Street Vendors

Introduction: Street vendors work daily selling their goods on the sidewalks along the streets and seldom have breaks .They are considered the most working groups that are at the highest risk of exposure to air pollution as they usually work for long hours and are continuously exposed to inevitable: adverse weather conditions, atmospheric and road dust, vehicular emissions and air pollutants from industrial and other sources, resulting in a wide range of adverse respiratory health effects. Aim of work: To assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and the effect of outdoor work environment on pulmonary functions measurements among female street food vendors in Mansoura city. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried upon (152) stationary female street food vendors in Mansoura city during the period from August to December 2017. The sample size was calculated using MedCalc program version18. Data was collected using a questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, occupational and medical histories focusing on the respiratory symptoms in the last 12 months. Clinical examination and measurement of the pulmonary functions were done. Results: There was a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms among street food vendors in the last 12 months (86.2%). The mean observed values of FEV 1 and FVC were statistically significantly lower than their predictive values and the mean observed values of FEV 1 /FVC % were statistically significantly higher than their predictive values. Conclusion: Street vendors are at high risk of respiratory symptoms and impaired pulmonary functions. Bronchial asthma ranked the first disorder for the respiratory system (18.4%) among street food vendors followed by chronic bronchitis (7.9%).

Studies of informal street vending in the Global South often investigate grassroots resistance to formal and informal power as a collective and organised phenomenon. In our case study in the megacity of Dhaka, we show collective resistance is not possible due to an overwhelming threat from a coercive state. Informal vendors must resort to other tactics to appropriate public space to preserve their livelihoods. This is achieved by street vendors entering into locally embedded social and economic relations with agents of the state working informally to extort regular payments from them in return for access to public space. These local relations work in opposition to the neoliberalising ambitions of the state to clear and sanitise public space. Vendors look to local police and petty criminals for livelihood security rather than each other. This atomisation, reinforced by the culture of suspicion and kinship insularity, prevents vendors from organising across local boundaries to press claims for greater protection from the state. We argue that in cases where formal power is acting informally, this need to be taken into account to understand the social and economic realities of informal trade and the subsequent obstacles to collective action by the poor in cities such as Dhaka.

One usual place for every usual or unusual people in our country is a tea-stall. It is the only place where people tend to concentrate on taking tea and gossiping; rather the place or the ambiance itself.
Three tea-stalls (Tong) are taken as experiment places for this report. They are selected as they are close to the reporter’s home and represents as a model for every other tea-stalls in the country. As a matter of fact, the family background of every owner of the stall is also reflected in the report .These are Joynal Tea Stall, Ibrahim Tea Stall and Alam Tea Stall.

This paper contains information about the tea stalls of Bangladesh and the stall's owners. It discusses their day to day activities. What they do and how they do it. It also contains advice about improving their business by making several changes.They open their stall around 6 am and work until 11 pm. People from all walks of life comes to sip tea at these stalls. They gossip about many things.

In the last 25 years of growing up in Kathmandu, I have witnessed the capital has evolved and adapted to the needs of time to encompass the economic trends and social functioning. The economic activities and practices in the capital may range from the large corporate establishment to the small street-sides shops and vendors. The large increasing numbers of the street-sides shops and vendors are significantly catering the growing demands of the increasing population of Kathmandu. The businesses in the temporary make-shift shops vary from the food/ groceries, clothing, electronics to daily household goods and commodities. The stories behind the undeveloped businesses of street vendors highlight the livelihood of the urban poor that prominently contributes to the regional economy, although being illegal. These vendors are mostly found in the pedestrian concentrated areas of Kathmandu like Ason, Ratnapark, Sundhara, Baneshor, Chabahil, Koteshor and other places. They are often regarded as issues in urban development of Kathmandu as they disturb the mobility in the streets, contribute to the informal economy, pollute the cities and create other various problems.
In this regard, this paper intends to overview the state of street vendors and their impacts on the society and economy of Kathmandu.

The present work has been undertaken to report the microbiological quality of fresh fruit juices available from street vendors in
Karachi. Altogether nine (9) types of fresh fruit juices were analyzed for total viable count (TVC), total coliform (TCC), total fecal
coliform count (TFC). The highest bacterial load (1.2x109cfu/ml) for fresh fruit juice sample was found in banana and the lowest load
was (1.77x104 cfu/mL) found in a lemon juice. All samples of fruit juices showed the presence of coliform and fecal coliform ranging
from 7 to ≥2400 MPN/100mL. Five (5) bacterial isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp.,
Streptococci sp., Salmonella sp. Fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. and Mucor sp. The
highest fungal load was found in banana, apple and watermelon and lowest in orange juice.

