Urban social segregation, Urban sociology

This paper proposes a computer simulation framework for investigating the role of built form – specifically physical venues-in the dynamics of neighborhood integration and segregation. Looking to Schelling's classic work (1971) and the subsequent literature, we note, however, that with few exceptions 'form' in these models is reduced to an agent's capacity to 'see' nearby grid-cells of the simulation world: an agent's neighbourhood is its Moore neighbourhood. In this research, we argue that an analytically meaningful simulation of neighbourhood formation – or more specifically of integration and segregation dynamics – must acknowledge the role of built form. To do so, we introduce physical venues into the classic Schelling model in order to reconsider the simulation's dynamics as influenced by both the spaces where agents live and the spaces of their activities. Our analysis proceeds through a series of four case studies of increasing sophistication, considering the impact of different spatial configurations as well as different kinds of venue. We articulate a simple but powerful generative model of urban social formations that also may offer insight into the conditions under which sedimented patterns of segregation may become unsettled.

Publicada em 2006, a primeira edição deste livro teve uma acolhida generosa e esgotou-se rapidamente. Esta segunda edição mantém os seus propósitos originais de alcançar tanto a academia como um público mais amplo, mas não o mesmo conteúdo. Os capítulos sobre a evolução da economia de Salvador e a formação de sua área metropolitana, sobre as condições demográficas e sobre as condições de vida, violências e extermínio, de autoria dos professores Paulo Henrique de Almeida, Cláudia Monteiro Fernandes e Jairnilson Paim, não chegaram a sofrer alterações. Mas, com a continuidade e o avanço dos trabalhos de pesquisa sobre a RMS, tornou-se possível aprofundar e atualizar as discussões referentes à segregação e dinâmica metropolitanas, às condições de ocupação e renda, habitação e infraestrutura, assim como às condições institucionais de cooperação entre os municípios que compõem a RMS, desenvolvidas pelos professores Gilberto Corso Pereira, Inaiá Carvalho e Celina Souza. Além disso, o livro foi enriquecido com mais dois capítulos, abordando a questão dos espaços públicos e o impacto do setor imobiliário turístico na conformação mais recente da região, de autoria dos professores Ângelo Serpa, Sylvio Bandeira de Mello e Silva, Barbara-Christine Nentwig Silva e Silvana Sá de Carvalho.

Recent researches have underlined that, despite local specificities, the degree of residential segregation in Southern European cities is generally low, somehow confirming long time assumptions. This paper however argues that other forms of spatial segregation might be at work and should be taken into account to investigate social exclusion in daily life. Indeed, by considering not only where people have their home but also which urban spaces they use in their free time, the picture may change. In a frame, such as that of contemporary cities, where consumption has acquired a central role and it is overloaded with multiple layers of social meanings, the emergence of landscapes of consumption catering for specific segments of the urban population may play a key role in shaping new forms of exclusion. To develop this argument, the paper focuses on the city of Turin (Italy) and analyses the case of San Salvario, a central neighbourhood that, while being mixed in its demographic composition, presents patterns of segregation in the use and accessibility of public spaces, mainly due to the spatial disposition of spaces of consumption.

Abstract – This article draws from  eldwork conducted in 2004-2008 in San Felice and Milano 2, using among other methods ethnographic observation and 34 in-depth interviews. It analyzes how discrimination- based segregation takes place in the refounded neighborhoods of Milan’s metropolis, and the relation of their inhabitants to spatial justice. The  rst section of the article shows in particular how the refusal of diversity by the residents was based on xenophobic, Islamophobic and Romaphobic prejudices and obsidional representations (more or less strong depending of the period). The second section focuses on the effects – over the sense of justice of the inhabitants – of a national public sphere where urban segregation is never addressed or even framed as a problem.

