Transportation Geography

Cycling as a transport mode has gradually become more attractive in cities during the last 10 years. However, not all cities give due consideration to cycling issues in the planning process. In many transport systems, cycling and issues of vélomobility are still neglected. Recent research considers several aspects of cycling, however, few studies have shown why differences in for example modal split and bicycle infrastructure exist between cities. This article deals with the differences in cycling issues between Copenhagen and Stockholm and furthermore why such differences occur in these two Scandinavian capitals. The focus here is on transport planning and the dissimilarities in the structures and aspects that have affected the thinking of planners and politicians and the planning outcomes in these two cities. Questions of marginalisation of cyclists in the public space and different planning politics or politics of vélomobility are touched upon. The results are set in a theoretical frame of power relations, mobility theory and political economies. The results show that these two cities have very different planning approaches and economic, structural and cultural presumptions leading to the fact that Copenhagen prioritises cycling, whereas Stockholm focuses more on facilitating public transport and motorised modes of person transport.

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

In recent years, air transport in Dubai has shown huge growth in cargo volumes, passenger numbers, and air routes—as well as the expansion of Dubai International Airport and the new Al-Maktoum Airport—in part because of Dubai's location in contrast to other Gulf States in terms of transportation facilities and economic activities. The three main objectives of this article are, first, to demonstrate the importance and clarify the role of Dubai's geographic location in developing its air-transport sector; second, to illustrate the types of development related to the location of Dubai over time; and, third, by means of regression analysis, to support the forecasting and growth of passengers through Dubai airport based on data from 2007 through 2015.

Road accidents in Ghana are taking out the lives of innocent Ghanaians. The causes of this calamity are always different from one point of view to another. This research has been executed to provide expedient information on contributing factors to road accidents in Ghana. The research has made use of predecessors' works on the causes of road accidents and their effects. Moreover, the study utilised a mixed/integrated approach to research mainly to produce unbiased information. A good collection of data was done through in-depth interviews and questionnaires. Furthermore, convenience and simple random sampling techniques were used. Genuinely, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyse the gathered information. The study engaged two hundred (200) respondents as a sample size that is 100 road safety stakeholders and 100 road users. Moreover, the major contributing factors to road accidents were identified as follows; poor nature of roads, carelessness of road users, faulty vehicles, stress, unskilled drivers, inadequate road signs, inefficient MTTU personnel, speeding, lack of education, drunkenness, and gross indiscipline. Other findings were; Drivers: rash driving, violation of rules, failure to understand signs, fatigue. Pedestrian: carelessness, illiteracy, crossing at wrong places moving on the carriageway, Jaywalkers. Passengers: Projecting their body outside the vehicle, by talking to drivers. Vehicles: failure of brakes or steering, tyre burst, insufficient headlights, overloading, projecting loads. Road conditions: potholes, damaged road, eroded road merging of rural roads with highways. Weather conditions: Fog, snow, heavy rainfall, wind storms, hail storms. Based on the findings, recommendations were stipulated under the following headings; Education, Provision of road signs, Enforcement of traffic and road safety regulations, Avoidance of attitudes/distractions leading to road accidents, Availability of logistics, Construction of good roads, Maintenance of roads and vehicles and Positive development.

This study examines the impact of rural roads and transport services on agricultural production in Kwara State, Nigeria. Data
for the study was derived from a total of 546 respondents from three Local Government Areas (LGAs) spread across the three
senatorial districts in the state. Ten rural settlements were purposively selected from each of the three LGAs giving a total of
30 sampled settlements. The data collected through structure questionnaire was analysed using the stepwise multiple
regression analysis and principal component analysis. The results show that farm size, distance to major market, farming
experience, age and nature of transport services available are important in predicting agricultural production in the area.
Rural settlements in Kaiama LGA which has vast agricultural lands and high agricultural production were found to be the
most inaccessible in the State. Poor transportation restricts expansion of agricultural production in this area, due to the low
farm-gate prices. It is therefore suggested that Interventions in the transport sector should not be limited to provision of roads
alone but should include measures that will help improve vehicle supply in rural areas.