Vending on the street is a worldwide fact and the most able to be seen component of the casual economy. Street vending, like other informal sectors, is characterised by low pay, ease of entrance, self-employment, and a huge number of individuals. Millions of individuals make a livelihood selling a variety of products and services on the street in cities and towns all over the globe. Despite the popular assumption that street selling would decline as the economy improves and wealth rises, it is on the rise in many areas. Because of their poor level of education and abilities, street sellers are often individuals who are not capable to get usual employment in the remunerative recognized sector. They attempt to address their financial issues by relying on their own limited financial resources. They are primary sharing route for a wide range of the daily-use goods, such as fruits, vegetables, ready-to-wear clothes, home appliances, stationery, toys, newspapers, magazines and shoes among others. If they be removed from the urban marketplaces, it would create serious problem for vegetable and fruit growers and small-scale businesses that couldn't afford to sell their goods via the formal sector's costly distribution networks. The significance of this industry can not be overstated, particularly given the government's inability to offer employment to India's millions of jobless and underemployed citizens. Even the corporate sector can only absorb a small part of our growing workforce. Overall, employment in the official sector is decreasing, leaving the majority of Indians to fend for themselves. If governments wish to decrease unemployment and poverty in our nation, they should support people in the informal sector to develop and thrive. They play an important part in the economic development and growth of local economy. Municipal authorities see street sellers as nuisances and the encroachers on sidewalks pavements and they are unappreciative of the important services that the street vendors offer to the world's common public. Vendors on the street offer essential services to urban people while surviving on their own business, limited resources, and labour. The state government and municipal authorities have been asked to provide security for street sellers so that they may make a living without fear.

Behaviour is a significant phenomenon in the study and understanding of organizations.  Organisational Behaviour is a social science. It is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behaviour within organisations. The main purpose is to apply such knowledge towards improving organizations’ effectiveness. Thus OB is a field that addresses the challenges of organisational success. Leadership and management are central to organisational success.

OB explores motivation; leader behaviour and power; interpersonal communication; group structure and processes; attitude development and perception; change processes; conflict and negotiations; and work design. When OB is studied systematically, it provides ways of predicting individual and group behaviour through understanding situations and the composition of the people, that is, what they regard as important.

This paper is about the broad scope of the elements of organisational performance and management effectiveness where individual, group and structural factors of behaviour are at work.  Part A explores all these elements, the knowledge and understanding thereof part B is mainly the application of these to analyse a case study.  From this exercise it becomes evident how critical is the understanding of the subject of organisational behaviour for all managers and leaders of organisations. The problem here is establishing the centrality of OB theory (principles and concepts) and how their understanding and application would enhance management effectiveness and success

The Informal sectors / unorganised sectors work is called as black market before 1971. The word ‘informal sector’ was first used by Keith Hart. Informal sectors are involved in small self-employed individual works. Generally, the individuals involved in informal sector works in urban areas, majority of the workers migrated from rural to urban areas.  Street Vendors is one such informal sector where the people are movable seller, hence their
working pattern is very different and they have lack of facility for carrying out their business. Street Vendors normally invest very small money in their business. There has been few attempt to study their working and living conditions. We need to focus more on them and for
the betterment of their life and work pattern. In the study on Street Vendors working patterns, the researcher understanding on the problem of climate conditions (heat, dust pollution and attacked in skin allergy), their type of goods they sell (fruits and vegetables, flowers,  and different type of foods), with the type of vehicle and their working time. According to Indian Penal Code Section 283 Causing hazard or obstruction to the public shall be punishable with fine, which may extend to two hundred rupees and section 431, states that if the Street Vendors cause any damage to public road, bridge, channel or cause disturbances to travelers, shall be punishable with imprisonment for five years or of with fine or both. Hence they face several issues and harassment by the policy personnel and local government. National Association of Street Vendors in India (NASVI) has been struggling with the government for the betterment of life of the Street Vendors and their quality of life. Based on the above factors, this is an attempt to study the socio- economic- condition and working pattern the street vendors. The researchers selected 46 respondents using non-probability sampling method, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. The study is descriptive in nature. The respondents used safety equipments for their work place and government sanitations department to give good guidance for their livelihood programme. Further few suggestions were also given to enhance their different type of working pattern and living conditions.

Keywords: Informal Sector, Street Vendors, Socio-economic Condition and Working
Patterns, NASVI.

Food handling should always follow proper procedure and should maintain orderliness and cleanliness. This study aimed to determine the food sanitation practices of street food vendors in Batangas City. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study. Results showed that majority of the street food vendors sell isaw because people of the community most likely prefer isaw as their merienda. The street food vendors are practicing a clean working area as part of their sanitation practices. The customers perceived that barely checking of the food if it is free from larva is being practiced by the street vendors.

In this research the main question: (1) To what extent does organization among the street vendors contribute to the realization of their goals and (2) what are the consequences for their livelihoods?

