Urban social segregation, Urban sociology

Athens only quite recently, since the late 1980s, has become a immigrant-receiving city. In
this context Africans have a considerable visibility in the center of Athenian Metropolis.
Since their first years in the destination city - Athens, they tried to belong and bond with the
area that was “pointed out for them” as a neighborhood, in order to feel as comfortable as
possible in a new, unfriendly environment.

At what point does a meaningful neighborhood, a community based on neighborly bonds, intimacy, proximity, informality and contact  become a segregated colony, enclave based on citizenship, economic status, vice and ethnicity? Park’s 1915 essay on ‘The City’ invites urban scholars to look more closely at this question, to explore what constitutes a neighborhood, and neighborhood change, and in so doing also processes of segregation. On the basis of this invitation, this study seeks to provide a broad overview of segregation research in China. It is not a study of whether the concept of segregation, as utilized by Park in 1915, exists in China today. Rather, it takes Park’s programmatic vision about segregation research and considers what research on segregation is like in China today. This is not a study of “actual” segregation, but rather a survey of the types of research covering various forms of socio-spatial differentiation in urban China.
This report begins with 1) a problem definition to establish why segregation is a significant urban phenomenon worth studying. It lays out why Park thought it should be studied, and how. As part of the problem definition, and on the basis of the following literature review, segregation is established as an urban process in China that is worth studying, but on different grounds. 2) The modes of segregation research is based on a literature review of research on urban China predominantly focused on the past 20 years. The results of this review were clustered in three dominant modes of segregation research in urban China: material, legal and morphological. The empirical research design substantiating these claims and their methodologies are considered. 3) Key research areas are defined, based on empirical gaps identified and potential for urban theorization.
The scope of this report is delimited to segregation research as it pertains to urban spatial form and does not cover other forms of social group differentiation like labor market segmentation or demographic change. These processes are included to the extent that they are referenced in the segregation research (ie. Related to danwei or the middle class). It serves as a complement to the scoping study on association, sociability and agency, which deals similarly with sociospatial differentiation, but focused on research about concepts like “neighborhood” and “community.” The goal of the report is to design a program of research on segregation in urban China, inspired by Park but informed by the rich breadth of work currently underway.

Rather than viewing neighbourhood decline as a natural process resulting from the in-flow of low-income households, this study uses a socio-spatial approach that looks at the structuration of neighbourhood decline by emphasising the power of agents/actors, linking the structure of the real estate industry to the development of the neighbourhood. Landlords and banks are not merely automata of the price mechanism that steer the natural operation of the market, but should be seen as intentionally and unintentionally restructuring the local real estate market and thus possibly producing, or contributing to, processes of neighbourhood decline. This paper presents the Tarwewijk (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) as a case study of neighbourhood decline. Attention is paid to the social and physical decline of the neighbourhood, drug dealing, undocumented immigrants and processes impacting the housing market such as speculation, blockbusting, milking and redlining. It is argued that the retreat of 'formal' actors, such as banks and bona fide landlords, stimulates the rise of the underworld in both the housing and drugs markets.

Esse trabalho estuda e discute sobre a segregação residencial na cidade de Fortaleza, procurando analisar
as causas e conseqüências desse fenômeno urbano para a cidade e seu processo de expansão, com
enfoque na auto-segregação. É importante discutir esse tema para compreender mais claramente o modo
de crescimento da cidade e sua dinâmica de funcionamento, uma vez que, conhecendo a situação urbana,
podemos propor soluções mais lúcidas para sua melhoria. Para exemplificar e discutir o assunto foi
realizado um estudo de caso em um condomínio fechado no bairro Alagadiço Novo em Fortaleza - CE.
Através de fotos, relatos e observação em campo, apontamos e analisamos características do espaço físico
do condomínio analisado que refletem o caráter segregatório dessa tipologia habitacional, responsável por
conseqüências profundas na qualidade do espaço urbano, prejudicando visivelmente a relação entre os
diversos grupos sociais.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir, desde la producción discursiva mediática, la conflictividad asociada a diversas decisiones urbanísticas que tomó el estado provincial y municipal de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina), en sucesivos gobiernos durante la primera década del siglo XXI. A partir de un acercamiento interpretativo sobre la implementación de un programa habitacional llamado ‘Mi casa, mi vida’, nos proponemos dar cuenta de otros movimientos que implican una fuerte intervención estatal segregacionista en vinculación con el sector privado sobre la trama urbana: proceso presentado desde una perspectiva ‘a-conflictiva’ por uno de los medios de comunicación más importante de la provincia.

