Textbooks

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the status of knowledge management components in higher education resources and curricula using the study of previous research.
Methodology: The present study is a type of mixed exploratory research projects. First, knowledge management components were extracted by content analysis method. Based on that, a questionnaire in the form of 9 main components and 44 questions was provided to knowledge management experts. In addition to the questionnaire, a check-list was prepared in the form of 442 sub-items. In order to prepare a list of doctoral dissertations in the field of knowledge and information science, the orientation of knowledge and information management and the master's degree of management in the field of knowledge and information management were examined. Then, 122 published Persian and English articles between 2000 and 2020 in the field of knowledge management in higher education were reviewed.
Findings: The review of previous texts showed that among the nine components studied, the knowledge sharing component had the highest share of 26/67 percent and the knowledge protection component had the lowest share of 4/43 percent. The components of knowledge application were 15/85 percent knowledge creation was 14/17 percent, knowledge change was 10/63 percent, and knowledge organization was 9/65 percent. The components of knowledge identification gained 7/68 percent, knowledge development gained 5/91 percent and the component of knowledge presentation gained 5/02 percent.
Conclusion: Higher education is considered as the most important source of knowledge sharing by presenting new models of knowledge and measuring and evaluating knowledge, which is a necessary precondition for successful application of knowledge. Knowledge creation and development are also among the most important missions of higher education that lead to the application and updating of theoretical knowledge. Knowledge change is also a reciprocal process between explicit and implicit knowledge that leads to the creation of new knowledge. Knowledge protection is one of the gaps in higher education that failure to pay attention to it disrupts the success of knowledge management because the success of knowledge management is the product of adopting and implementing an appropriate and integrated strategy in higher education. The textbook is a basic learning resource in higher education that determines the structure of study within the curriculum. Therefore, it is necessary for higher education to pay more attention to the proposed curriculum resources to provide and teach all components of knowledge so that professionals and graduates of higher education have sufficient abilities to acquire knowledge, apply knowledge, share knowledge and have the necessary innovation and creativity in society.

In this article the definition of "independent work" and "electronic textbook". Advantages of use of electronic books in the organization of independent work. Coverage of the general features of the structure of the electronic textbook on the subject "Operating Systems and System Programming" at the organization of independent work by students and the benefits of using it in the learning process.

Demokrasi; bilinçli, hoşgörülü, açık fikirli, dayanışma duygusu gelişmiş, sorumluluk sahibi, katılımcı bireylere ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Öğrenciler, demokratik bir sosyal yaşama uyum sağlayarak toplumda yer almaları için gerekli bilgi, beceri ve yeterlilikleri, sosyalleşme sürecinde en önemli kurum olan okulda, vatandaşlık eğitimine yönelik konular ve geçirdikleri yaşantılar aracılığıyla edinirler. İlkokul basamağında vatandaşlık eğitimi kapsamında yer alan konuların başlıca amacı, birey olma yolunda ilk adımlarını atmakta olan öğrencilerin öncelikle hak ve sorumluluklarının farkına varmalarını ve bu farkındalık doğrultusunda geleceğin toplumunu inşa eden etkin ve etkili birer vatandaş olmalarını sağlamaktır. İlkokul basamağında Almanya'da ilk dört yıl okutulan Sachunterricht ve Türkiye'de ilk üç yıl okutulan hayat bilgisi dersi, geleceğin toplumunun şekillenmesinde birer aktör olacak bireyleri, vatandaşlık eğitimi konularıyla ilk defa bir araya getirir, deneyim dünyalarına yönelik etkinlikler aracılığıyla demokratik tutum ve değerleri kazandırarak onları demokratik topluma hazırlar. Bu doğrultuda, öğrencilerin demokrasinin en temel unsurlarından ve göstergelerinden biri olarak nitelendirilen seçme ve seçilme hakkı konusunda bilinçlenmeleri büyük önem taşır. Çalışmanın amacı, Almanya'da okutulan Sachunterricht ve Türkiye'de okutulan hayat bilgisi ders kitaplarında, seçme ve seçilme hakkının bir örneği olarak, okulda ve sınıfta demokrasi çerçevesinde, günümüzde demokrasinin nirengi noktası olarak görülen 'seçim' olgusu bağlamında, 'sınıf başkanı seçimi' konusunun ne şekilde sunulduğunu betimlemek ve karşılaştırmaktır. Bu bağlamda, Almanya'nın Niedersachsen eyaletinde 3. sınıfta okutulan Sachunterricht Jo-Jo adlı ders kitabının Ben-Sen-Biz (Ich-Du-Wir) ünitesinde yer alan Sınıf Başkanı-Sınıf Sözcüsü (Klassensprecher-Sprecher für die Klasse), Sınıf Başkanı Seçimi (Die Wahl der Klassensprecher) ve Öğrenci Meclisi (Der Schülerrat) konuları ile Türkiye'de 3. sınıfta okutulan hayat bilgisi ders kitabının Okul Heyecanım temasında yer alan Okulda Demokrasi konusu incelenmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. Veriler, doküman incelemesi ile elde edilmiş ve içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma bulgularına göre, hem Sachunterricht'te hem de hayat bilgisi dersinde, öğrencilerin, demokratik davranan, seçme, seçilme ve oy kullanma bilincini kazanmış, demokrasi kültürüne sahip ve katılımcı bireyler olmaları amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amacı pekiştirir şekilde, öğretim programı ile öğrenci arasında köprü görevini üstlenen her iki ülkenin ders kitaplarında yer alan sınıf başkanı seçimi konusunun sunumunun, seçme ve seçilme hakkını somutlaştırarak demokrasi kültürünü yerleştirmeye, farklı düzeylerde de olsa katkı sağladığından bahsedilebilir. Ancak seçme ve seçilme hakkı, Türkiye'deki hayat bilgisi ders kitabında, Almanya'daki Sachunterricht ders kitabının aksine kavrama düzeyinde sunulmuştur. Anahtar Sözcükler: Ders kitabı, vatandaşlık eğitimi, demokrasi, seçme ve seçilme hakkı, hayat bilgisi, Sachunterricht