The paper presents the state and perspectives of transport corridors in Europe, Central Asian and Caucasian countries, in the perspective of globalization and integration. Transport corridors positively influence on the social development while new working places appear, contribute to acquaintance with the culture of other countries. They are similar to rivers due to which neighbouring territories continue existing.

Kota Cimahi merupakan salah satu kota yang berkembang sangat pesat dengan fungsinya sebagai pusat kegiatan, mulai dari kegiatan perekonomian, sosial, pendidikan, dan pelayanan sehingga KotaCimahi menjadi daerah tujuan dari daerah-daerah sekitarnya. Kebutuhan akan pelayanan transportasi untuk menunjang kebutuhan pergerakan dan perjalanan masyarakat Kota Cimahi pun menjadi sangat tinggi.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi pola pergerakan masyarakat Kota Cimahi, lalu kemudian mengidentifikasi pelayanan rute yang ada saat ini dalam memenuhi kebutuhan perjalanan masyarakat tersebut. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kualitatif, lalu teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah statistik deskriptif. Sebanyak 129 responden diperoleh menggunakan teknik simple random sampling.
Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa rute angkot yang ada saat ini sudah mampu menjangkau sebagian besar wilayah Kota Cimahi, yaitu sebesar 68,71%. Masih banyak rute angkutan kota yang overlaping sehingga menjadi masalah tersendiri terjadinya kemacetan di Kota Cimahi. Penerapan rute yang ada belum aksesibel karena masyarakat harus berganti beberapa kali rute angkot untuk mencapai lokasi tujuannya.

Bird strike has become a major threat to air safety globally. Over the years, collision between
birds/wildlife and aircrafts has resulted in the death of hundreds of people and is responsible for
annual losses worth about US $1.2 billion to the global aviation industry. This paper therefore,
focuses on bird/wildlife hazard situation in Nigeria using data on reported bird/wildlife strikes in
the country. Available data show that between 2005 and 2010, a total of 209 strike incidents
were reported in the country. Kites and hawks were found to be responsible for 57% of reported
strikes. Several factors including lack of adequate data, shortage of funds, inadequate training of
staff and lack of public awareness about bird/wildlife hazard were found to be militating against
effective control in Nigeria. The paper concludes by making recommendations towards reducing
bird/wildlife hazard in the country. These include staff training and retraining, developing good
data bank based on proper reporting and analysis, improved funding and creation of public
awareness about bird/wildlife hazard in the country

Automobile-based tourism during the USA Jim Crow era, while providing a mechanism for African Americans to circumvent institutionalized discrimination and segregation, was nonetheless fraught with anti-black harassment and denied accommodations, and even violence. The emotional geographies that undergirded this Jim Crow travel have traditionally not attracted significant attention from tourism scholars despite the foundational role they play in shaping current travel patterns, preferences, and anxieties among African Americans. We interpret Jim Crow travel in the context of the atmospheric politics of White supremacy that negatively affected Black motorists on the road and the counter mobility-work of African Americans using the automobile to survive, negotiate, defy, and redefine these atmospheres of uncertainty, fear, and intimidation. In particular, our paper focuses on the emotional labor behind Jim Crow automobile travel, using oral histories collected through a partnership with the Beck Cultural Exchange Center, a Knoxville, Tennessee Black heritage site, to highlight the travel experiences of people of color. Results suggest that seemingly practical and mundane driving practices, decisions, and preparations were always deeply informed by the emotion-laden work of African Americans controlling the degree to which racism might affect them and their children, both physically and psychologically, as well as controlling the extent to which their presence on the road might affect and inflame a hostile White public.

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) implementation in urban development is globally adopted by many countries in the world in a rapid manner. However, the city and regional acute problems is still propagating. An in-depth study to examine this problem is required. Thus, this paper review various study related to the integration of land use and transport with TOD. The subject of the paper will be described as follow: Method, criteria and indicators of TOD'S research, Reviewing the strategic plan and the public transport plan in the worldwide, and Cross-continent comparison of integration planning. In conclusion, practice and integration of TOD through land use and transportation is an alternative solution in acquiring the objective of the master plan and to solve urban issues such as urban congestion, reduce travel time, and car dependency.