The problems of racial strife, ethnic conflict, discrimination, and ethnic ghettoization, show no sign of abating. The ideology of multiculturalism and "colour-blindness" has proved ineffectual. This article investigates why. Race as 'social construct' is criticized. Racial cognizance has its roots in the unconscious. Therefore it tends to be naive and exaggerated. This is borne out by research in cognitive science. Light is shed on psychology's view of ethnoracial difference. Differences depend on which aspects of our common heritage that are become dominant in the population. Thus, it is not necessary to rely on a biological explanatory model. Yet, a categorical denial of biological difference is not the right way to combat racism. Community psychology research shows that ethnic integration does not foster sense of community. Ethnocultural separation, while maintaining cultural transaction, is a better solution than integration. The article highlights the problem of difference anxiety in the context of ethnicity and race.

Keywords: cultural unconscious, white flight, segregation, psychosocial alienation, dark nature, human kinds, difference anxiety, ideology of sameness, cognitive science, cultural psychology, ethnic sociology.

Enfocado en las vidas y experiencias de las empleadas domésticas de Bogotá, Colombia, este artículo examina la interrelación entre el espacio y las diferencias socioeconómicas que demarcan el contexto urbano. De manera específica, se explora las formas en que las empleadas domésticas “producen el espacio” (Lefebvre, 1991). Para ello se analiza, a través de entrevistas no-estructuradas y la documentación de las trayectorias de movilidad, la forma en que estas mujeres usan, experimentan e intervienen el espacio urbano. El artículo se propone, en suma, ofrecer elementos para comprender la manera en que las lógicas de estratificación de la ciudad enmarcan la experiencia subjetiva de las empleadas domésticas. En este sentido, el análisis se enfoca en las interacciones de las dimensiones espaciales, sociales y económicas, y en cómo estas definen las vidas y posibilidades de movilidad de las empleadas domésticas en la ciudad.

Drawing on the figurational sociology of Norbert Elias and the Foucauldian governmentality approach, this article outlines the political rationalities and governmental technologies pertaining to the territorial governance of urban marginality in Western Europe. Whereas many authors have suggested that segregation is key to the governing of urban marginality in the USA and perhaps the post-industrial city generally, I suggest that, at least in Western Europe, marginality is governed through integration. The argument is illustrated with examples from the UK, the Netherlands and Belgium.

Resumen

El objetivo central del artículo es analizar por qué y cómo se llevó a cabo la transformación del primer período de cambio urbano moderno en la Ciudad de Guatemala y el ensanche de la cuadrícula, centrado en la construcción de dos ejes de poder: uno al sur a  finales del siglo XIX y otro al norte a inicios del siglo XX. Transformar la capital poscolonial fue de la mano con los ideales que promovían los liberales de crear un Estado funcional y una nación moderna. La impronta de tres dictadores, Justo Rufino Barrios (1873-85), José María Reina Barrios (1892-98) y Manuel Estrada Cabrera(1898-1920), marcó y personalizó este primer período de transformación. Dentro del contexto político del positivismo y el liberalismo se analiza la capital, dando énfasis al espacio como una construcción de poder y como reflejo de los cambios políticos, socioeconómicos y culturales que se materializaron especialmente en los ensanches al sur y al norte en esta primera fase de un preurbanismo. Al mismo tiempo, se analizan las contradicciones y ambigüedades en el proceso de modernización urbana y el fin abrupto de la primera fase de crecimiento con los terremotos de 1917-18, que destruyeron a la capital guatemalteca.

Palabras clave: ensanches, transformación urbana, espacio, poder, liberalismo, Ciudad de Guatemala.

Abstract
The main goal of the article is to analyze the first period of modern urban change in Guatemala City, through the analysis of the first growth of the Colonial gridiron and the construction of two new axes of power: one to the south by the late nineteenth century, and another to the north by the early twentieth. To transform the post-colonial city went hand in hand with the liberals’ ideals of creating a functional state and a modern nation. The imprint of three dictators dominated the political and urban transformations in Guatemala: Justo Rufino Barrios (1873-85), José María Reina Barrios (1892-98) and Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1898-1920), each of which attempted to modify the general appearance of the city. Within the prevailing ideological and political context of positivism and liberalism, the city is examined as a seat of social power, and as the embodiment of a political, social, economic and cultural trans- formation that took shape especially in the growth of the city to the south and to the north, in this  rst phase of a pre-urbanism. At the same time, the article analyzes the contradictions and ambiguities within the process of modernization and the abrupt end of the  rst phase of modern urban growth with the destruction of the capital during the earthquakes of 1917-18.