Abstract
Democracy calls for conscious, tolerant, open-minded, responsible and participative individuals with a developed sense of solidarity. By adapting themselves to a democratic social life, students gain the necessary knowledge, ability and competencies at school, which is the most vital institution in the process of socialization by means of subjects related to citizenship education and experiences lived through. In primary school level, the subjects of Sachunterricht in Germany and life studies course in Turkey first brings together the individuals who are going to be actors in shaping the prospective society through citizenship education subjects and by earning them democratic attitudes and values; it prepares them for a democratic society. Accordingly, it is of great importance for students to become aware of the subject matter of right to elect and be elected which is thought to be one of the key elements and indicators of democracy. The purpose of the study is to describe and compare how the subject matter of 'class president election' within the framework of democracy at school and in the classroom is studied in German Sachunterrich and Turkish life studies textbooks as an example of the right to elect and be elected. In this sense, the

Tertiary education in many countries is increasingly bilingual, with English used in parallel with the national language, particularly as a reading language. This article describes the results of a survey of student attitudes toward, and reading practices regarding, English-language textbooks. Over 1,000 students at three Swedish universities responded to a questionnaire asking about their experiences of English textbooks. Textbooks written in English were generally unpopular, and the perception was widespread that they placed a greater burden on students. However, respondents were divided both about whether their reading behavior and their learning outcomes were affected by having a textbook in English, and about whether English texts were desirable. The findings of this study have implications for teaching practices in contexts in which students are asked to read, or are being prepared to read, in a second language. Implications for the EFL/ESL classroom are discussed.
KEYWORDS: reading practices, textbooks, English second-language reading, second-language reading, parallel language contexts

The purpose of this paper is to examine and compare the concepts of linguistic colonialism and cultural alienation in University textbooks for teaching English as opposed to the theories about culture in the decolonial turn. Dichotomous categories were established based on the analysis of the cultural component of the textbooks for the teaching of English. The corpus consisted of six textbooks produced by multinational publishers and used in Colombia during the years 2006-2018. Documentary analysis procedures were used to discuss emergent themed contents in relation to cultural components from a critical perspective that unveiled imperialism practices. Results showed that the textbook contents dealt with high levels of alienation burden, superficial cultural components and instrumentation to the submissive person who favors the dominant culture of English and does not offer possibilities to embrace interculturality in ELF teaching contexts.

En este ensayo se analiza la política educativa con respecto a los libros de texto y a las bibliotecas escolares, desde la hermenéutica crítica. Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de documentos producidos durante el periodo  comprendido entre 1994-2010, en la enseñanza primaria pública costarricense. Después del análisis realizado, se concluye que la política educativa con respecto a los libros de texto, ha estado plagada de inconsistencias, entre lo que se dice y lo que se hace. En lo que respecta a las bibliotecas escolares, éstas han formado parte de este devenir de politización, por lo que a la fecha, a pesar de los grandes esfuerzos que realizan tanto  el  Departamento  de  Bibliotecas  Escolares  y  Centros  de  Recursos  para  el  Aprendizaje  del  Ministerio  de Educación  Pública,  como  los  bibliotecólogos  que  tienen  a  cargo  estas  Bibliotecas  Escolares  y  Centros  de Recursos, no logran alcanzar con verdadero éxito su función dentro del contexto escolar. Para que esto se dé realmente,  debe  existir  un  verdadero  modelo  educativo,  con  una  política  educativa  de  largo  aliento,  que concatene claramente todos los elementos necesarios para así alcanzar una educación de calidad. Para ello es urgente  la  incorporación  de  las  bibliotecas  escolares  como  parte  del  sistema  educativo,  de  manera  que  el profesional en bibliotecología, de manera coordinada con el docente y la docente, aporte para la formación de colecciones de materiales educativos, que respondan adecuadamente a la formación, recreación e  información de los estudiantes.