Unorganized Sector

An qualitative enquiry has been made to find out the employment vulnerability in rural and urban informal economy of India. Focus is also given on government responses towards it. The analysis is presented in four parts. Firstly an overview of Indian formal sector is presented followed by covid-19 pandemic impact on both rural and urban informal economy of the country. The study period is taken from 24 th March 2020 to 31st July. The informal sector is going through a very tough stage due to this pandemic. As the unorganized sector in India accounts for 93% of the workforce. Fall down in economic activities have pushed the works into the trap of poverty. Workers like daily wage earners, household-helps, MGNREGA workers etc. are severely affected. Government policy responses may help in short-run but may not be effective in the long-run. In the area of labour economics ,the study will be helpful. It can provide information separately for rural and urban informal economy and may help in policy designing.

Migration and issues of migrant workers are becoming a very crucial issue in the nation in general and the state of Kerala in particular. The movement of people from other states to Kerala is significantly increased. The major cities like Cochin, Trivandrum, Calicut in Kerala are the major targeted areas of migration of people from different parts of the nation. The two dimension like the problems created by migrant workers and the problems faced by migrant workers are serious topic of discussion. Even though there are several programmes and policies created for the protection of the rights of migrant workers, many time those efforts are not much successful. The women migrant workers are considered as the most vulnerable session among the migrant population. The present study aimed for viewing the problems faced by the unorganized migrant women workers in the Kochi Corporation of Kerala. Their socioeconomic conditions were analysed from the background of various welfare policies available for the migrant workers.

Women account for nearly half of the human resources of a nation and play an important role in the socioeconomic development of a country. In India, in spite of focus on women empowerment, condition of women at the work place is not very encouraging. Women often face greater barriers than men in terms of securing a decent jobs, wages and conducive working conditions. Provisions relating to women's work were introduced in 1891, with amendment of the Factories Act, 1881. After independence, number of provisions has been made in the constitutions to protect the welfare of women workers. Number of protective legislations have also been made and implemented by the government for the interest of women workers. The basic objective behind implementation of these legislation are to provide equal and a decent level of remuneration, proper child care center , maternity relief and decent working conditions to women workers. Despite these constitutional and legislative arrangements to reduce gender gap, women in India are facing discrimination at work place and suffer from harassment. The present paper critically reviewed the effectiveness of government policies and legislations framed and enacted for the welfare of women workers. It also examines the gender dimensions of the trends in various aspects of labour market viz. labour force participation rate, workforce participation rate, unemployment rate and wage rate. An attempt has been made to capture the discrimination at work by computing Gender Gap Index using major indicators of labour market. For computing the index, data for the last four decades has been used. The analysis shows that there are gaps in effective enforcement of relevant laws and implementation of women responsive policies. The gender gap index for employment opportunities and the analysis of major employment indicators showed that gender gap is increasing in many aspects. Major indicators of employment such as Labour Force participation rate, Worker population ratio, Unemployment rate and wages now have larger gender gaps than before.

This paper focuses primarily on the Small and Medium Scale Retail Sector of India which is largely unorganized. The paper attempts to present an in-depth study of retail sector of India, organized and unorganized, and identifies parameters for defining competitiveness in the context of Indian Retail. Integrating Quality Function Deployment (QFD) analysis with the Kano model the paper highlights major technical issues related to Kirana and Apparel Shops. A model for optimizing product assortment in a small unorganized store has been presented, with the introduction of the concept of linear cross elasticity. It highlights the managerial insights gained through the study.

The Uber business model has not only disrupted the labour-economy by technological intervention, but also raised apprehensions about the new framework within which the platform economy governs the relationship between Uber and its drivers. Through an in-depth survey of fifty Uber drivers, this research paper attempts to discuss: the forms of labour control on Uber driver-partners by the Uber company, customers and the government within the broader framework of neoliberal platform economy; the challenge of increasing flexibility at the cost of rising informalisation of work in the platform economy; and policy implications and a way forward.