The purpose of this doctoral study is to bring a spatial dimension into the research on urban mobilities and connect the spatial dimension to the marginalisation of cyclists in urban space. This is been done by exploring the role of urban bicycling and transport planning. The theoretical frame of space, mobilities and power is used for analysing that role through case studies in two Scandinavian cities, Copenhagen and Stockholm. Urban bicycling is a good example of showing the relation between space and mobilities, since cyclists often suffer from marginalised space in cities around the world. The philosophical foundation of the thesis is in critical realism and critical theory. For background data, observations and document studies have been conducted in Stockholm and Copenhagen. The main data collection for this thesis was done both qualitatively, in the form of interviews with planners and politicians, and quantitatively, in the form of survey studies among the citizens of Copenhagen and Stockholm. The data is analysed with the help of the theoretical framework that builds on mobility studies, spatial theory by Lefebvre, and Harvey and power theories deriving mainly from Lukes’ three dimensions of power. The materialisation of power relations is analysed with the example of modern planning in Sweden and Denmark. Overall this thesis manages to show how cycling as a mode of transport is marginalised in urban space, and that urban space wars between cyclists and car drivers and among cyclists are fought in Copenhagen as well as in Stockholm. The conclusion is that different factors, such as the economic situations in Denmark and Sweden, have affected urban and transport planning and thus have created two very different transport systems, where cycling plays a large role (Copenhagen) and a smaller role (Stockholm). Nevertheless, this thesis shows that even in cities that are very good for cycling, like Copenhagen, the motorised modes of transport create many problems and are still dominating urban space.

Automobile-based tourism during the USA Jim Crow era, while providing a mechanism for African Americans to circumvent institutionalized discrimination and segregation, was nonetheless fraught with anti-black harassment and denied accommodations, and even violence. The emotional geographies that undergirded this Jim Crow travel have traditionally not attracted significant attention from tourism scholars despite the foundational role they play in shaping current travel patterns, preferences, and anxieties among African Americans. We interpret Jim Crow travel in the context of the atmospheric politics of White supremacy that negatively affected Black motorists on the road and the counter mobility-work of African Americans using the automobile to survive, negotiate, defy, and redefine these atmospheres of uncertainty, fear, and intimidation. In particular, our paper focuses on the emotional labor behind Jim Crow automobile travel, using oral histories collected through a partnership with the Beck Cultural Exchange Center, a Knoxville, Tennessee Black heritage site, to highlight the travel experiences of people of color. Results suggest that seemingly practical and mundane driving practices, decisions, and preparations were always deeply informed by the emotion-laden work of African Americans controlling the degree to which racism might affect them and their children, both physically and psychologically, as well as controlling the extent to which their presence on the road might affect and inflame a hostile White public.

Roads and Anthropology is the first collection of road ethnographies, edited by two pioneers in the anthropological explorations of infrastructures, the essays published in this book aim to pave the way for that rising field of anthropological research.

This book was published as a special issue of Mobilities.

Table of Contents
-Dalakoglou D. & P. Harvey. Introduction. Roads and Anthropology: Ethnographic Perspectives on Space, Time and (Im)Mobility
-Nielsen M. Roadside Inventions: Making Time and Money Work at a Road Construction Site in Mozambique
-Campbell J. Between the Material and the Figural Road: The Incompleteness of Colonial Geographies in Amazonia
-Kernaghan R. Furrows and Walls, or the Legal Topography of a Frontier Road in Peru
-Harvey P. & H. Knox. The Enchantments of Infrastructure
-Klaeger G. Rush and Relax: the Rhythms and Speeds of Touting Perishable Products on a Ghanaian Roadside
-Pedersen M. & M. Bunkenborg Roads that Separate: Sino-Mongolian Relations in the Inner Asian Desert
- Dalakoglou D. ‘The Road from Capitalism to Capitalism’: Infrastructures of (Post)Socialism in Albania

The arrival of the Langobardi to Italy disrupted centuries-old Roman overland communication networks. When the political situation stabilized around 600 CE, Rome and Ravenna, still under East Roman control, were linked by a thin tendril of territory encapsulating a militarized travel zone between the two cities, the "Byzantine Corridor." This study uses GIS analysis, particularly least-cost path techniques, to provide further perspectives on how communication was managed between Rome and Ravenna. This technique forms the basis of a movement model in order to calculate some approximate travel times between the two cities. Having some sense of the speed and ease at which the two cities could communicate with each other creates a baseline on which to understand how decisions of political importance were made and how the geographies of communication were reconfigured in late antique and early medieval Italy.