Street vendors have desired goals. These goals surprisingly are not situated in the realm of entering the formal sector. Rather they want to expand their business and carry on within the same framework they are acting in. Street vendors are satisfied with the efforts of their union and with the ‘maximum tolerance policy of local government. The main goal of the street vendors is to improve their business and expand their business and revenues in order to improve their livelihood. The current policy is one of status quo on the legal side, where officially vendors are illegal, but managed within a policy of maximum tolerance, with no priority for local government to change the situation. Other organizations are at the heart of negotiating a participatory process that includes local government and street vendors represented by their organizations alike. They made progress but the goals are not yet met. Generally speaking can be concluded that the microbusiness of street vending is more than a sponge for less fortunate dwellers, it can be a career for people coming from poor backgrounds, and ultimately it can be a life achievement and desired goal as well.

Keywords: Street Vendors, livelihood, formal sector, business, union, local government, revenues, policy, illegal, maximum tolerance, organization, microbusiness

Introduction: Nowadays, the employment plays a very important role in the human society. According to 2011 census total population of India is 1,21,01,93,422. The data shows that around 37% (20, 01,012)1 was self-employed. Street Vendors constitute 12.5% of the self-employed in Mumbai (Bhowmik. K, 2012). All people want to engage in white collar jobs, but the Government and Non-Government Organization is not ready to give job for all the people. So, the individual and the group of people are involving in the self employment, particularly in the informal sectors. Mainly the people are migrating from rural to urban areas and taking part in the Street Vending. According to Keith Hart 1971; the informal work is a block market. Though the vast majority of the vendors know the Street Vending business is illegal, but they still engage in Street Vending for their livelihood. Objectives: the researchers study about the socio-economic status of the respondents and about the working patterns of the vendors. Method: there are many Street Vendors working in the Tiruchirappalli Corporation limit, the researchers have to collect primary data through from the respondents in the area of Chattiram bus stand and Palakkarai out of market areas. Hence, the researchers had used convenient sampling method to select 32 respondents for the present study which is in descriptive nature. The findings of this study are elaborated in the full paper. Conclusion: The central and the state governments are trying to amend rules in order to protect the Street Vendors. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA) has passed the 2013 Street Vendor’s Bill. This study aims to find out the socio-economic status and their working patterns of their livelihood.
Keywords: street vendors, informal sectors, socio-economic status, working conditions and street vendor policy.

Background: WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded, the lockdown was implemented as the main preventive measure to contain the spread of the virus across the world. India also went to one of the most stringent nationwide lockdowns on March 24, 2020, which affected the informal sector worker the most. This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on the livelihood of street vendors in the Maharashtra state of India. Methods: Telephonic in-depth interviews were conducted from 16th May to 1st June 2020 with 20 street vendors who sell perishable goods for their livelihood. Interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was used in analyzing the data. Results: Lockdown affected street vendors multidimensionally. Many street vendors stopped working and many had to change their profession to selling fruits and vegetables within a limited time zone which had its repercussions. Some participants have shared experiences of...

This study focuses on three things: (1) determine the computational techniques used by children engaged in vending; (2) determine the underlying math concepts within those identified techniques; and (3) describe the differences between the computational techniques used by the respondents and the basic arithmetic taught in school. The results of this study show that the computational techniques used by the elementary-aged vendors include the following: finding the sum of two or more numbers by counting ten; subtraction through counting backwards by ten; combination of addition and subtraction in getting the difference; use of powers of 10; repetitive addition; multiplying nonzero digits then add zero(s) after the number; skip counting; division using multiples of 10; grouping of numbers; and trial and error of numbers to form equal groups. Moreover, these computational techniques can be traced to be variations of the four fundamental arithmetic namely addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The identified techniques demonstrated by the vendors differs from the school arithmetic not in the mathematical concepts of these arithmetic but  in terms of the process of doing it, steps being followed, and the choice of numbers to be used. The findings of the study supports the claim on the importance of giving greater emphasis between the algorithms taught in school and what is used outside the school context. This study also suggests the use of some identified computational techniques carried out by the child vendors as an alternative way of solving math problems or as a strategy in teaching how to solve math problems.

In Nepal considerable number of people are involved in the informal sector of the economy
making street vending as on e of the most practiced occupation in the Kathmandu Metropolitan
City. The study aims to assess the general status, livelihood of the street vendors, mainly
focusing on Ason, Indrachowk and Khullamunch which are the most crowded market areas in
the city. In addition the purpose of this study is to establish vulnerability as one of the major
factors influencing livelihood opportunities of the street vendors in Nepal. The study of this research is done in the basis random sampling and snowball sampling method.
The data were collected by using structured questionnaire, key informant and focus group
discussion which is the method of primary method of data collection followed by secondary
method of data collection which included the review of various research papers, books, journals,
articles, seminar papers, web browsing etc.
Street vending was found to be one of the most vulnerable businesses as according to the
findings of this research. Fault-finding policy by the government, competition, hooligan
activities, road extension campaign, and pollution threaten street vendors to carry out their daily
work. Similarly, natural calamities or natural phenomenon is another major threat which affects
street vendor‟s business and health as well. Likewise, a cultural event, local festivals, conflict
with other stakeholder and strikes also contributes to make their business more vulnerable. The
seasonal change is yet another major challenge of the street vendors as their nature of business
depend upon the seasons, which make them shift to different types of vending seasonally.
In regards to the policies, plans, programs related to street vendors, government and other
concern authorities and agencies were not found to have any clarity upon street vending. In
addition to it, the lack of plans and policies regarding the street vending by the government, it
made street vending as an insecure occupation. This even shows the ignorance of the state on the
informal economy which is rising every day.