The rise in population has resulted in food and water shortages in the modern period. So, in order to avoid this situation, we must promote agriculture. Water loss, on the other hand, is more typical in this sector, with irrigate logging happening as irrigation is utilized to water agricultural crops. As a result, an automated plant irrigation system for adequate water delivery in the fields must be created. This article discusses a fully automated irrigation system that monitors soil moisture content and determines whether or not irrigation is necessary, as well as how much water the land requires. The Arduino UNO microcontroller is used in this setup. It has been programmed to monitor the soil's moisture content over time. When the moisture content falls below a specified threshold, it will start supplying the required amount of water until the threshold is attained. As a consequence, when the soil is dry, the pump will automatically water the fields; when the soil is moist, the pump will switch off, decreasing the need for personnel and saving time.

An qualitative enquiry has been made to find out the employment vulnerability in rural and urban informal economy of India. Focus is also given on government responses towards it. The analysis is presented in four parts. Firstly an overview of Indian formal sector is presented followed by covid-19 pandemic impact on both rural and urban informal economy of the country. The study period is taken from 24 th March 2020 to 31st July. The informal sector is going through a very tough stage due to this pandemic. As the unorganized sector in India accounts for 93% of the workforce. Fall down in economic activities have pushed the works into the trap of poverty. Workers like daily wage earners, household-helps, MGNREGA workers etc. are severely affected. Government policy responses may help in short-run but may not be effective in the long-run. In the area of labour economics ,the study will be helpful. It can provide information separately for rural and urban informal economy and may help in policy designing.

The current paper is based on a study of the status of enterprises and employment in rural service sector in Jharkhand. Despite the service sector-led growth in India, the lower end of the sector, consisting of informal enterprises, continues to suffer. These enterprises operate at subsistence levels. Employment conditions of workers in these enterprises tend to be poor. The paper delves into the status of rural service sector enterprises through empirical investigation, classifying them into four types, based in rural areas of Jharkhand, while looking into their employment conditions. The paper argues that the rural service sector enterprises are stuck in a situation of stagnation and low growth, and their employees suffer from poor working conditions and lack of social security. Looking from the 4 M framework (Micro entrepreneurship, Micro enterprise, Meso institutional and Macro policy level factors), the paper suggests the need for a comprehensive framework to address the needs of this sector. While appreciating some recent efforts in this direction, the paper points out the need for building a supportive eco system which extends service to these enterprises. Structure of the paper The present paper is divided into five sections. First section provides an overview of service sector growth in India by looking into the macro economic data and literature, while second section briefly describes the objectives and methodology

Demonetization is the act of stripping/ withdrawing a currency unit of its status as legal tender. Its impact on Liquidity crunch, Loss to population using currency, Consumption affected, Predicted Loss of Growth, Effect on bank flooded with more deposits, Effect on black money. This study inferred that 91 percent respondents have reported unavailability of cash at banks and ATMs followed by ATMs closed 87percent long quos and waiting hours 76percent, mismanagement in the banks 59percent and lack of cooperation by the bank staff 45percent and 98percent people faced mental agony.

Keywords:  Demonetization, corruption, black money, un-organised sector, economy,