Résumé – À partir d’une enquête de terrain, combinant notamment observation participante et 34 entretiens approfondis, réalisée entre 2004 et 2008 dans les quartiers de San Felice et Milano 2, cet article analyse les ressorts de la ségrégation discriminante et le rapport à la justice spatiale dans les espaces refondés de la métropole milanaise. La première partie montre notamment comment le refus de la mixité s’appuyait chez les habitants de ces quartiers sur des préjugés et des sentiments obsidionaux xénophobes, islamophobes et tsiganophobes (plus ou moins prononcés selon la période considérée). La seconde partie s’intéresse quant à elle aux effets, sur le sens du juste des habitants, d’un espace public national dans lequel la ségrégation urbaine n’est pas une question débattue.

Hacer historia, escribir historia o pensar históricamente requiere de una ubicación espacial y temporal del problema elegido. Si bien todas las investigaciones históricas están ubicadas en un espacio definido, la historia urbana es quizás una de las áreas que más hace referencia a esta dimensión. Por su mismo carácter y por el objeto de estudio, esta área ha mantenido un diálogo permanente con disciplinas como la geografía, la planeación, la antropología o la sociología urbana. En este capítulo hemos elegido un problema abordado en muchos estudios de la historia urbana durante el último siglo. Abordaremos la segregación social en el espacio, la forma como se establece explícitamente una cierta disposición y organización espacial que diferencia los lugares  vividos por ciertos sectores sociales que tienen una característica particular: una cierta ubicación en la escala socioeconómica, una posición marginal por ser poblaciones rechazadas debido a su origen étnico, religioso, cultural, político o social. Para comprender más ampliamente las formas de segregación espacial en las ciudades, haremos referencia general a dos casos: la zona de la Merced en la ciudad de México durante el siglo XX y la partición de Berlín entre 1961 y 1989.

Espelhando diferenças econômicas, étnicas, sociais ou culturais e constituindo uma das marcas das cidades contemporâneas, a segregação vem sendo objeto de preocupação de cientistas sociais e urbanistas desde a primeira metade do século XX. Neste contexto Salvador tem suas peculariedades. Casarios coloniais, igrejas barrocas, praias ensolaradas... Normalmente associadas a Salvador, essas imagens não retratam todo o panorama da velha capital e da sua região metropolitana, onde também se encontram algumas ilhas da modernidade e vastas áreas marcadas pela precariedade, pela pobreza e pela segregação.

Early city plans situated railroads to clear slums, linking the long-standing infrastructure interests of businessmen to the agendas of Progressive reformers. In Cincinnati, nineteenth-century business leaders advocated railroad construction and reorganization to institute reasonable freight rates. In the twentieth century, they achieved their desires by establishing a mandate in municipal government for the new profession of urban planning, with its political power to shape the physical city and the use of private property within it.

A partir das características peculiares da história da urbanização de Campinas (São Paulo - Brasil) o artigo levanta questões acerca das práticas de planejamento urbano e suas contradições. A cidade de Campinas se caracteriza por uma formação territorial
corporativa e fragmentada, além de se constituir como um entroncamento nodal de vias de circulação rodoferroviárias. A implantação da ferrovia no final do século XIX, a industrialização, a periferização e a abertura dos novos eixos e entroncamentos
rodoviários são fatores que consolidaram vetores específicos de valorização e desvalorização do solo urbano. É em função e ao longo destas vias de circulação que se agregam grandes blocos dispersos de ocupações informais, condomínios fechados e conglomerados comerciais, permeados por grandes vazios urbanos. O estabelecimento do eixo dos trilhos como limite para o centro norteou as políticas públicas e os agentes privados na instalação das atividades “puras” e “impuras” no tecido da cidade. Este limite foi reforçado ao longo do século XX com a abertura das rodovias que cortam o território campineiro, marcando seu modo de expansão urbana. Propondo compreender essa urbanização, foram destacados como exemplares três marcos urbanos que caracterizam a divisão sócio espacial de Campinas em momentos distintos de sua história, separando as partes valorizadas e desvalorizadas do território campineiro: a Vila Industrial, que se
colocou historicamente como um primeiro limite entre centro e periferia (1870); a zona de prostituição periférica Jardim Itatinga (1967), criada durante a primeira grande expansão
(e fragmentação) da cidade a terrenos distantes da cidade urbanizada; e a consolidação desse tipo de urbanização periférica, com a criação de enclaves urbanos elitizados na
região norte da cidade, um grande número de condomínios fechados e conglomerados comerciais de alta classe, cujo maior expoente é o Parque Dom Pedro Shopping (2002).

