South China Sea

Freedom of navigation through the South China Sea could now be at risk. Six countries lay claim to all or part of the Spratly Islands and the Paracels (Fig. 1). Five of them occupy islands or reefs. All five have built structures and infrastructure, and all have reclaimed land to do it. Recently, however, China has instigated something of a reclamation Blitzkrieg. It has converted seven submerged reefs into islands, and several of those incorporate runways and harbours. They are primarily for military use and therefore dramatically change the strategic situation. When challenged, China cites an indisputable right to be there.
This paper seeks to address the sense of entitlement that all claimants exude. Perceived rights seem to override international law, ratified conventions, signed declarations, and even common sense. They stem from history, both ancient and modern; but history is open to interpretation. Archaeological evidence is more concrete, as it can
corroborate and/or enhance the textual evidence.

A relationship between the leakage current and wind velocity, which is the first of its kind, has been proposed in this paper. This relationship has been derived based on Dimensional Analysis technique. The proposed relationship has been applied for prediction of leakage current in the 275 kV insulators of YTL (Yeoh Tiong Lay) Power Station, which situated at the coast of South China Sea, Terrengannu, Malaysia. The calculated results were compared with the measured leakage current data. There was an excellent concordance between the experimental results and those calculated from the mathematical model.

Local communities and local government units are recognized as the primary stakeholders and participants in the management of coral reef resources and the primary beneficiaries of small-scale fishing activities in the nearshore areas of the coastal zone. The issues relating to the management of the coastal zone are multi-faceted and some issues are largely intertwined with national policy and development goals. Thus, national governments have jurisdiction over these nearshore coastal resources to harmonize policies, monitor resource use and provide incentives for sustainable use. However, the natural boundaries of these reef resources, the processes that support reef ecosystems, and the local or national affiliation of the people who benefit from them may transcend the boundaries of the local and national management units. Therefore, efforts to arrest the decline in fish catch and loss of biodiversity for reefs require management interventions and assessment activities to be carried...

This book places the presidency of Donald Trump as well as the brewing Sino-American Cold War within the broader historical context of American hegemony in Asia, which traces its roots to Alfred Thayer Mahan’s call for a naval build up in the Pacific, the subsequent colonization of the Philippines and, ultimately, reaching its apotheosis after the defeat of Imperial Japan in the Second World War. The book, drawing on visits from Cairo to California and Perth to Pyongyang as well as interviews and exchanges with heads of state and senior officials from across the Indo-Pacific, provides an overview of the arc of American primacy in the region for scholars, journalists, and concerned citizens.

Although most data suggest that the India–Eurasia continental collision began approx 45–55 Myr ago, the architecture of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen is dominated by deformational structures developed in the Neogene period (< 23 Myr ago). The stratigraphic record and thermochronometric data indicate that erosion of the Himalaya intensified as this constructional phase began and reached a peak around 15 Myr ago. It remained high until approx 10.5 Myr ago and subsequently slowed gradually to approx 3.5 Myr ago, but then ...

A lot of attention is being paid to wind energy due to the focus on renewable energy. Malaysia is situated in the equatorial region and its climate is governed by the monsoons. Wind resource in Malaysia varies from one location to another. Wind speed is better offshore compared to onshore, so more contribution by offshore wind powers in terms of electricity generation. Wind energy potentiality and techno- economic feasibility of offshore wind farms in Malaysia is investigated in this paper. Research was conducted using HOMER software to assess the potential of wind energy along the South China Sea coastline. This study indicates the best sites to set up offshore wind farms in Malaysia while costs associated for wind energy generation are calculated. Two model of the wind turbines Vestas V-47 and V-80 are taken for economic feasibility analyses. Investment, operation and maintenance costs have been evaluated for offshore wind energy. Feed-in tariff policy effects energy price and wind farms profitability were analyzed.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6129028