The construction sector has the largest number of unorganized labourers in India next only to agricultural sector. Women form half the workforce as unskilled labourers. They clean building sites, and they serve skill men workers by carrying materials as head loads and doing tasks directed by them. Now India has entered the 12th Plan (2012-2017), She has done well on growth front but still female construction workers are one of the most numerous and vulnerable segments of the unorganized sectors (Government of India, 2008 a.p158). Sex discrimination and anti-women attitudes are still prevalent on worksites. Study shows these female construction workers have a very tough life. They face serious problems and constraints related to work such as lack of continuity, insecurity, wage discrimination, gender and sexual harassment, unhealthy job relationship with low job satisfaction. Present study also analyses why, despite having such a harsh and hostile work culture, construction industry overwhelmingly attracting female workers? Then, it has been found that it is not the “Will and Skill” but “Necessities”, forcing these women to take up the job at site. Women in these poor families are forced to work as there is an “inverse correlation between household economic status on the one hand and women’s labour force participation and their proportional contribution to total family income on the other.” Poverty is widespread among this workers and worst affected are single and derelict women with children to support. Within families too, the husbands are drunkards or are found to have other sexual partners and find themselves in debts. As a result they are forced to work in construction sector to meet the dire needs in the family, where women are employed mostly as unskilled labourers and remain unskilled till the end of their working life span. Unlike men who come in as small boys, assist the masons for some years as helpers and finally, when the time comes, graduate as masons. Later some of these masons become contractors and move up the social ladder. Thus study also suggesting to empower women construction workers by providing them specific skills that may enable them to become masons.

Rural development is main aspect to develop a rustic India as over 50 % population lives in rural outskirts. The scenario isn't different at national level. This is often the most reason that the majority of the event schemes prepared to stay such facts as a main focus. An assessment for rural Rajasthan is to induce prepare the youths of generative and skilled on a contemporary parameter of livelihood and employment. The most target of such systematic preparation is to synchronically employ the functioning populace within the unorganized perimeters. Unorganized sector or grey economy bestows around 50 percent of the Rajasthan's GDP. In fact, it employs workers in, unpaid family work, micro and small enterprises, casual labour and home-based work on an honest scale. Within the same context, it also engages migrant labourers, farmers of lean agriculture season and more precisely drop-out of rural youth from schools. As per Indian Staffing Federation Report (2019), Period of 2015 to 2018, Skill India Mission contribution is 9.3 Lacs formal workforce and 70 thousand recruitments (Rituparna Chakraborty, 2019). If we focus from the last couple of years, the Indian economy has attestation of a structural transformation from agrarian process to manufacturing and various service-oriented activities. Similarly, this also made impact on the economy of Rajasthan. Rural development is facing a paradoxical situation where the youth of the rural areas are leaving the agrarian work and moving into the labour market for searching the jobs; on the opposite hand, industries are complaining of unavailability of appropriately and contemporary skilled manpower. This paradox reflects the criticality of rural development in context of need identification, to boost the employability of the growing young population and also to gear-up the economy to understand the target of faster and inclusive growth with innovative CSR contribution

Financial inclusion is inclusion of those excluded from the payments system or from formal credit markets. Even after more than forty years of nationalization of banks in India, more than 40 per cent of the adult population in India has no access to formal banking and financial services. Credit and financial needs of the people of the state cannot be fulfilled only by the services of financial institutions in the organized financial sector. The role being played by unorganized financial sector in achieving financial inclusion in the state can not be overlooked. UIBs work as a supplementary to the banks in Manipur. In Imphal West and East districts 61 UIBs have registered and operating along with 43 commercial bank branches. Nature of services provided by UIBs are quite different from the banks operating in the state as they have daily collection, weekly collection and monthly collection loans along with service loan for government employees, gold mortgage loan, pension loan for the pensioners, etc. The present paper " Financial Services of UIBs: An Alternative Means for Financial Inclusion in Manipur " will be dealing mainly on defining UIBs, their registration and regulation, financial services provided by them, financial inclusion through UIBs, findings and suggestions.

Set against the devastating floods of 2008 in the Kosi region of North Bihar, India, 'The Raft of Hyacinth' is a 24-page graphic narrative done in pen and ink that explores the medium of comic books to tell story of interiors of the oft-neglected region – almost cut off with time and space, as if still tethered to the feudal times. The project attempts to strike at the socio-economic problems that are the underlying cause of the prevalent crime in the region.

As a first step, a set of people of the affected area were interviewed to recollect their memories of the time, which was used to draw inspiration for the final story, which took rounds of reviews and editing. It was followed by extensive research to understand the nuances of the medium, the folklore, and stereotypes of the region, etc. finally moving onto scripting, character development, paneling, review, and final artwork until it was digitized to be printed.