Keywords: urban change, space, power, Liberalism, Guatemala City

La búsqueda por generar mejores condiciones de vida en los barrios segregados del Área Metropolitana de Santiago (AMS) ha constituido un tema recurrente en el último tiempo. En este contexto, la tesis se pregunta por el rol que pueden cumplir los municipios al respecto, planteándose el objetivo de identificar y evaluar los efectos que tiene la capacidad de gestión municipal sobre la experiencia de segregación en barrios del AMS. Mediante un enfoque mixto cuantitativo-cualitativo se busca responder a este objetivo, tanto desde un análisis general de las comunas del AMS como a través del estudio particular de dos barrios y las comunas donde se localizan: Las Canteras en Huechuraba y la Villa San Francisco en El Bosque.
Los resultados indican que en el contexto de disparidad socio-territorial del AMS, que se expresa también en la disponibilidad de recursos de los municipios, las capacidades de gestión varían notoriamente en unas comunas respecto a otras, lo cual se expresa a través del índice de capacidades de gestión construido en esta tesis. Sin embargo, contrariamente a lo presupuestado, no se observó una incidencia a nivel agregado de estas diferencias sobre la experiencia de segregación de los barrios, medida a través de variables expresivas de situaciones de exclusión social. Al respecto, se plantea que en el contexto institucional actual de los municipios chilenos, las posibilidades de incidencia de la gestión municipal en la experiencia de segregación parece restringirse solamente al desarrollo de estrategias focalizadas de intervención, como la que se observó -a través del análisis cualitativo realizado- en la Villa San Francisco de El Bosque, donde efectivamente se logran efectos que son percibidos positivamente por sus habitantes. En ese sentido, se concluye la necesidad de ampliar el espacio para este tipo de gestión exitosa, lo que sin embargo requiere de transformaciones estructurales que lo hagan posible.

Turkey has undergone large-scale structural changes in social, political, and economic spheres in the 2000s. In the changing political climate of the 2000s, not only social and political geographies, but also residential patterns of the cities have been subject to abrupt changes. The development of the construction sector reached a speed never seen before in the country’s urbanization history. Growing numbers of transformation and renewal projects took place mainly in the older and historical central areas and former squatter settlements (gecekondu) of many greater cities. But, despite the dynamism of this new era, our knowledge about the extent of this transformation process is still relatively poor. Our knowledge on the bases, the scale and possible impacts of this transformation is still limited and partial. On these grounds, this article attempts to understand the roots of this transformation process in the year of 2000 through socio-economic residential segregation in the capital city of Turkey, Ankara. It is claimed that as one of the most debated issues in Turkish public agenda, examining segregation in analytical ways can provide useful insights and valuable clues as to understanding the socio-economic structure of the cities. The findings of the study show that Ankara is a highly divided city in socio-economic lines and the urban dynamics of the recent years are related with the characteristic divisions of the city. The study, in this sense, not only provides an extended look into the segregation dynamics of the city, but also sheds light on the roots of this active and dynamic period of the 2000s, and thereby reveals the last picture of the city before the period of transformation.

This article focuses on the physical composition of the Eastern Indonesian provincial town of Kupang, a town thought to be characterized by interethnic tensions. I examine the assumption that social segmentation is explainable in terms of ethnicity. In order to show that ethnicity not the sole explanation for social segregation, I draw on urban anthropological insights proposing an anthropology of cities—and in par- ticular Setha M. Low’s concept of the “divided city”—to look at the kinds of social segmentation that are suggested by the development of new residential areas in Kupang. When comparing the composition of Kupang during colonial times to its current lay-out, it becomes clear that, even though Kupang started out as a city characterized by ethnic segmentation, it has been developing towards a city based on class-segmentation. This class-segmentation reflects access to state employment and resources. Nevertheless, being a provincial town instead of a larger metropolis, class segmentation (physically or socially) is far from rigid. As such, provincial towns can form a fascinating space to explore physical segregation, social stratification and social mobility.