Notwithstanding some merits of Anderson's celebrated book, in this review essay I argue that she is wrong about integration being a proxy for justice. I offer a number of criticisms, not least of which her cherry picking the empirical evidence in order to make her argument; the absence of social class in her analysis of racial inequality, and thus her unhelpful homogenizing of 'black America'; and finally, her perhaps unintentional, yet nevertheless very real and problematic, denigration of black space.

Αντικείμενο της μελέτης αποτελεί, κατ’ αρχάς, η διερευνητική χρήση δύο κλασικών δεικτών διαχωρισμού για τη συγκριτική προσέγγιση τον κοινωνικού διαχωρισμού στις έξι μεγαλύτερες ελληνικές πόλεις. Στη συνέχεια, επιχειρείται η προσέγγιση του ίδιου φαινομένου, με τα ίδια εργαλεία, στο εσωτερικό του αστικού χώρον και συγκεκριμένα στην ευρύτερη περιοχή του ΠΣ Πρωτευούσης. Με τη βοήθεια μιας πολυμεταβλητής (ταξινομικής) ανάλυσης προσεγγίζεται, τέλος, ο βαθμός απομόνωσης των διαφόρων κοινωνικοεπαγγελματικών (ΚΕ) κατηγοριών σε επίπεδο ΟΤΑ.
Στόχος της μελέτης είναι η αποτίμηση του οφέλους που μπορεί να προκόψει από τη χρήση δεικτών διαχωρισμού για τη συγκριτική ανάλυση της κοινωνικής φυσιογνωμίας των πόλεων και για την ανάλυση των κοινωνικών και χωρικών σχημάτων διαίρεσης του αστικού χώρου. Στόχο αποτελεί, επίσης, η ανάδειξη της λογικής και της επιχειρησιακής δομής ορισμένων στατιστικών τεχνικών.

Deuxième capitale du Cameroun allemand après Buea pour son ouverture sur la mer, la ville de Douala s’est révélée attractive et est devenue le plus grand centre de concentration
de  la  population  du  Cameroun.  Sa  population a  rapidement  augmenté,  à  la  faveur d’incessantes  coulées  migratoires  qui  ont  stimulé,  voire  imposé  de  nombreuses  mutations : évolution  du  régime  foncier,  spéculation  foncière,  croissance  de  la  demande  en  terre  des
populations, mutation du monopole foncier au profit des populations allochtones, notamment les populations originaires de la région de l’Ouest-Cameroun. Ce dernier aspect a engendré dans  cette  ville  multiethnique  des  recompositions  à  connotation  identitaire  qui  permettent
aujourd’hui  de mieux comprendre les formes de  ségrégations de la  ville.  Le présent travail s’intéresse aux mécanismes historiques de la croissance urbaine de la  ville de Douala dont
les  manifestations  s’expriment  à  travers  les  mutations  socio  spatiales  perceptibles  dans  la ville.  Il  recense  ensuite  les  différentes  formes  de  ségrégation  dans  la  ville  comme reproduction d’un héritage de la colonisation.

The History and representation of Jardim Itatinga red light district appoint to how is the organization of different prostitution territories in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The “Zona” was planned by the public authorities in the 60’s and since then has become the area of prostitution in the city. This segregation policy has resulted in the persecution of prostitutes, that, despite of that, continue working outside the area. Among the prostitute’s protection and permanence strategies, the most expressive is the foundation of the Association Mulheres Guerreiras, located in downtown Campinas. The thesis examines the tensions, conflicts, tactics and strategies face the interventions of urban planning by a social group historically stigmatized, and with a strong presence in central urban areas. Are objects of attention in this thesis the prostitutes’ circulation in different locations of prostitution in Campinas, their strategies for the establishment of “places” of permanence in spaces not officially planned for their presence, their networks and connections with other “deviant” peers and, most of all, their tactics of resistance to the expulsion and struggle for recognition. It seeks to understand how the particular dispute that focuses on prostitution it’s structured in the political and physical spaces of the cities. Finally, it intends to display a gendered urban organization justified sometimes by sanitarian, economic or moral discourses, and whose history registers a constant tension between the official urban planning and the city’s inhabitants, with their claims to exist inside it.