This is a documentation of the work stated above carried out in the year 2016 and it was submitted for partial fulfillment of requirements for the Undergraduate Diploma Jury at DJ Academy of Design, Coimbatore, India and consequently for the award of Diploma. It documents the process of the design project undertaken. The project generally is expected to extend from synopsis, research, conceptualization to mock-up and finally to prototyping. In this case, the final output was a 24-page graphic-narrative booklet.

Checkout the glimpse of the best panels from the comic book at:  https://www.oshinviprasagar.com/the-raft-of-hyacinth

Dear Scholars, We are happy to introduce an edited book entitled " Migration, Identity and Development "-with ISBN number. We are inviting research papers from academicians, practitioners, research scholars and analysts on the broad aspects of " Migration in India " The publication of the submitted manuscript will be subjected to the approval of the qualified referee board. Indeed, we firmly believe that your contribution will enrich the academic and intellectual content of the book along with opening up of a new endeavour of research.

The availability of jobs has been a great concern in developing countries like India, with exploding population, increasing urbanization rate and regional disparities in development. This results in migration from one to other cities, states in search of employment for improved livelihood. Migration has become essential, where population densities are high in relation to land. Frequent shortage of rainfall or suffer floods also forces people to move. Informality, circular migration, labor market and social discrimination, and segmentation go hand in hand. This puts these migrants vulnerable. The announcement of stringent lock-down at a notice of about four hours on 24, March 2020 in India in response to the Corona pandemic intensified the feeling of insecurity among the migrant labourers across various parts of the country. The loss in employment and incomes of the workers in the informal economy, some 93 percent of all workers, was almost complete in the first phase of the lockdown. The loss in employment and incomes immediately threatened their access to food and non-food essential items, rented accommodation and shelter in many places. The central government as well as many of the state governments failed to anticipate and understand the scale and nature of the problem faced by migrants. They chose to interpret and deal with the urgent issues as a law and order problem arising due to what it considered were planned spread of misinformation. With all forms of transport stopped completely at the initial stage of this lockdown, most of the immigrant laborer's had no choice but to walk miles to their homes. This paper confines the study to internal laborer's of India and uses secondary data sources and observations of the researchers during the lock down phase of COVID19.

India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world. The construction workers are physically and economically makes a major contribute to the development of economy. Construction workers are the backbone of the economy as they create the infrastructure necessary for industrial growth. India's three core construction workers are really the builders of modern Nation. Construction workers are mainly working in informal/unorganized sector. Building construction is the process of adding physical structure to real property. It is one of the fastest growing industries with an annual growth of 10% which contribute the overall growth of the economy. There will be huge demand for the skilled workers in field of construction, but the supply of working labourer are insufficient due to construction workers often work in outdoors or in the open burning sun without adequate shelter and other amenities of life.

The availability of jobs has been a great concern in developing countries like India, with exploding population, increasing urbanization rate and regional disparities in development. This results in migration from one to other cities, states in search of employment for improved livelihood. Migration has become essential, where population densities are high in relation to land. Frequent shortage of rainfall or suffer floods also forces people to move. Informality, circular migration, labour market and social discrimination, and segmentation go hand in hand. This puts these migrants vulnerable.
The announcement of stringent lock-down at a notice of about four hours on 24, March 2020    in India in response to the Corona pandemic intensified the feeling of insecurity among the migrant labourers across various parts of the country. The loss in employment and incomes of the workers in the informal economy, some 93 percent of all workers, was almost complete in the first phase of the lockdown. The loss in employment and incomes immediately threatened their access to food and non-food essential items, rented accommodation and shelter in many places. 
The central government as well as many of the state governments failed to anticipate and understand the scale and nature of the problem faced by migrants. They chose to interpret and deal with the urgent issues as a law and order problem arising due to what it considered were planned spread of misinformation. With all forms of transport stopped completely at the initial stage of this lockdown, most of the immigrant labourers had no choice but to walk miles to their homes. This paper confines the study to internal labourers of India and uses secondary data sources and observations of the researchers during the lock down phase of COVID19.
Keywords: Covid-19, coronavirus, lockdown, India, migrant, labour,
  workers.
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Rural development is main aspect to develop a rustic India as over 50 % population lives in rural outskirts. The scenario isn't different at national level. This is often the most reason that the majority of the event schemes prepared to stay such facts as a main focus. An assessment for rural Rajasthan is to induce prepare the