Food handling should always follow proper procedure and should maintain orderliness and cleanliness. This study aimed to determine the food sanitation practices of street food vendors in Batangas City. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study. Results showed that majority of the street food vendors sell isaw because people of the community most likely prefer isaw as their merienda. The street food vendors are practicing a clean working area as part of their sanitation practices. The customers perceived that barely checking of the food if it is free from larva is being practiced by the street vendors.

Urban Management is the act of taking sustainable action to reach a certain goal. The core objectives of urban management are seen as understanding dynamic urban processes and developing effective interventions that contribute to the sustainability of urban development.
In many cities all over the world, urban public space has become the place of work of the urban poor. In these places of work, a set of processes arise due to a need for a hierarchy to organize and sustain the urging needs of the urban poor. As chaotic as these processes may seem at first glance, they are planned and are constantly modified according to needs and repeated mistakes. Through some studying and monitoring to these places one can find some concepts from urban management being applied, with further modification and effort, this thesis suggests room for improvement.
This thesis seeks to examine how street vendors use public space for their livelihood. The research is carried out in the Cairo metropolis, a nodal commercial center, with proliferation of street vending activities. The study employs a variety of research methodologies in gathering the data, including personal observation, focus groups, surveys of different stakeholders, and a field survey with a sample of street vendors.
This is an attempt to understand the current state of informal commercial public spaces, the typology of street vendors and compile a series of similar case studies from cities around the world in reflection with the case of Cairo. 
Keywords: Urban Public Space; Street Vending; Urban Management; Livelihood Strategy.

Shopping from street hawkers and by showroom stores are similar but can have differences including: what is easier for the consumer, the risks, special deals, and whatever you might be looking for. Shopping can be experienced in different ways. Some people enjoy the process of glancing the streets, and some people enjoy cruising from rack to rack or shelf to shelf for better products. There is not a right and wrong answer to which is the best way to shop. Everyone is different, and the bargains are different! Whether they are shopping for rare or common, or even items that you are not even planning on buying, because of impulse, shopping can be enjoyed by anyone!

This research raised the field of work management (PKL) through intimacy with the business world in improving the competence of graduates, in view of the implementation of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, supporting factors and obstacles of street vendors, improvement efforts and future tendencies. This research uses descriptive method to get a comprehensive picture about facts and characteristics of the respondents about the problem under study. Data collection was done by Observation, Interview, and Documentation Study. The subjects of this research are the Head of STIKOM Uyelindo, Head of PKL Unit, Coordinator of Cooperation, Head of Prodi Diploma III Informatics Engineering, Lecturer and Student of STIKOM Uyelindo. The result of PKL management research through intimacy with the business world in improving the competence of Diploma III Diploma III STIKOM Uyelindo in general is running well, all the components are mutually appropriate their respective functions to be able to maximize the function of the system, in accordance with the rules of management, on vision, mission , strategic plan, grand strategy, goals and laws and regulations. PKL program support through partnership with the business world in improving the competence of graduates that should encourage the street vendors program is: clarity of authority and responsibility of higher education institutions / institutions in the development of street vendors, professional and democratic leadership in transparent participatory decision making process, facility feasibility. elements can be tried to determine the available resources. Factors inhibiting the implementation of street vendors through partnerships with businesses in the program, organizational culture differences, communication, bureaucracy and personal variables. Efforts to improve the quality of learning, improving the professionalism of lecturers, governance, improvement of learning facilities and standard lab work as well as improving the quality of cooperation. The strategies implemented are vision commitment, agreement on common goals and objectives. Future tendencies by the increasing complexity of technological equipment, corporate restructuring plans that encourage a combination of technological and human qualities. The tendency is responded by the university through the improvement of sensitive programs to various absolute changes, namely: improving the quality and quantity of partnerships, infrastructure, increasing the mastery of science and technology, international standard of graduate competence, local wisdom, the implementation of ISO 9001-2008 quality management and improvement of education relevance law to achieve the target of street vendors. Based on the importance of mutual interest, the university must develop the management of street vendors in a sustainable, transparent, accountable, participative and aspirational, mutual support, commitment and hard work to achieve organizational goals. Business world and industry more open in cooperation relationship with Higher Education to share knowledge, to be input for development of Higher Education curriculum.