Key Words: Urban Segregation; Prostitution; Gender; Jardim Itatinga; Campinas/SP.

Resumo (em português):

A história e as representações acerca do bairro de prostituição Jardim Itatinga demostram como se organizam diferentes territórios prostitucionais na cidade de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A “Zona” foi planejada pelo poder público, na década de 1960, e, desde então, tornou-se o lugar da prostituição na cidade. Essa política de segregação resultou na perseguição das prostitutas que, contudo, persistem trabalhando fora dali. Entre suas estratégias de proteção e permanência, a mais expressiva é a fundação da Associação Mulheres Guerreiras, localizada no centro da cidade. A tese examina, portanto, as tensões, os conflitos, as táticas e as estratégias de um grupo social historicamente estigmatizado e com forte presença em áreas urbanas centrais, face às intervenções do planejamento urbano. Sua circulação nos diferentes locais de prostituição em Campinas, suas estratégias para o estabelecimento de “pontos” de permanência em espaços não planejados oficialmente para sua presença, suas redes e articulações com outros pares “desviantes” e, principalmente, suas táticas de resistência à expulsão e luta por reconhecimento são objetos de atenção. Busca-se compreender como se estrutura, nos espaços físicos e políticos da cidade essa disputa particular – marcada por recortes de classe, de raça e especialmente de gênero – que tem a prostituição como foco de interesse. Pretende-se, por fim, possibilitar o vislumbramento de uma organização urbana generificada que se justifica em discursos ora sanitários, ora econômicos, ora morais e cuja história registra a constante tensão entre o planejamento urbano oficial e os habitantes da cidade, com suas reivindicações pelo direito a nela existirem.

Palavras-chave: Segregação Urbana. Prostituição. Gênero. Jardim Itatinga. Campinas- sp.

This thesis notes that there is a lack of systematic research investigating segregation patterns based on how public space is used and frequented by citizens. In order for understanding of urban segregation to reach beyond residential segregation, the extent to which public space facilitates co-presence between social groups is a key issue. The main concern in this thesis is to arrive at a deeper understanding of the critical role urban form plays in terms of co-presence in public space and in extension for social segregation. The argument builds on knowledge from other fields, arguing that co-presence is of utmost importance for societal processes: by sharing space and being co-present with others, which does not necessarily imply focused interaction, we gain information and knowledge from our fellow citizens and participate in processes that negotiate social structures, acceptable behaviours and identities. The sharing of space thus becomes a central part of ‘being in society’. It is furthermore through public space that material urban resources are accessible, an access that is dependent on both the location of the amenities in space but also the distribution of space, as structured and shaped by urban form, which creates the actual experience of access through space.

Segregation is primarily defined as a social problem. However, in this thesis, it is made clear that it is also a spatial problem. While also broadening the conceptualisation of segregation, the main focus has been upon the role of the built environment. The socio-spatial link builds on social theories. However, these theories are weak when it comes to explaining where co-presence occurs. Addressing the spatial side of the problem, the thesis primarily builds on the architectural theory of space syntax that exactly aims to study the space-society relationship from the viewpoint of space and provides empirical evidence for the correspondence between urban form – as it is shaped by urban design and architecture – and the creation of co-presence as well as variations in its intensity and its constitution. In addition, key questions such as what people may have access to ‘just around the corner’ in terms of human resources or other urban amenities are elaborated. The distinct variations found between neighbourhoods are argued both to enrich the discussion on social exclusion and unequal living conditions and inform future urban planning and design. The thesis demonstrates that specific configurational properties have great impact on the pattern of co-presence. More specifically, it is found that a segregation of public space, a limited spatial reach and an uneven distribution of spatial centrality appears not to favour an exchange between neighbourhoods or access to urban resources across the city – findings that are highly critical for the urban segregation issue. Detailed configurational analysis of Stockholm reveals the performative aspects of different urban layouts related not only to local circumstances and character but, more importantly, to the further context of such layouts. Increased knowledge of how spatial configuration relates to social practices offers new insight into how different neighbourhoods and urban layouts perform socially and increases understanding of the social implications of spatial configuration.