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The current paper is based on a study of the status of enterprises and employment in rural service sector in Jharkhand. Despite the service sector-led growth in India, the lower end of the sector, consisting of informal enterprises, continues to suffer. These enterprises operate at subsistence levels. Employment conditions of workers in these enterprises tend to be poor. The paper delves into the status of rural service sector enterprises through empirical investigation, classifying them into four types, based in rural areas of Jharkhand, while looking into their employment conditions. The paper argues that the rural service sector enterprises are stuck in a situation of stagnation and low growth, and their employees suffer from poor working conditions and lack of social security. Looking from the 4 M framework (Micro entrepreneurship, Micro enterprise, Meso institutional and Macro policy level factors), the paper suggests the need for a comprehensive framework to address the needs ...

In this paper, we examine the differences in the measures of: (i) profits of an enterprise obtained from a detailed set of questions on incomes and expenses of the enterprise, versus profits obtained through a single direct question; and (ii) gross value added (GVA) obtained using the production approach as the difference between output and intermediate consumption from a detailed set of questions on incomes and expenses, versus GVA using the income approach by asking a few questions on factor incomes, and a single direct question on profits. We use data from the 56th round survey of unorga-nized manufacturing conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization of India during the period July 2000–June 2001. We also examine if the differences vary with the characteristics of the enterprises, and suggest further empirical research to develop suitable tools for providing accurate measurements of informal sector enterprises.

Rural development is main aspect to develop a rustic India as over 50 % population lives in rural outskirts. The scenario isn't dif erent at national level. This is often the most reason that the majority of the event schemes prepared to stay such facts as a main focus. An assessment for rural Rajasthan is to induce prepare the youths of generative and skilled on a contemporary parameter of livelihood and employment. The most target of such systematic preparation is to synchronically employ the functioning populace within the unorganized perimeters. Unorganized sector or grey economy bestows around 50 percent of the Rajasthan's GDP. In fact, it employs workers in, unpaid family work, micro and small enterprises, casual labour and home-based work on an honest scale. Within the same context, it also engages migrant labourers, farmers of lean agriculture season and more precisely drop-out of rural youth from schools. As per Indian Staf ing Federation Report (2019), Period of 2015 to 2018, Skill India Mission contribution is 9.3 Lacs formal workforce and 70 thousand recruitments (Rituparna Chakraborty, 2019).
If we focus from the last couple of years, the Indian economy has attestation of a structural transformation from agrarian process to manufacturing and various service-oriented activities. Similarly, this also made impact on the economy of Rajasthan.
Rural development is facing a paradoxical situation where the youth of the rural areas are leaving the agrarian work and moving into the labour market for searching the jobs; on the opposite hand, industries are complaining of unavailability of appropriately and contemporary skilled manpower. This paradox reflects the criticality of rural development in context of need identification, to boost the employability of the growing young population and also to gear-up the economy to understand the target of faster and inclusive growth with innovative CSR contribution

Social Security: a Woman’s Human Right, specifically looks at the right to social security from a woman’s perspective. While critically examining this right as articulated in existing human rights instruments, it attempts to expand the understanding of social security as a human right from a gender perspective based on the experiences of working in South Asia on women’s economic, social and cultural rights, particularly with respect to social security for women in the unorganised sector in India.