創世記 - 啟示錄

創世記 1-
1:1 起初神創造諸天與地，

1:2 上 而地變為荒廢空虛，淵面黑暗。
1:2 下 神的靈覆罩在水面上。

1:3 神說，要有光，就有了光。

1:4 神看光是好的，就把光暗分開了。
1:5 神稱光為晝，稱暗為夜；有晚上，有早 晨，這是第一日。

1:6 神說，諸水之間要有廣闊的空間，將水 與水分開。

1:7 神就造出天空，將天空以下的水，與天 空以上的水分開；事就這樣成了。

1:8 神稱天空為天；有晚上，有早晨，是第 二日。  創世記

1:9 神說，天以下的水要聚在一處，使旱地 露出來；事就這樣成了。

1:10 神稱旱地為地，稱水的聚處為海；神看 是好的。
1:11 神說，地要長出青草，和結種子的菜蔬並結果子的樹木，各從其類，果子都包著 核；事就這樣成了。

1:12 於是地生出青草，和結種子的菜蔬，各 從其類，並結果子的樹木，各從其類，果 子都包著核；神看是好的。
1:13 有晚上，有早晨，是第三日。

1:14 神說，天上穹蒼之中要有光體，可以分 晝夜，作記號，定節令、日子、年歲；

1:15 並要發光在天上穹蒼之中，普照在地上事就這樣成了。

(CHINESE HOLY BIBLE IN THE CHINESE LANGUAGE ONLY )
GENESIS TO REVELATION ALL 66 BOOKS FOR OUR FRIENDS SUPPRESSED BY THE DEMONIC CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY

This study was conducted to determine the size at maturity, size at mating, sex ratio and carapace width (CW) to body weight (BW) ratio of the most abundant mud crab species sampled in mangrove areas of Sarawak, Malaysia. Additionally, the taxonomic statuses of Scylla spp. mud crabs from this area were assessed. A total of 14,000 mud crabs representing different sizes, sexes and species were examined to determine taxonomic status and sex ratio for each. In addition, 2000 mud crabs were randomly measured to determine the CW–BW relationship. A total of 1724 female crabs and 1230 male crabs of various sizes were randomly sampled to determine the size at maturity and size at mating. The results indicate that the size at maturity of female S. olivacea and S. tranquebarica were 8.6 cm CW and 9.2 cm CW, respectively. The size at maturity of male crabs is very similar but could not be confirmed because all S. olivacea and S. tranquebarica individuals sampled were already mature. Size at mating for female and male S. olivacea was 9.6 cm CW and 11.3 cm CW, respectively. For female and male S. tranquebarica, size at mating was 10.8 cm CW and 13.1 cm CW, respectively. S. olivacea was the most common mud crab species in this area, comprising 77.64% of total species, followed by S. tranquebarica (21.91%) and S. paramamosain (0.45%). S. serrata were not found during this study. The sex ratios (male:female) for S. olivacea and S. tranquebarica were 1:0.89 and 1:0.75, respectively. The BW increment rate for male crabs of S. olivacea and S. tranquebarica were higher relative to that for female crabs. The CW–BW relationship shows that S. tranquebarica was heavier than S. olivacea. The study also indicates that the selective fishing of mature crabs at a particular site where S. olivacea and S. tranquebarica occur together can cause negative impacts on the populations of these species by affecting size at maturity, size at mating and population dynamics. The biological information and population features from this study can be used in sustainable management and exploitation of mud crab resources in Malaysian coastal waters and the South China Sea.

This article attempts to analysis the manuscript of Zheng He Hanghai Tu (Nautical Chart of Zheng He). The sailing chart, comprising a set of navigational notes written by Admiral Zheng He, was published in the military pamphlet of the Ming dynasty, Wubei Zhi. The study is divided into three parts. The first part examines the history of the development of Zheng He Hanghai Tu, the second part explores the essence of the contents of this work and the third part discusses its important role during the Ming dynasty, which attempted to understand the geography of the world. This study used qualitative methods and referred to the map related to East African locations, revealing that most of the entries in the country map and the old-generation population register have not been analysed. Using Zheng He Hanghai Tu, this article also divided the zones of the South China Sea archipelago into Shitang (Paracel Island), Wansheng Shitangyu (Macclesfield Bank) and Shixing Shitang (Spratly Islands) to explain that the Ming dynasty progressively understood the geography of Southeast Asia, Persia, Arab and Africa. This article reveals insights into how, through his long voyages, Zheng He gained a new understanding of these places in particular and of world geography in general.