This article explores how the organisation of urban and transport planning departments affects the development of a sustainable transport system and the promotion of bicycling. Interviews conducted in Stockholm and Copenhagen showed that the organisation of the departments affects the social relations between the planners and creates power relations that either foster or marginalise cycling within planning processes. In Copenhagen, an integrated planning organisation allows for more knowledge exchange between urban, transport, and bicycle planners and creates an environment of understanding for different professional views on planning. However, this is not the case in Stockholm where cycling is marginalised in planning and in the existing infrastructure. This study concludes that the integrated transport and urban planning organisation in Copenhagen promotes cycling more than the less integrated planning organisation in Stockholm. Furthermore, it is concluded that the different organisations have led to different power relations that shape the outcome of the planning processes.

ABSTRAK Dalam dunia modenisasi dan globalisasi, kemudahsampaian memainkan peranan penting dalam aktiviti sosial harian. Pengangkutan awam turut memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pergerakan masyarakat dari satu destinasi ke satu destinasi yang lain. Namun, konsep kemudahsampaian mempunyai maksud yang pelbagai mengikut pernyataan-pernyataan yang diungkapkan oleh sarjana-sarjana lepas berdasarkan kedudukan geografi di sesuatu ruang. Oleh itu, objektif makalah ini adalah untuk melihat konsep kemudahsampaian secara umum dalam perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam secara khusus. Kajian ini menggunakan sumber sekunder untuk menerangkan konsep kemudahsampaian secara umum yang khusus dalam perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam. Antara sumber sekunder digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah seperti artikel jurnal, buku, tesis dan laporan. Maka, analisis kandungan diimplementasikan dalam kajian ini adalah untuk merungkaikan konsep kemudahsampaian pengangkutan awam secara mendalam. Hasil kajian ini mendapati konsep kemudahsampaian pengangkutan awam dipengaruhi oleh beberapa aspek seperti sosial, ekonomi dan politik. Implikasi kajian ini boleh dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian, iaitu implikasi kepada ilmu pengetahuan dan implikasi dari sudut praktikal untuk membantu perancang polisi dan pembuat keputusan memahami konsep kemudahsampaian pengangkutan awam dengan lebih mendalam supaya polisi pengangkutan awam dapat dirangka dengan mengambil kira indikator kemudahsampaian pada masa hadapan. Kata kunci: Kemudahsampaian, pengangkutan awam, aktiviti sosial, pergerakan, destinasi, ruang, analisis kandungan.

This article deals with the scientific factors that have contributed to the dominance of motorised transport and the development of theoretical approaches in transport planning. Connections are made to modernism and to the theories within the field of transport planning that have created today’s transport systems. Connections are then made to the field of bicycle planning. It is argued that there is a lack of theoretical research in bicycle planning that built on empirical studies. This has contributed to the bicycle often being marginalised in transport systems. Moreover, it is argued that new theoretical research could have a similar effect on bicycle planning as it has had on motorised transport planning. Although there is theoretical research about bicycling, such as vélomobility research, such research does not tend to theorise about bicycle planning. The idea put forward in this article is that theoretical knowledge from the field of mobility studies could be a first step in that direction. This article draws on the politics of mobility and research in vélomobility and develops a theoretical ground for transport planning that takes bicycling into consideration.

Для виявлення суспільно-географічних проблем транспортного сполучення у зоні тяжіння міських поселень вибрано великі та середні міста Львівської області. Проведено характеристику автомобільного та залізничного транспорту, що курсує у міжміському та приміському сполученні Львівської області. За допомогою структурної діаграми відображено частку автобусних маршрутів за районами у Львівській приміській зоні. Визначено населені пункти, які мають високий потік автотранспорту до Львова, Дрогобича, Червонограда, Стрия. Проаналізовано транспортну доступність районних центрів до великих і середніх міст обласного значення на основі курсування прямих міжміських та приміських поїздів. Запропоновано шляхи розв'язання транспортно-географічних проблем у контексті притягання малих міст до більших.

