an overview of the communication-human informaton processing (C-HIP) model. CHIP is a framework that describes warning processing and organizes the warning research literature into a coherent structure. As part of the discussion, an overview of the influential factors at each stage of the model is presented. Other separate chapters in this Handbook give more details for each of the stages. Lastly, another practical aspect of the O{IIP model is described whereby it can be used as an investigative tool to determine why a warning failed.

In Abu Dhabi, multilingualism amongst its highly diverse population is typical. However, with Arabic as the official language and English as the lingua franca, the population's other languages are subordinate on public signage. Those proficient in English or Arabic have more access to information than those who are not. While effective communication is important in ordinary times, it is especially vital during a crisis. This study looks at COVID-19 signage in two Abu Dhabi live-work contexts: A beachside community and an industrial site. The study takes an ethnographic approach to linguistic landscaping in which a corpus of 326 top-down and bottom-up signs are investigated in terms of languages used, spacing, prominence and location, as well as intended audience and sociolinguistic implications. Key findings revealed that bottom-up handmade COVID-19 signage was mainly monolingual (English only) and municipality-produced warnings were predominately bilingual (Arabic and English). Despite the multilingual composition of both contexts, only one third language (Korean) appeared on COVID-19 signage. The findings shed light on existing inequalities in linguistically diverse contexts, and the need to ensure access to information for all at a street level. The article concludes with practical suggestions for greater linguistic inclusion in the COVID-19 period and beyond.