001 没有宽恕就没有未来

002 漫漫自由路：曼德拉自传

003 断臂上的花朵：人生与法律的奇幻炼金术

004 历史的终结与最后的人

005 政治秩序的起源：从前人类时代到法国大革命

006 事实即颠覆

007 苏联的最后一天：莫斯科，1991年12月25日

008 耳语者：斯大林时代苏联的私人生活

009 零年：1945：现代世界诞生的时刻

010 大断裂：人类本性与社会秩序的重建

011 政治秩序与政治衰败：从工业革命到民主全球化

012 罪孽的报应：德国和日本的战争记忆

013 档案：一部个人史

014 布达佩斯往事

015 古拉格之恋：一个爱情与求生的真实故事

016 信任：社会美德与创造经济繁荣

017 奥斯维辛：一部历史

018 活着回来的男人：一个普通日本兵的二战及战后生命史

019 我们的后人类未来

020 奥斯曼帝国的衰亡：一战中东，1914—1920

021 国家构建：21世纪的国家治理与世界秩序

022 战争、枪炮与选票

023 金与铁:俾斯麦、布莱希罗德与德意志帝国的建立

024 创造日本：1853-1964

025 娜塔莎之舞：俄罗斯文化史

026 日本之镜：日本文化中的英雄与恶人

027 教宗与墨索里尼：庇护十一世与法西斯崛起秘史

028 明治天皇

029 八月炮火

030 资本之都：21世纪德里的美好与野蛮

031 回访历史：新东欧之旅

032 克里米亚战争：被遗忘的帝国博弈

033 拉丁美洲被切开的血管

034 不敢懈怠：曼德拉的总统岁月

035 圣经与利剑：英国和巴勒斯坦——从青铜时代到贝尔福宣言

Anyone Have any Chinese speaking Books I can Upload them for you just message me the title ! I Speak Over 17 languages and 9 Combined ! Any Language any Book!

Quality characteristics of wheat are determined by different physiochemical and rheological analysis by using different AACC methods. AACC methods are expensive, time consuming and cause destruction of samples. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and emerging tool used for analyzing wheat for different quality parameters. This technique is rapid and sensitive with a great variety of sampling techniques. In the present study different wheat varieties were analyzed for quality assessment and were also characterized by using AACC methods and FTIR technique. The straight grade flour was analyzed for physical, chemical and rheological properties by standard methods and results were obtained. FTIR works on the basis of functional groups and provide information in the form of peaks. On basis of peaks the value of moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrates and hardness of grain were determined. Peaks for water were observed in the range 1,640 cm−1 and 3,300 cm−1 on the basis of functional group H and OH. Protein was observed in the range from 1,600 cm−1 to 1,700 cm−1 and 1,550 cm−1 to 1,570 cm−1 on the basis of bond amide I and amide II respectively. Fat was also observed within these ranges but on the basis of C-H bond and also starch was observed in the range from 2,800 and 3,000 cm−1 (C-H stretch region) and in the range 3,000 and 3,600 cm−1 (O-H stretch region). As FTIR is a fast tool it can be easily emplyed for wheat varieties identification according to a set criterion.

As the world's largest producer of wild catch, China's fishing activities have a significant impact on the sustainability of not only domestic but also global fish stocks. China also provides substantial subsidies to its fishing operations. In 2013, the Chinese central government spent RMB 40.383 billion (or $6.5 billion) on fisheries subsidies. Most of this amount—94 percent—was in the form of fuel subsidies. This study asked whether China's subsidies policies align with the country's stated goals in fisheries management by examining China's fisheries policy coherence, and found that about 95 percent of Chinese fisheries subsidies were harmful to sustainability.