Objective – The presence of street vendors in public places has emerged some problems, such as disordered situation, traffic jam and decreasing aesthetics of the city. In order to overcome the problems, Bandung have some policies issued such as relocation, arrangement and business loans. However, these policies never completely solve the street vendors problems. This research will describe the strategy of street vendors in retaining the existence of their selling place. Methodology/Technique – The research took place in Bandung using the qualitative approach. Bandung is one of the big city in Indonesia and also capital of west java province. The activity of data collection was conducted through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Findings – The result of the research shows that the strategy of street vendors in resisting the city government was conducted through various ways, both disguised and open ones. Both types of resistance were committed individually and collectively. Novelty – This article describes the tactics and strategies developed by the street vendors to face the government policy.

This thesis explores the outcomes of entrepreneurial urban governance in Nairobi, Kenya, through the ethnographic purview of informal traders negotiating access to space. While
I demonstrate that the urban renewal process in Nairobi reflects the ongoing shift to entrepreneurialism and subsequent securitization occurring in many cities around the globe, I examine how features of the local context – in particular, the presence of powerful informal authorities and informal political structures – have complicated the implementation of its national development plan, Vision 2030. I argue that the outcomes of neoliberal urban renewal are at odds with the stated aims of creating a more secure and
democratic city. I proffer that these dynamics are both produced by and reproductive of differentiated forms of citizenship that have been enforced in Nairobi since the colonial
era, and have long contributed to urban stratification and, by extension, urban insecurity.

For a developing country like Bangladesh, street vendors (hawkers) are inevitable in the urban streetscape. Street vendors provide services with modest and effectively available products to all communities. They have consistently been a characteristic feature of footpaths in Dhaka city. It is observed that the flow of pedestrian movement has been disrupted by this large number of street vendors, but the vendors have also been found to be desired by the local inhabitants. Street vendors are a vital part of the local livelihood in the neighborhoods of Indira Road Footpath of Farmgate which is considered an essential point among the permitted eighteen hawking points in Dhaka. In this way, by moving them near the pedestrian flow, it is necessary to enhance the footpath condition without much interference from vendors. To conduct a design exercise survey among the inhabitants and street hawkers have taken place. A design solution is suggested after some review to relocate the vendors in a designed way to enhance the pedestrian as well as the neighborhood footpath's hawing point condition. This paper synthesized these design strategies for the hawking point to keep the pedestrian movement uninterrupted.

Background: WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. As the COVID-19 pandemic
unfolded, the lockdown was implemented as the main preventive measure to contain the spread of the virus
across the world. India also went to one of the most stringent nationwide lockdowns on March 24, 2020,
which affected the informal sector worker the most. This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 and
lockdown on the livelihood of street vendors in the Maharashtra state of India.
Methods: Telephonic in-depth interviews were conducted from 16th May to 1st June 2020 with 20 street
vendors who sell perishable goods for their livelihood. Interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was
used in analyzing the data.
Results: Lockdown affected street vendors multidimensionally. Many street vendors stopped working and
many had to change their profession to selling fruits and vegetables within a limited time zone which had its
repercussions. Some participants have shared experiences of being helped in the form of free rations by the
government. Along with bearing monetary loss, street vendors also had to undergo mental stress due to
restrictions imposed by the local authorities. Participants expressed their expectations of receiving aid in the
form of direct nancial aid and protective equipment to practice their work safely.
Conclusion: India went for one of the most stringent lockdowns with wider socio-economic repercussions,
and street vendors were one of the most affected occupational groups. Since they are one most vulnerable
sections of society it is a crucial responsibility of the government to aim for their overall welfare.

Street vending is a dynamic phenomenon of network of events, socio-economic and cultural factors while remaining a narration of place. At the metropolitan level, the narrative is negatively skewed towards street vending and its aesthetic reality, contemporaneously exploring hostile environmental interventions within the informal sector. This paper attempted to explore a counter-narrative asking; based on aesthetic experience, can the “desired” urban image to be achieved by allowing street vendors proliferate in public spaces? This question was asked within the scope of the political-economy of diversification in Nigeria. The paper argued that, around public spaces such as parks and sidewalks, the precarious nature of vending activities lead to their diffidence in upgrades to stalls, tables and kiosks. With pictures from spaces that appear to approve of street vending tacitly, a pattern of upgrades in vending apparatus and kiosks were established. This paper proposes an integrative m...