The findings of this study are argued to open up theoretical developments that address the social and political dimension of urban design with greater precision. Not least, this knowledge can influence public debate. The knowledge produced can furthermore be used in urban design practice and anti-segregation initiatives, identifying whether spatial interventions can make a contribution and if so, what physical interventions respond to the social ends in question, where the ultimate aim is an urban design that not only builds cities but societies too.

Keywords: co-presence, spatial configuration, public space, urban segregation,
urban design, public life, spatial affordance

Urban development in North-Western Region of India comprising Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Chandigarh is at cross roads. The Region is facing many crucial and new urban challenges in post liberalization era. The scale of emerging challenges, such as housing, slums, poverty, infrastructure and services, transportation, parking, environmental pollution, is unprecedented. Slums, with multiple deprivations, are growing rapidly even in the hilly states like Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir due to migration of the poor population. Urban development seems to be neglected in urban policy planning over successive planning eras.


The onset of liberal regimes in promoting development of real estate markets, beginning of low interest home loans, lack of strong regulation of sale and purchase of land and housing seem to have made them the commodity for speculation. Housing problem seem to acquire serious dimension in the wake of rapid urbanization, commodification of land and housing, distortion in land market and weakening of public sector housing provision. The social segregation and marginalization of urban poor continue to be major challenges. The town planning is poor and local governance is weak to cope with haphazard urbanization and emerging urban problems in the region. The deficiencies in infrastructure and services are visible and people’s perception about the same is very poor. The social and environmental fabric of cities in the region is under stress.



Based on compilation of extensive data on various aspects of urban development in North-Western India, the book is an attempt to contribute to the existing debate on emerging trends, concerns and strategies in urban development in India. With the discussion on the city and state level case studies from the region, the volume tries to explore how state and city governments in North-Western India have been dealing with the emerging urban issues and challenges and what sort of local policies are emerging to deal with the growing crucial urban problems. The volume provides good source of relevant data/ information to planners, local and state level policy makers and students of urban studies.

Resum: El volum recull els criteris per al desenvolupament del Pla de Barris de l'Ajuntament de Barcelona elaborats pel Consell Asessor del Pla. El volum, editat per Oriol Nel·lo, president del Consell, conté aportacions de Francesc Muñoz, Oriol Estela, Andreu Domingo, Marina Subirats, Carme Borrell, Lucía Artazcoz, Helena Cruz, Ismael Blanco, Carme Trilla, Pere Serra, Mercè Tatjer, Carles Llop, Ana Romero i Jaume Blasco.

"TERRITORIALITY AND ETHNICITY IN MANCHURIA: THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF MUKDEN UNDER JAPANESE OCUPATION

During the first half of the twentieth century the former territory of Manchuria in Northeast China became one of the greatest settlement areas of the world and the most important foreign destination for the Japanese. This article discusses the impacts of colonialism and its associated migration, especially with regard to the multiethnic society created in Mukden (Shenyang). The focus is on the residential segregation of the Japanese population in the South Manchuria Railway Zone (1920-36) and in the Greater Mukden (1935-42). We measured the level of segregation between the Japanese population and other ethnic groups through the index of dissimilarity (I. D.). The results show that while residential segregation decreased with time in the Greater Mukden, levels of segregation of the Japanese population in the South Manchuria Railway Zone remained stable before and after the creation of Manchukuo. This indicates that the imperialist utopia of Manchukuo did not influence the Mantetsu segregationist policies in the Japanese enclaves; and that empire building and the corporate strategy of Mantetsu responded to different logics.