This paper analyses the role and effects of housing policies on residential differentiation in the city of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. The focus is on contemporary ‘post-privatization' housing-policy measures and their effects, although the transformation from socialism to a market economy during the 1990s is also covered. A distinct contrast was found between housing policies in Estonia and western Europe, where the welfare role is often to mitigate the detrimental effects of economic restructuring and to prevent segregation. Estonian housing policies at state and local levels do not even aim to reduce, prevent or slow down the harmful effects of the considerable income disparities that manifest in housing inequality and increasing residential differentiation. One of the main mechanisms driving residential differentiation is the relocation of people according to their ability to pay in connection with the increasing amount of renovation being undertaken. It is increasingly evident not only between neighbourhoods but also between tenure segments: poor people seem to be concentrated in poor housing in all categories.

The notion of urban transformation, which occupies Turkey’s agenda, has gained much more momentum because of new urban planning regulations. The regulations aim to make some parts of the city more ‘flawless’, affecting the physical character and societal norms of the city.
The city of Istanbul, which is attempting to create this flawless look by clarification of timeworn urban parts with the help of urban transformation projects, is evaluated as a revenue generator;
giving Istanbul the opportunity to advance its economy to the level of other global brand cities.
Istanbul, a capital city with many different civilizations since the Roman Empire, is such a glowing city in terms of its economical characteristics. The city developed during centuries by many overlapping layers of cultural codes and living spaces belonging to many different
cultures. Preserving its history has an important value with this kind of cultural diversity and richness. As it is well known, inaccurate political decisions, intended to gain more votes, caused a significant amount of land to be informally occupied by immigrants who then constructed
buildings lacking quality. The 1999 earthquake in the city created a need to rehabilitate these informally built areas and accelerated the movements of urban transformation projects of the timeworn and bedraggled areas on the uppermost layer of the city. But these efforts turned into a total change of the city instead of preserving the traditions and history of Istanbul.By the expropriation law in 2006, Romans who were living in Sulukule since the 11th century were forced to abandon their homes. The Roman houses, which could not be improved because of the lack of education and unemployment of the people living in the area, were demolished and no trace was left of its history. The new buildings built in the area in the present
time, appeal to a very high income group and the project only focuses to create private spaces for new home owners excluding any kind of urban space for the rest of the public. Although the project is planned with social functions for the Sulukule people, it is clear that those people will not be able to live in the area since the land value has increased ten-fold. Three different cases against the project, causing it to be canceled because no ‘public benefit’ could be found, have
created recognition for the issue.The kind of urban transformation movement which does not allow cultural values to be transferred to the present time is such an erasing activity—scratching out not only the physical realities but also a way of living. The people of Sulukule who were located to the houses built by the government at the outskirts of Istanbul, came back and moved in to the neighborhoods
close to their old living areas to pursue their usual daily life activities since there has been no increase in their incomes. They could not adapt to apartment living, reimburse their rents, monthly revenues and transportation expenses.Consequently, it cannot be told that such an urban transformation implementation has achieved its goal. While urban deprivation is the main problematic issue of urban transformations, the implementation, on the other hand, is only setting back this deprivation sweeping it to the edges. So, the erasing activity of the dozers was not able to neither destroy nor cause social practices to disappear, but only caused them to be set back slightly. In the scope of this paper, Sulukule city part, which will be evaluated as a palimpsest urban space, is clarified from its flaws but many life stories engraved into the history that are assumed to be erased, are still leaking into the present time of ours beneath from the parchment paper. That form of leakage will be tried to be transferred to the reader by the help of observations and interviews made by the researcher in the area. In the scope of this article, the issue of social transformation will tried to be argued upon an implemented urban transformation project in such a way that as long as urban transformation policies do not make a contribution to rehabilitate the problems of education, health and unemployment, they will unfortunately continue to be such phenomena increasing the unearned income in the city.

