Sociometry

This single group pretest-posttest study explores the effectiveness of trauma-focused psychodrama in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at an inpatient addiction treatment center. The results contribute to the limited research bases of both psychodrama and PTSD treatment outcomes in inpatient addiction treatment. The present study supports the potential effectiveness of two trauma-focused psychodrama models, the Therapeutic Spiral Model and the Relational Trauma Repair Model. Findings of the research demonstrate clinically significant reductions in overall PTSD symptoms (over 25% change) and each PTSD symptom cluster (i.e., re-experiencing and intrusion, avoidance and numbing, and hyper-arousal). Additionally, patient satisfaction exit survey data support overall treatment effectiveness and highlight its tolerability, and capacity for establishing emotional safety, connection, and group cohesion. Patients even described the trauma-focused psychodrama treatment approach as enjoyable and helpful. Overall, the results of this study are promising, and support continued clinical application of trauma-focused psychodrama treatment with other subpopulations diagnosed with PTSD. However, the ability to isolate effects of trauma-focused psychodrama in this study is compromised due to the absence of a control group and participants' involvement in other inpatient treatment services.

The demand for group work in social work practice has steadily increased while the group work education
provided in social work programs has exponentially declined. Social work education and social work practice
are intimately linked – one cannot be examined without considering the other. The historical, theoretical, and
clinical intersections of social work with groups and the triadic system of J.L. Moreno (sociometry,
psychodrama, and group psychotherapy) will be explored. Moreno’s work will be framed through a social
work lens with primary concepts defined. Two trauma-specific psychodrama models (Therapeutic Spiral
Model and Relational Trauma Repair Model) will be outlined with their emphasis on strengths, containment,
and safety. The clinical research and integrated neurobiology research will be presented as a growing evidence
base for psychodrama and experiential trauma therapy. Next, an overview of the state of sociometry,
psychodrama, and experiential group psychotherapy education will be outlined to provide a global and
historical contextualization with an emphasis on experiential education and its complimentary nature with
social work education. Finally, an MSW course curriculum will be provided to mediate the existing hole in
social work education resulting from the decline of group psychotherapy training.

The article deals with the problem of students’ adaptation at the beginning of their studies at universities which
remains urgent in current psychological and pedagogical research. The choice of a profession virtually means
projecting a student social position in future. That is why one of the main aspects of this age is a student’s wish to
take a certain position in a group. The object of our analysis became the construction of a psychological portrait of
a student with a low sociometric status in a student group. The article presents the results of an empirical study
held at the Vologda State University. To diagnose a sociometric status we used a sociometry method of research.
In order to identify students’ personal traits we used the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire by R. Cattell. The
most meaningful differences among students with high and low sociometric statuses were revealed in the following
traits: Reasoning (Intelligence), Communication and Enervation. We conclude that university staff should clearly
identify the structure of interpersonal relationships within a student group so that they could apply an individual
approach to every group member and influence the formation and development of a united friendly team.

Published book freely available here - https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-33-6342-7

This open access book outlines the intersections between social work and the methods of sociometry and psychodrama. Different sections offer essential practice wisdom for both trauma-focused and trauma-informed experiential work for individuals, groups, organizations, and communities. This text enriches the understanding of various action-based approaches and highlights how to enliven social work practice. The chapters include clinical vignettes and examples of structured sociometric prompts with diverse populations, topics, and social work settings to enhance the understanding of group practice, individual practice, and community practice. It provides social workers and other professionals with dynamic tools to improve assessment, intervention, activism, and leadership. Strength-based practical tools are offered to readers, along with guidance for theoretical conceptualizations. This integrative book is an essential read for students, practitioners, leaders, and scholars within the fields of social work, psychodrama, the creative art therapies, group therapy, community organizing, and social activism.