Pembangunan infrastruktur tidak terlepas dari dampak sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan, seperti Jembatan Suramadu dengan masalah keberadaan PKL (Pedagang Kaki Lima) di wilayah KKJS (Kawasan Kaki Jembatan Suramadu). Aktivitas ini merupakan bentuk ekonomi kerakyatan yang berkearifan lokal. Namun demikian, adanya pengelolaan dan pengaturan adalah mutlak diperlukan, agar tidak memunculkan kesan dualistik yang merusak estetika visual. Kajian identifikasi karakteristik aktivitas PKL dilakukan untuk menemukenali potensi serta melihat lebih dalam kondisi masalah yang ada. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskripsi statistik dan analisis manfaat terhadap aktivitas PKL. Hasil yang diperoleh mengungkapkan bahwa mayoritas PKL Suramadu berasal dari wilayah setempat dengan model lapak semi permanen dan menyatakan sudah mendapatkan ijin berdagang, khususnya dari pemerintah kelurahan setempat. Namun demikian, hampir 81% dari PKL setuju untuk direlokasikan karena mengetahui adanya rencana pembangunan rest area oleh BPWS. Keberadaan PKL Suramadu terbukti memberikan manfaat yang besar bagi ekonomi masyarakat setempat dan memberikan nilai tambah bagi penyerapan tenaga kerja lokal. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah perlu lebih serius dan memberikan perhatian terhadap potensi ini. Dengan pengelolaan dan penataan yang baik, misalnya dengan percepatan pembangunan rest area, PKL Suramadu mampu menjadi potensi ekonomi daerah yang prospektif, legal dan bersifat formal. Selain itu, dampak negatif yang muncul dari keberadaan PKL dapat dihindari. 

Kata Kunci: pedagang kaki lima (PKL), Jembatan Suramadu, Kawasan Kaki Jembatan Suramadu (KKJS), ekonomi kerakyatan, identifikasi karakteristik, analisis biaya manfaat.

Informality can be seen not only as a set of objective practices, but as a state attempt to reshape public spaces through discourse. The aim, here, is to trace discursive constructions of "informality" and to examine the effects that speeches, statements by (non)governmental bodies, stereotypes, and popular images have on the livelihood of an urban population. I begin with historical definitions and state usages of "ashwa'iyy" (informality) within Cairo and juxtapose them to contemporary applications of the term onto different physical spaces (e.g., neighborhoods, streets, markets, housing). I focus on social stigma attached to the concept and how negative stereotypes shape public spaces-and economic opportunities-of groups, such as street vendors (e.g. in Souq el Torgman). I then compare the state deployment of ashwa'iyyat with the older Egyptian term sha'bi (popular), which affirms the cultural legitimacy of occupants in particular neighborhoods and public spaces. Different usages of each term reflect diverging state-led political strategies; in some instances, the use of the latter term leads to redevelopment of physical markets, while the former provokes their total dismantlement. Incorporating literature on critical discourse analysis, I interrogate the supposed neutrality of ashwa'iyyat by (1) exposing its discursive ability to socially segregate Cairo's public spaces and (2) revealing how "informality" makes unequal the opportunities to (re)shape physical infrastructures. Though international adherents of "third-world Informality" celebrate the concept as a source of popular empowerment, they often fail to taken into account the socio-political effects of the term's application within national and local contexts.

Traffic service is one of the indicators of success of the construction of Surabaya Madura Bridge. Using the road space in accordance to its function guarantees such success. However, after three years of operation, street vendors have emerged occupying the functional space of the bridge. This may affects the functional space of the road as well as traffic service of the bridge. This research aims to evaluate the impact of street vendors towards traffic in the Madura bridge access area. Using survey as the method, this paper offers a descriptive account of the impact of street vendors to the functionality of road free space at access points of the bridge. Results of the survey is analysed using the simple regression as well as multiple regression method. The research concludes that the impact of street vendors towards traffic service can be categorized as moderate. Despite the results, in five years time, the impact category is predicted to increase to severe.

ABSTRAK
Pelayanan lalu lintas merupakan salah satu ukuran keberhasilan pembangunan Jembatan Surabaya Madura. Pemanfaatan jalan dan kelengkapannya sesuai dengan fungsinya tentunya menjamin keberhasilan tersebut. Namun, setelah tiga tahun jembatan dioperasikan pada ruang manfaat jalan akses KKJS (Kawasan Kaki Jembatan Suramadu) telah muncul pedagang kaki lima yang diduga dapat berpengaruh pada fungsi jalan maupun pelayanan jembatan. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menilai pengaruh pedagang kaki lima tersebut terhadap kinerja lalu lintas pada ruas jalan akses sisi Madura. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan metode survei. Survei dilakukan dengan pengukuran terhadap kinerja jalan, penentuan kelas hambatan samping, dan melihat korelasi antara keberadaan pedagang kaki lima terhadap akumulasi parkir kendaraan di ruang manfaat jalan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kinerja jalan akses sisi Madura saat ini masih tergolong baik, bahkan sampai dengan proyeksi lima tahun mendatang. Namun demikian, pada kondisi tertentu dapat terjadi kelas hambatan samping sangat tinggi di rumaja jalan akses KKJS akibat akumulasi parkir kendaraan. Oleh karena itu, perlu lebih diperhatikan masalah pengaturan dan pengelolaan parkir kendaraan di rumaja jalan akses KKJS agar tidak membahayakan keselamatan pengguna jalan dan dapat meminimalisir peluang kejadian kecelakaan.