"ABSTRACT For most of the 20th century, the border cities of Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora formed the
single transnational community of Ambos Nogales (Both Nogales). Today the people in Ambos Nogales nostalgically
remember this border as a picket fence between neighbors. In the mid-1990s, the United States tore down the picket
fence and erected a steel wall to enclose the border and prevent undocumented migration and drug smuggling. In
2011, they erected a new and improved steel wall. The rematerialization of the U.S.–Mexican border through Ambos
Nogales emerges dialectically from fortification and transgression. The wall is the most visible instrument of the
United States’ militarization of the border, but the wall does not secure the border. The United States built the
wall to limit the agency of crossers. The wall, however, enables agency that the builders did not imagine or desire,
and crossers continually create new ways to transgress the barrier. The material border facilitates and restricts the
agency of the people of Ambos Nogales, and they rematerialize the border in ways that contravene the interests
of the nation-states. This in turn leads the nation-state to rematerialize the border to counter this transgression.
[contemporary archaeology, borders, U.S.–Mexican border]
RESUMEN Por el siglo XX, las ciudades fronterizas de Nogales, Arizona y Nogales, Sonora conformaron una sola
comunidad transnacional de Ambos, Nogales. Hoy en d´ıa la gente de Ambos, Nogales solo recuerda con nostalgia
esta frontera como una cerca entre vecinos. A mediados de la de´ cada de los 90’s Estados Unidos demolio´ la cerca y
erigio´ unmuro de acero que bloqueo´ la frontera para prevenir la inmigracio´ n de indocumentados y el contrabando de
drogas. En 2011 se construyo´ un nuevo ymejoradomuro de acero; fue as´ı como la reconstruccio´ n de la frontera E.U.–
Me´ xico en Ambos, Nogales surgio´ del dialecto de fortificacio´ n y transgresio´ n. Aunque el muro es el ma´ s importante
instrumento de militarizacio´ n en la frontera, e´ ste no la asegura. Estados Unidos construyo´ el muro para limitar a la
agencia de quienes cruzan; sin embargo e´ ste le permite aquello que sus constructores no deseaban ni imaginaban
y estos cruces crean continuamente nuevas formas de traspasar la barrera. La frontera material facilita y restringe
a la agencia de la gente de Ambos, Nogales; no obstante ellos crearon formas de infringir en los intereses de las
Q1 naciones-estado, a quienes conllevo´ a reconstruir la frontera para oponerse a esta transgresio´ n."

Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo indagar en las manifestaciones violentas en territorios marginales de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile y su vinculación con la dimensión de lo político en términos territoriales. En particular, se trató de un estudio de caso de la Población Lo Hermida, ubicada en la comuna de Peñalolén, donde se buscó comprender la manera se expresa la dimensión de lo político relativa a las manifestaciones violentas, teniendo en cuenta las dimensiones de la violencia estructural, las acciones contestatarias transgresivas y los procesos de subjetivación asociados.
La metodología combina la utilización de fuentes secundarias con entrevistas semi-estructuradas y foto- elicitación a 14 pobladores y pobladoras de Lo Hermida que, interpretadas bajo el paradigma del análisis textual del discurso, permiten dar cuenta de los significados construidos por los participantes de la investigación en torno a las manifestaciones violentas.
Los principales resultados dan cuenta de la manera en que se experimenta a través del territorio la violencia estructural en Lo Hermida, las acciones contestatarias transgresivas efectuadas en manifestaciones violentas mediante el territorio, y los procesos de subjetivación política que desde ahí se despliegan. Las conclusiones avanzan hacia la incorporación de la dimensión político-subjetiva en el esquema de comprensión de la violencia en territorios marginales, resaltando sus características emergentes en el espacio.
Palabras clave: marginalidad urbana; manifestaciones violentas; violencia estructural; acciones contestatarias transgresivas; subjetivación política.