The paper examines the history of China's activities in the South China Sea since the 1950s, explains the strategy behind China's island-building there, arguing that China's involvement in the South China Sea has followed a grand strategy based on the idea of "winning without fighting" and the same principle that characterizes the board game "go" or weiqi (game of encirclement). The paper lays out three imperatives of that grand strategy and suggests some countermeasures for Vietnam and China's rivals.

The absence of a sufficient legal framework for the less grave form of the use of force in the grey zone conflict causes the instability and insecurity in Bien Dong because of Chinese unilateral operations. The blurred distinction between the threat or use of force at sea and law enforcement has been well-taken advantages by China and becomes a great challenge to peace and security in Bien Dong.
Current security regime of Bien Dong is in need of amendment. The clues for this issue is to include in the negotiation for a substantive and effective COC the state responsibility whenever occurring a violation and the willingness of asking for judgement or arbitration in some specific situations.

Describing a country’s foreign policy towards rising powers is a
crucial puzzle that should adequately be tackled to aid in practical
foreign policy-making during uncertainty. This research concerns
itself with this problem specifically in the context of the presidency
of Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines who unraveled the previous
leadership’s policy towards China. The central argument in this
research is that the most accurate label to describe Philippine
foreign policy towards China under the Duterte administration is
that of accommodation—an alignment strategy involving either
asymmetrical concessions or the toleration of actions that may not
necessarily be in the interest of the weaker state for the purpose
of inducing cooperation and stability.

This directly challenges the notion that the Philippines has
pursued a foreign policy of hedging by presenting a definition of
hedging as “strategic ambiguity” based on the balance of power
literature in the field of international relations. President Duterte
has in fact demonstrated clarity about his intentions as well
actions towards China at the expense of the United States in
three areas: discourse, foreign direct investments and alliance
management for security. Hedging has been used as the
theoretical defense to the country’s “independent foreign policy”
slogan. However Philippine accommodation policy where the
country has pursued a) a state-sponsored policy of openness
towards Chinese foreign direct investments, b) a deliberate
weakening of the security alliance with the United States, c) the
condoning of China’s militarization and encroachment of
territories that the Philippines also has claim, weakens the
argument that the Philippines has pursued independence in
maneuvering great power politics in Southeast Asia.

China, one of the biggest players in the global economy shares its growth to the international community. It developed and established economic partnerships with various countries, businesses, and regional organizations over the course of a few decades. The Philippines, sharing a rich history of bilateral relationship with China, continues with its trade and economic relations with the economic giant amidst political tension over territorial claims. It now becomes a question as to how political issues such as the tension over the disputed islands effect economic decisions and trade relations between China and the Philippines. Are economic decisions affected by political issues? If so, how do these political tensions affect the overall economic relations? If not, why are political issues separate from economic issues? How, then, do businesses work within and beyond the political issue? The research aims to explain the interplay between the political and the economic. This would be explained through the concepts of Social Capital, Social Embeddedness, and their Chinese manifestation, guanxi. The research employs a quantitative research design which includes content analysis and thematic coding. By the Chinese concept of guanxi, the research shows that economic actors are able to make economic decisions despite political issues. This is enabled by the establishment of networks of social capital by economic actors that utilize
their guanxi.

This 110 page large-format book contains a catalogue of charts, views, sailing directions and a bibliography relating to the Pearl River Delta. It includes chart entries in various languages: Chinese (49), English (178), Portuguese (41), and eight charts in other languages. The other data is of sailing directions (48), views (28), and a list of 48 books on where to obtain further information. The 34 illustrations included in the book provide a good cross section of the Chinese, English, Portuguese and French charts, from the mid-16th century to the present day. Some of this data is held at the Hong Kong Maritime Museum, while much of it is in collections in other libraries world-wide.
The catalogue is certainly not a definitive list of this information, nor does it address the many questions one could ask about this data, but a catalyst in which to study the related scientific, historical and political issues that are inherent in it, as well as a starting point for adding further entries.