ABSTRACT - Emotions play a dominant role in the personal development of individuals and affect the cogni-tive, motivational, behavioral and social aspect (True, 2013), as a trigger of chain processes, consequences of external or internal stimuli, natural or arising from the environment, from education or lifestyle. The school should promote educational interventions aimed at recognizing emotions, allowing the awareness of feelings and the emotional balance, by developing rela-tional competences. Thanks to sociometry it is possible discover relationships plots (Northway, 1959). For the recognition of emotions and motivation (Maslow, 2007) it is necessary to invest in listening, in personal identification and emotional drive, which allow people to attain self-realization (Bandura, 2000), satisfaction of physiological needs and self-care. The transformative educational interventions should promote adaptive empathetic behaviors, focusing on the elimination of the selfish behavior and the development of solidaristic attitudes of confrontation and avoiding conflict (Margiotta, 2007). Le emozioni assumono un ruolo dominante nello sviluppo personale degli individui e ne influenzano l'aspetto cognitivo, motivazionale, comportamentale e sociale (Fedeli, 2013), in quanto generatrice di processi a catena, conseguenze di stimoli, interni o esterni, naturali o derivanti dal contesto, dall'educazione o dallo stile di vita. La scuola deve promuovere interventi didattici, volti al riconoscimento delle emozioni, sia per una consapevolezza dei propri stati d'animo, sia per un equilibrio emozionale, attraverso lo sviluppo di competenze relazionali. Con la sociometria, non si misurano ma si scoprono trame di relazioni (Northway, 1959). Per il riconosci-mento delle emozioni e delle motivazioni (Maslow, 2007) è necessario investire nell'ascolto, nel-l'identificazione personale e nella spinta emotiva, che consente di raggiungere l'autorealizzazione (Bandura, 2000), l'appagare i bisogni fisiologici e prendersi cura di sé. Gli interventi didattici trasformativi devono promuovere comportamenti adattivi empatici, incentrati sull'eliminazione dei comportamenti egoistici e lo sviluppo di attitudini solidaristiche di confronto e superamento dei conflitti (Margiotta, 2007). * Felice Corona Ha curato la parte Dalla complessità emozionale ai modelli di riconoscimento. Filomena Agrillo ha curato la parte Gestione delle relazioni nei contesti educativi. Tonia De Giuseppe ha curato la parte Dalla motivazione all'apprendimento emozionale autoregolato.

Social work education fully endorses experiential learning through its field placement component, while experiential teaching methods are only somewhat used in the classroom. This article outlines the utility of action-based mutual aid processes in teaching social work. Three experiential sociometric group tools will be presented with their application in various social work education settings and at the beginning, middle, and ending stages of a course. Each of these sociometry processes-spectrograms, floor checks, and step-in sociometry, are depicted with their inherent capacity to cultivate mutual aid, bring the course content to life, and be adapted for any topic or classroom.

The longitudinal relationships between two dimensions of peer relationships and subsequent academic adjustment were investigated in a sample of 543 relatively low achieving children (M = 6.57 years at Year 1, 1st grade). Latent variable SEM was used to test a four stage model positing indirect effects of peer acceptance and peer academic reputation (PAR) assessed in Year 2 on academic achievement in Year 5, via the effects of the peer relationships variables on perceived academic competence in Year 3 and effortful engagement in Year 4. As expected, the effect of PAR on engagement was partially mediated by perceived academic competence, and the effect of perceived academic competence on achievement was partially mediated by engagement. In the context of PAR, peer acceptance did not contribute to the mediating variables or to achievement. Findings provide a clearer understanding of the processes by which early peer-relationships influence concurrent and future school-related outcomes. Implications for educational practice and future research are discussed.

This paper describes a group work training offered in 2011 for 60 highly diverse staffers to a GEAR UP  (Gaining Early Awareness of and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs) educational grant P334A990515 for the San Jose, CA  area.  Multiethnic, multi-aged trainees with varying educational levels and backgrounds were brought together as a cohort for the first time for training purposes.  In 4 full days of hands-on, active engagement training, they were instructed in application of psychodrama and sociometry techniques to engage poor and minority students and their families in middle school, high school and college retention.  Uses of psychodrama and sociodrama to support education in diverse communities are reviewed and explained.  Advantages of using experiential learning and action methods to enhance learning, engage low performing students, and build social cohesion are discussed.

The following article discusses the combination of graphical methods and network thought in early sociology. It combines a case study of Jacob Levy Moreno’s sociometric work and diagrammatic practice with media-theoretical thoughts about the characteristics of network diagrams. These are understood as inscriptions that perform both an act of drawing and writing at the same time. Moreno’s mappings, as well as other early visual techniques of social research, are understood along Michel Serres’ understanding of the network diagram as a topo­logical narration. Seen from the vantage point of a history of knowledge, Moreno’s sociometric and performative practices can not only be understood as a contribution to social network thought, but as actual research on the cooperative character of human interaction.