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of racial and economic transformation on the social and spatial structure of the second-tier Brazilian city Curitiba. In the last two decades of the twentieth century and in the first decade of the twenty first century, new factors and determinants exerted decisive influence on the evolution of Brazilian cities. A fundamental change in the model of economic development took place during this period. Import-substitution industrialization (ISI), present since the 1930s, was replaced by neoliberal policies of “open markets”. On the one hand, globalization has been argued to contribute to social polarization, unemployment and informal employment, poverty, and insecurity, which later acted as a catalyst for the development of gated communities and strong fragmentation of urban space. On the other hand, recent studies and statistics on the social and economic development of Curitiba revealed that the city’s planning policy and marketing and promotional campaigns were successful, resulting in industrial development and unprecedented population increase. Population of the city of Curitiba has grown almost threefold from 609,000 in 1970 to 1,751,900 in 2010. The racial composition of Curitiba’s population has also changed over the last few decades. According to census data, the number of black and mixed-race residents was 138,200 in 1980 (13.5% of the city’s population) and increased by almost 250% to 344,100 by 2010 (19.6% of the city’s population). The paper focuses on determining the degree of racial and economic segregation and the analysis of the social and spatial structure of the city of Curitiba, using data from the latest population censuses. The research was based on household income, which was used to identify five income groups. The index of dissimilarity was then used to measure the degree of segregation for each group. Racial segregation was measured using the index of segregation and the index of dissimilarity for the largest racial minorities in Curitiba: whites (brancos), blacks (pretos), mixed-race (pardos), Asians (amarelos). The spatial concentration of income and racial groups was measured using a modified location quotient. The above data were used along with other demographic and social statistics to provide a comprehensive picture of Curitiba’s racial, economic, and spatial issues.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo la matriz de la percepción de inseguridad se ha desplazado de la criminalidad efectiva a la migración venezolana. Para ello, a través del empleo de técnicas cualitativas, exploramos y comparamos las actuales percepciones de inseguridad de los vecinos de dos barrios de Lima Metropolitana (Perú): el Barrio Chamo (San Juan de Lurigancho) y el sector 1 (San Isidro). Realizamos un bosquejo sobre las construcciones ima- ginarias de los espacios seguros, de los atacantes y de la construcción del “nosotros” como comunidad frente a la migración como el supuesto problema que encabezaría la inseguridad ciudadana. Los resultados de la comparación muestran que la migración ha devenido sinécdoque de una ciudad que, en pleno proceso de reensamblaje social, ha encontrado en el migrante venezolano al chivo expiatorio de su crisis social.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la forma en que se produce la construcción social del habitat popular específicamente los barrios en la ciudad de Salta, con el fin de reconstruir una parte de la historia no oficial de la ciudad, en la que los protagonistas principales son los pobladores. 2 Se utilizaron como técnicas, entrevistas en profundidad y talleres con dirigentes barriales y/ antiguos pobladores de distintos tipos de barrios populares: villas, asentamientos, loteos económicos y barrios construidos por el Estado. Para recuperar la historia no oficial, debemos dar la palabra a los protagonistas, a los hacedores invisibles de esta ciudad a medias. Esto no significa compartir la visión ingenua que cree, que en los testimonios esta la realidad.

Introducción: El artículo que presento se enmarca en una investigación más amplia titulada “Miradas sobre la otredad. Producción de representaciones sociales en torno a los migrantes senegaleses y argentinos en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. 2010-2014”, en el marco del Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Allí he abordado las relaciones que se producen entre ambas poblaciones y las representaciones que un grupo construye sobre el otro. En este escrito me propongo analizar la movilidad y la inserción que dichos migrantes tienen en la sociedad receptora. 
Método: Para ello he analizado veinte entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a migrantes senegaleses que arribaron a la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires entre los años 2000 y 2014. Las mismas han sido grilladas y analizadas bajo diversas categorías que me han permitido reflexionar respecto de su circulación e inserción en el territorio.
Resultados: Los migrantes senegaleses arribados en la última década y media a la Argentina siguen un patrón de circulación particular en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, signado por su inserción laboral marginal y su segregación residencial, como resultado de  la aplicación de políticas neoliberales durante los años ’90 en la Argentina que tuvieron como contrapartida la reducción de oportunidades para la población más pobre y vulnerable, donde suelen ubicarse los grupos migrantes.
Conclusiones: La venta ambulante y la residencia en hoteles pensiones en barrios empobrecidos de la ciudad de Buenos Aires son parte de las estrategias que los migrantes senegaleses ponen en juego para insertarse en la sociedad, donde intervienen pautas culturales propias de este colectivo migratorio.

Un número creciente de políticas públicas define la escala local como espacio privilegiado para la intervención del gobierno. Observando los espacios de intervención definidos por diversos programas en la escala local, constatamos que raramente existe coincidencia territorial entre ellos. ¿Qué sucede allí?, Generalmente esto se ha diagnosticado como ejemplo de descoordinación en la intervención del Estado.
Este articulo defiende una explicación alternativa argumentando: la falta de congruencia espacial es el resultado de un problema escalar, dónde la extensión geográfica de la exclusión socio-espacial ha alcanzado tal magnitud, que cualquier selección de espacios locales en su interior, resulta plausible pero al mismo tiempo insuficiente para abordar la verdadera extensión de los problemas sociales.
Mediante la descripción de los espacios de intervención definidos para la regeneración de barrios y el mejoramiento de los niveles de aprendizaje en escuelas, ambos dentro del área metropolitana de Santiago (AMS), se buscará avanzar en una discusión sobre la geografía de exclusión social y de las políticas públicas. Como resultado se destaca que la escala de la exclusión es de macro-zonas, esto es una geografía superior al nivel local, delineando zonas concentradoras, extendidas y espacios intersticiales, como espacialidades recurrentes de problemas sociales en el AMS.