Kata kunci: Ruang Manfaat Jalan, Jembatan Surabaya Madura, Jalan Akses KKJS (Kawasan Kaki Jembatan Suramadu), kinerja jalan, pedagang kaki lima

In this paper, I want to examine the street as a political space in Vietnam on which both people and state relentlessly claim to exert their presence and power. For government, the assertion of authority is demonstrated through a series of restricting policies and enforcement of local officials. On the other hand, citizen find their initiatives to cope with the governmental control using both explicit and implicit everyday tactics. This phenomenon has usually been conceptualized as ‘resistance’ by scholars. By critically reviewing concepts of ‘everyday resistance’ and ‘hidden transcripts’ of James C. Scott, this article aims to argues that in the context of street, though the correspondence between state and society does point toward a dichotomy of two sides: dominant and subordinate, the situation is not simple as it manifests. The framework of resistance, in this context, only helps to see a part of the general political picture. In terms of structure, I firstly review the concept of Scott and discuss it in the context of Vietnam. I then suggest another perspective to have a better understanding of the relationship between state and society.

Transformation of the built environment of a city has diverse effects on the various segments of its population. The relationship between the changing cityscape of Kolkata in the
recent years and the ‘pheriwallah/wallihs’ (mobile street vendors) is an interesting instance that aptly illustrates the nature of this transformation, its causes and effect. The
'pheriwallah/wallihs' are a group of traders that are characterized by their mobility, their use of
calls and hanks, and their choice of the doorstep as the site of transaction. [1] These  characteristics make their livelihood heavily dependent on the cityscape. Vertical growth of
the city as well as increasing formalization of space into enclosed, partitioned, self-sufficient residential spaces, which has been conducive in extending the global model of ‘gated city’
into Kolkata, has seriously questioned the viability of this trade.
Existing literature, especially vernacular literary works such as the works of Rabindranath Tagore, anecdotes described in the Mangal Kavyas and Radhaprasad Gupta’s Kolikatar pheriwallahar dak o rastar awaj (The hanks of the pheriwallahs of Kolkata and the sounds of the street) strongly reflect the acute sense of nostalgia that is closely associated with these traders in the urban imagination of this city. In contrast, newspaper campaigns in recent years have systematically demonized the ‘hawkers’, a term often considered synonymous to the 'pheriwallah/wallihs'. Another set of literature, that often consist of activist overtones, vehemently argue in favour of the right of the street vendors to the city, mostly quantitatively
justifying the importance of this occupation and demanding legal recognition and rights of these traders.  But what is essentially lacking is a qualitative interrogation of what are the underlying factors in the structure of the city and in the changing preferences of the residents, that are responsible for increasingly marginalizing this community and also, how this community is adapting in order to survive in this transforming environment. This study attempts to investigate this ‘marginalization’ ethnographically by observing local networks and practices, peculiarities of various housing spaces and the ‘informal’ interactions that play a determining role in the survival of this trade. Also, by conducting interviews, the perceptions of the residents towards these ‘strangers’ at their doorstep and the counter-perception of 'pheriwallah/wallihs' towards their upper middle class clientele as well as their self-perception of their trade, is explored.  Thematically, this study shall discuss the relationship between ‘urban fear’[2] that manifests itself in ‘gatedness’ of living space of the urban elite and, the trust-building exercises of these traders that percolates through the porosity of this ‘gatedness’. In effect, it
shall argue that in the popular urban imagination the ‘hawker’ and the ‘pheriwallah’ are different from each other and this difference is reasserted in the manner in which they network
within the city. However, by deliberately overlooking this difference, the State in the façade of a pro-street vendor legislation attempts to further ghetto this community into demarcated zones within the city when they are already negotiating with a city structure that is increasingly growing hostile to their trade.

References:

[1] Bhoumik, Sarit,(2010) Street Vendors in the Global Urban Economy

[2] Low, Setha M. “The Edge and the Center: Gated Communities and the Discourse of Urban Fear”, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 103, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), pp. 45-58

Abstract: Fruit juices are an important part of the diet of all age groups due to the associated health benefits. Fresh squeezed juices of pineapple, sweet lime and vegetable juices sold by street vendors in Nagpur city were analysed for their microbiological quality. The samples were randomly collected from local vendors in the city. A total of 38 samples were analysed for total viable count, total and fecal coliforms, staphylococci on mannitol salt agar and salmonella. The total viable count in all the fruit and vegetable samples were in the range of 2.0x10 4 – 4.6x106. There was no significant difference between the total coliform and staphylococcal counts in juices collected from different locations. Almost 50 % of the fruit and vegetable juices also showed the presence of Salmonella. The findings in the present study indicate poor handling practices and therefore the risk presented to the consumers suggest the urgent need for spreading awareness and measures to improve microbia...

This book results from the project "Informal Work and the Right to the City" conducted by the Gaspar Garcia Center for Human Rights, with the support of the European Union and Christian Aid. Action title: Support workers in the informal economy and vulnerable groups in the central region of São Paulo city for access to social protection, justice, and rights.