Key words: Territoriality, Ethnicity, Imperialism, Dissimilarity Index, Mukden (Shenyang), Manchuria.

"

Within the scope of search for solutions to the housing problem emerging at the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution, a rapid urbanization episode was experienced between mid 19th century and mid 20th century. During this course, the cities have sprawled in so-called spreading oil stain, linear and pulsed patterns; and by 1960's the growth phenomenon has reached to a certain saturation. Nonetheless, with the advanced technological developments fielded in production, transportation and communication areas, the referred sprawl activity, going through various transformations, continued to determine the characteristics of urbanization, following 1960's as well. In this context, views suggesting that the urban sprawl has been intensifying the spatial fragmentation and social segregation in many cities are finding stronger grounds.
In Turkey and specifically in Istanbul, the uncontrolled peripheral expansion commenced in form of illegal housing especially as a consequence of industrial development after 1950's. In general, this expansion, threatening the valuable fertile lands, watersheds and forest areas continued after 1980’s as well; and in time has transformed into a justified uncontrolled urbanization movement with a diversity of land uses instead of being limited to illegal housing. As a spatial and social outcome of this uncontrolled urbanization, today at the point where the movement led to, we observe the winners and losers of the cities, living at apparently adjacent but totally differentiated peripherals.
In this paper, Istanbul's deepening spatial fragmentation and social segregation problems at the peripherals which are related with the urban sprawl are discussed. The signs of the referred problems at the peripherals are comparatively investigated and the opportunities and challenges with respect to the attainment of an urbanization practice for sustainable and manageable growth of Istanbul based on integration are elaborated.

Keywords: Urban Sprawl, Spatial Fragmentation, Social Segregation

1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nın ardından yüzbinlerce göçmen İstanbul’a sığınmıştır. Bu süreçte kente gelen peripatetik kökenli Lofçalı hamal aileler önce diğer göçmenlerle birlikte bir süre Beşiktaş’taki Akaretlerde kalacak, daha sonra ise dönemin siyaset ve ticaret elitlerinin yoğunlaştığı Şişli, Nişantaşı ve Beyoğlu gibi bölgelerin yakınında kendi kentsel mekânlarını inşa edeceklerdir. Bu makalede Lofça Muhacirler Mahallesi’nin kuruluş sürecinde, Lofçalı hamal ailelerin peripatetik toplumsal organizasyon biçimlerinin nasıl bir işlev gördüğü Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde yer alan tarihsel kayıtların analizi üzerinden tartışma konusu yapılmaktadır.

After The Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-78 hundred of thousands immigrants took refuge in İstanbul. Peripatetic originated Lovechian porter families stayed in Akaret buildings in Beşiktaş with the other immigrants for a while, then they produced their own space near the regions with a huge concentration of the settlements of politic and trade elites of the era, like Şişli, Nişantaşı or Pera. In this paper, the role of the peripatetic social organization forms of Lovechian porter families during the establishment process of the Neighborhood of the Lovechian Immigrants is discussed over the analysis of the historical records archived in the Ottoman Archives of Prime Ministry.

Las bandas juveniles no son forzosamente asociaciones de delincuentes, sino una forma de convivencia cuyo origen y contexto social debe estudiarse a fondo, a fin de rescatar sus aspectos positivos (que los tiene) y tratar de eliminar sus rasgos negativos.  .  Esa es la finalidad de esta tesis. 
La banda, lejos de constituir una muestra de patología social, es un recursos legítimo de los jóvenes de las grandes urbes, utilizado como medio de socialización, mecanismo de defensa colectiva y hasta para acciones de solidaridad, como se demostró durante los terremotos de 1985 en la Ciudad de México.  La bandas tienen una especie de ciclo vital:  nacen, crecen y se disuelven, siguiendo ciertos patrones que hasta ahora no han sido cabalmente estudiados. 
Este estudio amplía u estudio de Francisco Gomezjara sobre la trayectoria de las bandas en México, de 1952 a 1980 y el contexto político, social, económico e ideológico para aterrizar en la descripción de la banda;  su entorno social y su relación con la fuerza pública.  La información que se presenta se sustenta principalmente en investigación de campo y bibliohemerográfica.