En els 200 anys compresos entre 1761, data del Pla radial de carreteres d’Espanya, i la segona meitat del segle XX es produeix la modernitzacio del sistema de comunicacions terrestres de Catalunya. Es tracta d’un arc temporal prou llarg en el qual les noves infraestructures de transport evolucionen d’acord amb un model caracteritzat per una planificacio intensiva de la xarxa de carreteres i uns ritmes irregulars de construccio de vies amb una tendencia al retard endemic en relacio als plans d’origen. El contrast entre aquests dos elements principals va condicionar la consecucio de la xarxa viaria moderna i va establir tambe unes relacions especifiques de concurrencia entre els diversos mitjans de transport i la mobilitat que d’aquests es deriva. En l’ambit catala, el reconeixement del model descrit s’adequa perfectament a l’evolucio seguida a la regio de Barcelona, i coincideix en gran part amb la divisio administrativa de la provincia com a marc d’actuacio i gestio de la xarxa de c...

In preparing this chapter, I was constantly amazed about how little some network researchers knew about what was going on in other disciplines where network analysis was thriving, and even in their own discipline where the topic had thrived at different times achieving various levels of popularity. Perhaps most disconcerting of all was that I realized that these observations also applied to my own knowledge of the field. Writing this chapter has helped me address some of my own deficiencies.

The transport sector faces extreme challenges in delivering reductions in GHG emissions, predominantly due to reliance on the private car for personal mobility. Sustainable modes of travel, on the other hand, have the potential to deliver significant environmental, social and economic benefits at both the individual and societal levels. In Ireland, after decades of car-dominated transport policy, the promotion of sustainable transport was officially adopted in Smarter Travel in 2009. Since then, funding for ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ sustainable travel measures has been increased and there have been some positive developments in cycling, at least. However, there have been many limitations to the implementation of sustainable transport policies, including the coupling of car use with economic growth, subservience to traditional political practices and a general failure to curtail car use. Questions therefore arise on whether there has been any fundamental change in the direction of mobility patterns or whether this policy was a ‘stop gap’ measure at a time of economic crisis and low capital investment. Indeed, experience during the recent economic recovery suggests that the latter may be the case. This paper presents a quantitative and interim evaluation of the policy, paying particular attention to cycling.

This project engages the formation of place-narratives within the Metro Transit bus system by examining the structural factors and individual agents shaping a passenger’s experience of the bus. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, I bring together the literatures of transportation geography, and cultural/feminist geographies. Major themes from my research include the bus as a theater of performance/theater of conflict, the

The formulation of policies requires the selection and configuration of effective and acceptable courses of action to reach explicit goals. A one-size-fits-all policy is unlikely to achieve the desired goals; as a result, the identification of a suite of alternative policies, together with clear indications of their trade-offs, is crucial to accommodate the diversity of stakeholders’ preferences. At present, the formulation of transport policies is done manually; this fact, together with the size of the space of possible policies, results in a large part of that space being left unexplored. A six-step framework to explore the space of alternative transport policies in order to achieve environmental targets is proposed. The process starts with a user-defined set of specific policy measures, using them as building blocks in the generation of alternative policy packages, clusters and future images according to the user's preferences and goals.The analysis framework is based on the visioning and backcasting approach used in the VIBAT report [Banister, D., & Hickman, R. (2006a). Visioning and backcasting for UK transport policy (VIBAT) project. Department for Transport's Horizons Research Programme 2004/06. The Bartlett school of planning and Halcrow Group Ltd. Retrieved 1/18/2008 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/∼ucft696/vibat2.html]. The framework is being implemented as a prototype decision support system around a case study: the formulation and analysis of policies required to achieve CO2 emission targets for the transport sector in the UK. Important insights on how to develop the framework have also been elicited from engineering design. The goal is to accelerate the task of policy-making and improve the effectiveness of the resulting policies.The proposed method and computer implementation is fundamentally different from the tools commonly used in the transport sector and is intended to assist (not replace) transport policy makers, and complement (not substitute nor compete with) existing mathematical modelling tools. This research constitutes the first step towards the development of a general family of computer-based systems that support the design of policies to achieve environmental targets—not only for transport, but also for other sectors such as energy and water.