Աշխատանքը նվիրված է պատահական ցանցերի կառուցվածքային վերլուծությանը՝ K-Core տոպոլոգիական բնութագրիչի հիման վրա։ Աշխատանքի շրջանակներում վերլուծվում են պատահական ցանցերի տարբեր մոդելներ, տրվում է K-Core պարամետրի, ինչպես նաև K-միջուկների դեկոմպոզիցիայի և CCS (Core Collapse Sequence) [1] բնութագրիչի հաշվարկման էֆեկտիվ ալգորիթմ։ Աշխատանքը հետապնդում է վերլուծական նպատակ՝ պարզելու վերոնշյալ բնութագրիչների պահվածքը տրված մոդելի կառուցման և էվոլյուցիայի ենթատեքստում։ Ուսումնասիրվում է նաև տրված մոդելի կառուցվածքի և վերոնշյալ բնութագրիչների կապը։ Վերլուծության արդյունքում ստացված հիմնական արդյունքն է պատահական ցանցերի կառուցվածքի կապը ցանցի գլոբալ՝ K-Core (Degeneracy) և տեղային բնութագրիչներից (CCS): Ինչպես նաև, փորձնական մեթոդով դուրս են բերվել արտաքին բացասական ազդեցության պարագայում և ուժգնացմանը զուգընթաց ցանցում k-միջուկների ապաակտիվացման դինամիկան տարբեր ցանցային մոդելների համար։

In this paper, the emergence of conditions for Sociometrics as a scientific discipline in the beginning of the 20th century, a period during which a local sociology was born in the USA, and its development after the outbreak of the Second World War
is discussed. Sociometrics was begun to be studied and read in various languages as a means to provide solutions to social problems in the USA around the 1950s, parallel with the nascent impression of USA domination throughout the world. The integration of immigrants and the problems in the business world constitute the interest fields of Sociometrics. The relationships of workers, students and prisoners etc. between individuals and between groups became the primary interests of Sociometrics. Jacob Levy, the founder of this discipline, and his colleagues developed techniques and methods in order to
estimate social, cultural and psychological dynamics in these types of relationships. The theory of Sociometrics and its topics mirror the tendencies of early American sociology.

Traumatic loss, complicated grief, and addiction can be difficult and complicated clinical issues. Many clients share with us the harsh realities of their losses and feelings of self-blame or "stuckness" in the grief. However, talking about it is often not enough to stimulate change. Experiential sociometry provides refined tools for promoting strength-based connections between group members around their experiences of loss. The surplus reality of psychodrama offers unique opportunities to renegotiate the relationship to a deceased loved-one and offer the possibility of closure through role reversal. This article outlines four types of sociometric processes for cultivating connections between group members-the spectrogram, step-in sociometry, locograms, and floor checks. These experiential sociometry tools can be used independently as group processes or as a structured warm-up to a psychodrama enactment. A scene from a psychodramatic vignette is offered depicting a case study of a client working through complicated grief in an addictions group psychotherapy context. Sociometric and psychodramatic theoretical considerations are presented in the context of short practice depictions presented throughout this article. Psychodramatic letter writing is also introduced as an alternative for time limited groups or clinicians without extensive psychodrama training.

Social work with groups is built upon the foundational principle of mutual aid. The group accesses its capacity to support, educate, and heal itself through the mutual aid process. The sociometric work of Jacob L. Moreno, an often ignored pioneer of group therapy and founder of psychodrama, provides social workers with experiential group tools to facilitate mutual aid through conscious group-as-a-whole action. Sociometry tools will be highlighted for their unique group-as-a-whole approach to accessing mutual aid, group cohesion, and safety for traumatized groups. These interactive group tools will be presented primarily as psychotherapy tools, nevertheless, attention will also be given to their utility in educational groups, supervision groups, and communities. Moreno’s philosophical concept of the Autonomous Healing Center will be presented as it relates to group work, mutual aid, and the therapeutic agency of each group member.

In this paper, the emergence of conditions for Sociometrics as a scientific discipline in the beginning of the 20th century, a period during which a local sociology was born in the USA, and its development after the outbreak of the Second World War is discussed. Sociometrics was begun to be studied and read in various languages as a means to provide solutions to social problems in the USA around the 1950s, parallel with the nascent impression of USA domination throughout the world. The integration of immigrants and the problems in the business world constitute the interest fields of Sociometrics. The relationships of workers, students and prisoners etc. between individuals and between groups became the primary interests of Sociometrics. Jacob Levy, the founder of this discipline, and his colleagues developed techniques and methods in order to estimate social, cultural and psychological dynamics in these types of relationships. The theory of Sociometrics and its topics mirror the tendencies of early American sociology.

The treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related maladies requires
psychotherapists to be equipped with a dependable clinical map that can guide them
through the difficulties of trauma therapy. The Therapeutic Spiral Model—a clinically
sophisticated and research-supported adaptation of classical psychodrama that has been
used in over 30 countries—comes equipped with a comprehensive clinical map called the
Trauma Survivor’s Inner Role Atom (TSIRA), which emphasizes safety, containment, and
strengths. The Trauma Survivor’s Inner Role Atom provides a guide to intrapsychic structural
change conceptualized in the simplicity of role theory while drawing from continued
developments in neuroscience research. It offers a triune map beginning with prescriptive
roles to build strengths, connection, accurate observation, containment, and safety. The
trauma roles offered by the model’s intrapsychic trauma triangle are explored only after the
prescriptive roles have been established, with the clinical functions of each demonstrated.
And finally, the transformative roles—the internal manifestation of posttraumatic growth—
emerge and are integrated as a completion of the clinical map’s three spirals. The
implementation of this inner role atom as a clinical map prevents retraumatization while
providing emotional regulation to protagonists and the group, keeping them within their
window of tolerance.

Sociometry is the study of human connectedness.  In the present paper an attempt has been made to apply sociomerty in assessing and enriching the social capital. A small group of a management department of a college was studied and sociometic test is applied on the group to assess the capital of the group. Various sociometric concepts  as positive choices, negative choices, stars, mutual etc plays an important role in assessing social capital in any organization. For the better results in the present organization we can use social networking for policy formulation also. Present paper is an attempt to find the mechanism of yielding above average returns by existing social capital and to examine how social capital can help to perform Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
Key Words: Sociometry, Sociometrics, Star

A number of social, economic, technological, and scientific trends have led to the emergence of communities of practice centered on the notion of the knowledge-based organization. However, the scientific foundation (knowledge elicitation methodology) and the commercial growth of knowledge management (KM) have largely developed in parallel. So, the creation of human-centered systems faces lingering challenges. In the KM process, company management establishes a program whereby experts who possess valuable ...

This article continues the dialogue started by Skolnik 2018
about the synergistic union of social work and psychodrama
group approaches. The theoretical and clinical alignment of
psychodrama and sociometry with social work with groups will
be described. A practice illustration from Mirmont Treatment
Center will be presented and discussed to explore some of the
dynamics of psychodrama and, in particular, the therapeutic
value of surplus reality. Surplus reality is a creative tool used to
provide a therapeutic corrective emotional experience.
Integrating insights from neuroscience, this article advocates
for psychodrama as a valuable modality for clinical social workers
engaged in group work.

In this paper, we develop and structurally estimate a sequential model of high school attendance and work decisions. The model's estimates imply that youths who drop out of high school have different traits than those who graduate—they have lower school ability and/or motivation, they have lower expectations about the rewards from graduation, they have a comparative advantage at jobs that are done by nongraduates, and they place a higher value on leisure and have a lower consumption value of school attendance. We also found that working while in school reduces school performance. However, policy experiments based on the model's estimates indicate that even the most restrictive prohibition on working while attending high school would have only a limited impact on the high school graduation rates of white males.

Building on an idea in Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003), this article investigates the application of synthetic control methods to comparative case studies. We discuss the advantages of these methods and apply them to study the effects of Proposition 99, a large-scale tobacco control program that California implemented in 1988. We demonstrate that following Proposition 99 tobacco consumption fell markedly in California relative to a comparable synthetic control region. We estimate that by the year 2000 annual per-capita cigarette sales in California were about 26 packs lower than what they would have been in the absence of Proposition 99. Given that many policy interventions and events of interest in social sciences take place at an aggregate level (countries, regions, cities, etc.) and affect a small number of aggregate units, the potential applicability of synthetic control methods to comparative case studies is very large, especially in situations where traditional regression method...

Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo (CLOC), an example of the current internationalism and of social movements in Latin America, started its activities in 1989 during the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Discovery and Colonization of the Americas. In this process of internalization and organizational changes, the use of information and communication technologies stands out, bringing about some interesting aftermaths in its articulation. We analyzed the infrastructure and the form of communication that characterize CLOC so as to analyze how they influence the positions of the organizations compounding the network. We used as method the documental research, the sociometry and the interviews, semi- structured among 24 different member organizations. As a result, we state that the technology and the information flux do not determine the networks nuclei. In addition, they are not a political criterion for electing operative secretaries. This happens because communication failures can and must be improved by the organization as a whole. Another political aspect is that, in networking, the responsibility lies not only in the coordination, but it is distributed among the various members. Were it not so, only old organizations with a consolidated structure could be responsible for running
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the network. Thus, we relativized the linear idea that the greater technology will later lead to the greater centrality in the network. The appropriation of the technologies goes beyond mastering their techniques and discovering the working logic of the network, getting in the domain of building meanings, responding to the principles of democratic participation, organizational development, transformation, change and construction of the network.

Background
Sociometric studies have shown that some aggressive boys are popular, perceived as popular or cool, dominant, and central in the peer group (Estell, Cairns, Farmer, & Cairns, 2002; Milich & Landau, 1984; Prinstein & Cillessen, 2003; Rodkin, Farmer, Pearl, & Van Acker, 2006). This is not predicted by social information processing (SIP) models which see aggression as socially incompetent, resulting from distorted understanding of the social world (e.g. Crick & Dodge, 1994). However, sociologists of childhood have argued that some aggressive boys are popular because they use aggression to gain status and dominance, to undermine those of lower status, and to achieve hegemonic masculinity (Adler & Adler, 1998; Ferguson, 2000; Renold, 2007).

Aims
This study aims to connect psychological and sociological literatures, asking whether social processes of status formation contribute to the link between popularity and aggression identified sociometrically.

Sample
The paper describes case studies of three boys, aged between 8 and 10 years, attending a London primary school.Methods Sociometric data on liking, disliking, and aggression are combined with ethnographic and interview data for each case study.

Results
The data show that one way in which aggression aids popularity and dominance is through boys' strategic use of aggression to enforce decisions about inclusion and exclusion in desirable activities. It can be difficult for individual boys to achieve acceptance without resorting to aggression.

Conclusions
The data provide support for sociological explanations of aggression in terms of status and inclusion, and challenge the SIP claim that aggressive children are socially incompetent and biased.

Çalışmanın amacı, eğitim örgütlerindeki informal liderleri ve özelliklerini sosyometri tekniğine dayalı olarak ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmada şu sorulara cevap aranmıştır: Okullarda öğretmenler ve yöneticiler tarafından tercih edilen popüler kişiler hangi özelikleri taşımaktadır?; Okullarda öğretmenler ve yöneticiler tarafından tercih edilen popüler kişiler hangi gerekçelerle tercih edilmektedirler? Araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden bütüncül tek durum deseniyle desenlenmiştir. Çalışma grubunu İstanbul'da, uygun örnekleme modeli ile belirlenen bir okuldaki 26 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri, Moreno'nun (1963) Sosyometri Tekniği ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerle elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veri betimsel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırmayla, okulun sosyometrik ilişki ağında etkili olan informal liderlerin; sakinlik, insan ilişkilerine önem vermek, açıklık, dürüstlük, uyumluluk, sabırlılık gibi kişisel özellikleri ile çalışkanlık, pratik çözümler üretme, teknik becerilere sahip olma gibi mesleki yetkinlikleri nedeniyle bu konumu elde ettiği ve öğretmenlerin örgütsel kararlarında etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca yöneticilerin sosyometrik ilişki ağının dışında kaldıkları, kendi içlerinde bir ilişki ağı oluşturdukları ve informal lidere şüphe ile yaklaştıkları bulunmuştur.

The study aims to reveal informal leaders and their characteristics in educational organizations. The research questions are: What are the characteristics of popular people preferred by teachers and administrators in schools?; For what reasons are popular people preferred by teachers and administrators in schools? The study adopted the holistic single-case study, one of the qualitative study designs. The study group consists of 26 teachers working in a school, determined by the convenience sampling model. The research data was obtained with Moreno's (1963) Sociometry Technique and semi-structured interviews and subjected to descriptive analysis. The results revealed that the informal leaders, who are effective in the sociometric relationship network of the school, achieved this position due to their personal and professional competencies and has a significant influence on teachers' organizational decisions. In addition, the administrators are outside the sociometric network, formed network of relationships between them and considered the informal leader threatening.