Contributions from Dr Stephen Davies, Sia Tian and Lam Ka Ki

This article focuses on how political agendas and existing societal circumstances in three Southeast Asian regions impacted the early history of immigrant Hokkiens, one of the most prominent Chinese ethnic groups. The article argues that different Hokkien actions and their outcomes were shaped or highly influenced by the prevailing agenda and political struggles of local rulers and/or colonial powers, resulting in selective adaptive behaviour as ‘challengers’ or ‘cooperators’. There were prominent immigrant Hokkien challengers to the status quo in Manila and elsewhere in the Philippine Islands, but both cooperators with the prevailing status quo and challengers to it were common in Hoi An, Vietnam. By contrast, cooperators were conspicuous in Batavia and in the colonial Dutch East Indies.

This paper looks at three potential factors that influenced the change in China's behavior towards the South China Sea dispute. These factors are one the interests and principles of China's foreign policy, two China's economic rise and three the impact of external factors on China's behavior. My paper attempts to prove that all these three factors exert certain influence on China's changing behavior. Nevertheless, the compelling of all the three factors is the China's changing understanding on external threats.

Tóm tắt: Tranh chấp Biển Đông, đặc biệt là vấn đề sử dụng vũ lực trên Biển Đông là một nguy cơ rất lớn đối với hòa bình, an ninh khu vực và thế giới. Trong đó, hầu hết các hành vi sử dụng vũ lực được ghi nhận xuất phát từ lực lượng vũ trang trên biển của Trung Quốc với những thiệt hại không nhỏ về tài sản, thậm chí là sinh mạng con người cho các quốc gia khác. Bài tham luận này phân tích vấn đề sử dụng vũ lực trên biển dưới góc nhìn các nguyên tắc và quy phạm pháp luật của luật biển quốc tế. Để từ đó, bài tham luận đưa ra những nhận định, đánh giá về thực trạng sử dụng vũ lực trên Biển Đông hiện nay.
Từ khóa: sử dụng vũ lực, Biển Đông, luật biển quốc tế

Abstract: The South China Sea disputes, especially the use of force in the South China Sea, are a huge threat to regional and global peace and security. Most of the use of force in the South China Sea has been stemmed from China's maritime armed forces, with significant losses in property, even human lives for other countries. This paper analyzes the issue of using force at sea in the light of the principles and rules of international law of the sea. From that point of view, this paper provides an assessment of the actual use of force in the South China Sea.
Keywords: use of force, South China Sea, international law of the sea

Der US-China-Konflikt wird dem 21. Jahrhundert sein Gepräge aufdrücken. Faktisch tut er es längst. Da in einem kalten Wirtschaftskrieg auch der klimapolitische Staatsinterventionismus als Realität in China und als sozialökologisches Transformationsprojekt im Westen unter die Räder einer marktgetriebenen Entwicklung geraten kann, ist die Zukunft der Menschheit auf dem Planeten Erde immer mehr von diesem Konflikt und seiner Entschärfung abhängig. Das «Schwerter zu Pflugscharen» von einst muss heute lauten: globale Abrüstung, Entspannungsdiplomatie und klimapolitischer Multilateralismus unter Einbindung Chinas für den sozialökologischen Systemwechsel weltweit, weil die Klimakatastrophe nun einmal nicht vor Ländergrenzen haltmacht.

Dass der Aufstieg des rechtsautoritären Nationalismus und die Entfaltung seiner Macht gegenüber China auch innerhalb der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas die marktliberalen Kräfte stärken, ist dabei eine besonders brisante Entwicklung. Dies unterstreicht, dass China und seine Regierungspartei keineswegs ein monolithischer Block sind, sondern von den internationalen Kräfteverhältnissen und den Kräfteverhältnissen in den einzelnen Staaten des Westens abhängen.
Inhalt:

    Vorwort
    1 Trump und «Global Trumpism»
    2 Die organische Krise des Kapitalismus und der Aufstieg des rechtsautoritären Nationalismus oder: die gesellschaftlichen Wurzeln des «Rechtspopulismus»
    3 Die Dysfunktionalität des rechtsautoritären Nationalismus für den Block an der Macht und seine Einhegung
    4 Chinas Aufstieg: die historisch große Herausforderung für das American Empire
    5 Seeblockade und die One-Belt-One-Road-Initiative: Der Krieg hat längst begonnen
    6 Die globale Finanzkrise als verpasste klimapolitische Chance
    7 Mit dem Westen in die Klimakatastrophe, mit China zu ihrer Abwendung?
    8 Tertium non datur? Vor der fürchterlichen Entscheidung
    Literatur

ปฏิเสธไม่ได้ว่า ปัญหาข้อพิพาทในพื้นที่ทะเลจีนใต้ ระหว่างจีน กับหลายชาติสมาชิกในอาเซียน เป็นประเด็นที่มีความโดดเด่นอย่างมากในเวทีการเมืองโลก ณ ปัจจุบัน ด้วยเหตุที่ทะเลจีนใต้ มีความสำคัญทางภูมิรัฐศาสตร์ในหลายๆด้าน ทั้งในแง่ของการเป็นเส้นทางคมนาคมที่สำคัญ ที่มีการเดินเรือที่พลุกพล่าน และสายการบินพาณิชย์หลายสายต้องผ่านน่านน้ำแห่งนี้ อีกทั้งยังเป็นแหล่งทรัพยากรธรรมชาติที่อุดมสมบูรณ์ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นแหล่งชุกชุมของสัตว์น้ำ ที่เหมาะสมในการทำประมง รวมไปถึงน้ำมันและก๊าซธรรมชาติ ซึ่งเป็นอีกปัจจัยสำคัญในการอ้างสิทธิ์การมีอธิปไตยเหนือหมู่เกาะในทะเลจีนใต้ของรัฐต่างๆ

บทความแสดงความคิดเห็น ในการศึกษาเรื่องความสัมพันธ์และนโยบายต่างประเทศของประเทศมหาอำนาจ (Foreign Policy of Major Powers)

Chinese claim Spratly Islands; its straits as known South China Sea, meanwhile Philippines claim around 60 feature of Spratly Islands, Vietnam claim all over the island and Malaysia just 12 features only. As Vietnam based its claim on the French administration of Indochina prior to their independence. China has a long historical basis for such claims on the island while Taiwan, a successor state of the People Republic Chinese (PRC), also had its claim pinned on that argument. Malaysia classified the Spratlys as part of Sabah. The issue then fall to the hand International Court of Justice, at the Hague, Netherlands where the final result completed by 2018 who are own Spratly Islands.

The main objective of this study is to analyze track 1 and 2 diplomacy as a diplomatic procedure in conflict resolution. There were three case studies in which the study shall focus its analysis on. The first case tackles track 1 diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the United State's almost a century's mediation. Later on, the study questions whether or not there should be a change with the mediating third party; or a shift from track 1 diplomacy to track 2 diplomacy. Next, the study tackles the Indo-Pakistani conflict over Kashmir, on how the two nations handle the conflict through track 1 diplomacy bilaterally, without involving a third mediating party. Third, and lastly, is the rising tension in the South China Sea. This study tried to forecast the outcome of the dispute.

The Philippine islands are at the focal point of momentum sea debate in the South China Sea (SCS). The Philippines has had maritime disputes with various nations, including the US. Presently, policy consideration is centered around power question between the Philippines and China on the Scarborough. China's affirmation of the South China Sea in its 2009 recording with the UNCLCS and its current activities to avoid Philippine anglers from the waters around Scarborough Shoal encouraged the Philippines to seek for assistance from the international arbitration tribunal. The paper will identify the privileges of the Philippines to submerged elements as a feature of its continental shelf by examining the brief historical standpoints of the Philippine archipelago and the late activities by the Philippines to adjust its archipelagic cases to UNCLOS.

New Delhi is carefully following developments in the South China Sea as part of her “Looking East” policy and helping Vietnam exploit offshore oil and build her maritime capacities. However, Indian policy is cautious and aptly described as “multialigned”, rather than bent on building a coalition to resist China.