The environmental problems in Jigawa State is both man-made and naturally induced, this paper is not trying to identify these problems, it is trying to identify areas whereby Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be employed to take care of the numerous environmental problems in Jigawa State. Some of these problems can be taken care of through attitudinal change by the people and this can only be done through public enlightenment and advocacy. The paper defined what CSR is, identified areas where CSR have been working on in Nigeria, and looked at other literatures around the world that have identified ways on improving the environment through CSR. Finally, we proffered ways whereby the Jigawa State Government (JGSG) can work with the private sector through CSR to take care of the environmental issues in Jigawa State.

The emirate of Abu Dhabi is setting the stones of its new urban framework and transportation policies, as a crucial step in achieving Abu Dhabi Economic Vision for 2030. The new urban framework recognizes the need for public transit to meet the travel demand of the anticipated three million residents in the city of Abu Dhabi, as well as commuters from neighboring cities. Ongoing work is focused on improving the connectivity and mobility of the Central Business District (CBD), while future work will involve the development of a second pivotal center, a Capital District, along with setting the boundaries of the capital industrial zones.

The Capital District is positioned around major new Emirati neighborhoods. It will become the new face of Abu Dhabi as the center of government and knowledge, while the CBD transforms into the finance and commerce center. High-Tech and clean industries will concentrate east of the Capital District around the airport. The centers will carry similar weights of jobs and office space, distributing the jobs between two employment centers. Both centers will be surrounded by residential districts, which hopes to redirect the traffic flow into several direction and avoid traffic congestion.

The Emirati residential neighborhoods surrounding the capital are built around high dense commercial nodes. Most of the residential neighborhoods are of low density, but higher density alternatives are also included to provide a variety in housing choice. The proposed new residential neighborhoods are mixed used developments. The urban design is configured for family housing clusters that encourage walking. 
This study suggests the implementation of transit-oriented development in the new Capital District and its suburbs, instead of the current design of assigning “zones” for each function and then facilitating the movement between these functional zones with roads and public transit. In order to support this claim, the study examines the historic and future urban growth trends of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in relation to the transportation demand. It analyzes them against external and internal factors that affect transit travel demand, in order to detect possible travel trends that would encourage further transit developments in the new district.

This study suggests a transit-oriented development in the new Capital District and its suburbs. In order to support this claim, the study examines the historic and future urban growth trends of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in relation to the transportation demand. It analyzes them against external and internal factors that affect transit travel demand, in order to detect possible travel trends that would encourage further transit developments in the new district.

An important external factor to transit demand is fuel price. In alignment with the recent elimination of the fuel price subsidy in the UAE, the study examines the potential effect of fluctuating fuel prices on Abu Dhabi public transit demand by analyzing the trends of cross-elasticities of public transit demand with respect to fuel price for a number of countries around the world.

The study also examines policies and legislations that could encourage Abu Dhabi vehicle users to use public transit modes, by looking at the different congestion pricing schemes applied in, New York, Singapore, Stockholm and London, the study examines how congestion pricing schemes can similarly influence commuters to move towards public transit in Abu Dhabi.

The aim of the study is to help the policy makers in Abu Dhabi as well as other cities of similar conditions in the region, develop sustainable cities using transit oriented development, by presenting some of the economic incentives and the implementation tools that are important in realizing such development.

Barnes and Sheppard (2009) assume that an anti-monist and anti-reductionist economic geography is desirable and that this desirability is so obvious that no argument needs to be advanced in its support. This commentary challenges this assumption and suggests that a monist and reductionist economic geography organized around the idea of truth-seeking is neither unthinkable nor unpalatable. In order to flesh out this idea, the commentary builds on recent work in the philosophy of scientific induction to show why one of its less publicized advances – error statistical theory – holds far more promise for the future development of economic geography than Barnes and Sheppard's vague and nebulous 'engaged pluralism'.