Current research into conflicts between street vendors (SVs) and city/local governments (C/LGs) is limited. This study investigates the factors that cause conflict in urban areas and seeks to find a holistic resolution by addressing the root causes. The study uses an ethnographic approach to identify five issues where nine root causes of conflict rise. The reasons include a difference in goals, interests, values, perceptions, economic motive; lack of communication; abuse of authority for maximising self-interest; the limited participation of SVs in decision making; and poverty. The findings indicate that the C/LG need to establish effective communication that involves SVs in decision making on issues threatening their livelihood. They could establish a communication forum based on face-to-face dialogue, revise regional regulations to accommodate SVs’ interests, exercise discretion in implementing regional regulations, and support SVs.

Background: In India, more than 90% of the workforce is engaged in the informal sector for their livelihoods. About 2-2.5% of the total urban population is involved in street vending, and out of the total urban population in the informal sector 14% is constituted of street vending. Unlike legalization, economic and working conditions of street vendors, there are little studies conducted to understand the health problems faced by them. Authors sought to study the common health problems and utilization of health care services among street vendors of Chandrapur district.Methods: It was a cross-sectional quantitative study. A total of 200 street vendors were purposively selected from four tehsils of the Chandrapur district and face to face interviews were conducted.  Results: The common health problems among street vendors observed under this study were respiratory tract infections (32%), musculoskeletal problems (54.4%), gastrointestinal problems (18%), generalized weakness (12.7%), no...

Book Description:
• How does low-status work of Nigerian immigrants affect their organization and representation in immigrant community associations and unions?
• How do Nigerian immigrants perceive and what practices do they develop towards the collective organization, representation and claim of work rights?

The sociological research in this book emphasizes that the lack of permanent employment and restriction of immigrants in precarious, low-status/paid occupations distance them from both collectivities and claims. By introducing a new perspective on the investigation of the migration phenomenon in Greece, this book contributes significantly to relative international research and literature. This makes it an extremely useful source for researchers and students, public agencies or bodies and for those dealing with the phenomenon of immigration and immigration policy.

In the first part of the book, the clarification of the theoretical concepts of community, occupational community and low-status work in the migration context is attempted. The impact that low-status/paid work has on immigrant collectivities is analyzed and the types of immigrant community associations and the attitude of the Greek trade unions towards the immigrants are discussed. Moreover, an overview of international empirical research on Nigerian immigrants, as well as on studies that focus on the investigation of immigrant community associations in Greece is endeavored. The second part of the book concentrates on the consequences low-status/paid work has on the collective organization and representation of the immigrant workforce. The micro-sociological research and analysis examines the case of Nigerian immigrants in Greece and how the frame of their work and their employment affects their participation in the immigrant hometown association Nigerian Community in Greece and in Greek trade unions. The results based on in-depth interviews demonstrate that due to the ramifications of their work, Nigerians are cut off, do not claim established workers’ rights and do not seek membership in any community associations or unions. In contrast, Nigerian immigrant workers depend on informal and impersonal social networks in search of solidarity and thus resort to alternative means of ensuring survival in Greek society, choosing individualistic and materialistic perceptions and attitudes of regulating their difficulties and workers’ rights, far from collectivities, often resigning from them completely. (Imprint: Nova)

Poor immigrants in cities across the world challenge exclusion by appropriating and transforming urban spaces. Scholars have tended to explore these migrant urbanisms by focusing on low-income, "marginal" districts that remain separate from prime spaces like historic downtowns. This paper widens such a focus by analysing how Bangladeshi immigrants inhabit the touristic centre of Rome, an iconic space designed to normalise-and capitalise upon-dominant constructions of who belongs to the Italian city. Roughly 2,000 immigrants eke out a living in Rome's centre by selling trinkets to tourists. Drawing from observations and interviews, I detail how diverse vendors emplace their own Rome by working, hiding, praying, and relaxing in its iconic landscapes. Contingent, and yet persistent, the urbanisms enacted by the vendors destabilise normative logics of identity and call attention to prime spaces as potential arenas of insurgency.

Road plays an important role in the economic growth of a city. Character image of a city can be seen from the appearance of the main road corridor. In the Aru road corridor, the activities that occur and the geographical location of the area become potential that can be developed in terms of economic and commercial aspects. The problems in the Aru road corridor include 1). Road shoulders which are the flow of vehicles both in the fast lane and the slow lane are used as vehicle parking areas so that serious handling is required. 2). There is no pedestrian path. The use of road shoulder by street vendors causes the Aru road corridor to become irregular. The methodology used in this study is a qualitative descriptive methodology with data collection methods. The design principles and development strategies that are tried to be applied to the Aru road are for parking, by utilizing a home page or shop yard during the day with two-way circulation. Whereas at night the circulation path changes into one direction with an edge parking system that utilizes the road body. For the arrangement of the pedestrian lane, the road shoulder which is the place for street vendors to sell is organized into a pedestrian during the day and becomes a street food court at night while the area not occupied by street vendors is a pedestrian area to support the area's functions as a commercial area during the day and culinary tourist area at night.