This article reviews recent geographical research on Islam and Muslim identities. In the wake of the events of 11 September 2001, the forms taken by public debate surrounding Muslim communities and societies have been manifold and not always edifying. In the present political climate, where public attitudes to a particular suite of issues are often as misinformed as they are deeply held, the need for academics to furnish insights born out of robust research is acute. While the responses of academics to debates coalescing around Muslim communities and identities have emanated predominantly from religious studies, sociology and anthropology, geographers, with their attention to the spatial components inherent to the articulation of social identities, are making an increasingly significant contribution to our knowledge in this field. This article reviews this contribution, focusing on four areas in which geographical research on Islam has been most pronounced: Muslim residential segregation and ‘community cohesion’; the relationship between Islamic dress codes and spatial context in the articulation of Muslim gender identities; the contestation of space that has attended the architectural expression of Muslim identity in urban landscapes and the spatial politics embedded in the construction of Muslim identities at simultaneously national and transnational scales. While the predominant focus is therefore geographical, the article also establishes linkages to other writings on the spatiality of Islam where relevant to the specific themes under discussion.

“Ciudadanía y convivencia: una aproximación a la intervención comunitaria intercultural en el Casco Histórico de Zaragoza” Capítulo en "POLITICAS PÚBLICAS Y SOCIALES: TIEMPOS DE RUPTURA Y OPORTUNIDAD". Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza. 2016. ISBN 978-84-16723-04-1.Pp. 43-58.

La planification stratégique des agglomérations connaît depuis deux ans, en France, un important renouvellement, qui prend acte de l’échec, depuis les années 70, des politiques planificatrices. L’outil de cette planification stratégique, le Schéma de Cohérence Territoriale (SCoT), est censé coordonner l’ensemble des politiques sectorielles et définir un projet global en terme d’habitat, de déplacements, de développement économique et d’environnement, sur un espace associant l’urbain et le péri-urbain.
Cette communication montre que ce nouvel outil s’inscrit dans une construction progressive des politiques publiques de lutte contre la ségrégation spatiale en France, et qu’il n’échappe pas, notamment dans sa phase actuelle de détermination des périmètres, à la possibilité de générer des ségrégations spatiales à de nouvelles échelles.

Coordonné par Olivier Legros et par Tommaso Vitale, tous deux membres d’Urba-Rom, Observatoire européen des politiques en direction des groupes dits roms/tsiganes, ce numéro de Géocarrefour, qui réunit cinq contributions de jeunes chercheurs et un entretien avec un leader associatif rom kosovar, porte sur une thématique émergente : l’entre-deux des politiques publiques et des pratiques des migrants roms originaires d’Europe centrale et des Balkans dans les villes françaises et italiennes. Pourquoi ce parti pris urbain ? Tout simplement parce qu’aujourd’hui la « question rom » est surtout une question urbaine en Europe occidentale. En effet, comme tant d’autres migrants, les Roms en provenance de l’Europe centrale et des Balkans, sont attirés par les villes, en particulier les métropolesoù se concentrent désormais les opportunités, en particulier celles économiques. En outre, les controverses suscitées par la présence de migrants roms en situation précaire impliquent des acteurs urbains : riverains, comités de soutien, associations, organisations non gouvernementales, associations, formations politiques et institutions locales. Les contributions réunies dans ce dossier montrent la place primordiale des politiques publiques dans la conduite des comportements individuels et collectifs, et peut-être dans la fabrication des identités. Privilégiant l’expulsion et l’état d’exception, les politiques engagées en France et en Italie installent en effet de nombreux migrants roms dans la précarité et l’incertitude, tout en augmentant la visibilité de ces derniers dans l’espace politico-médiatique. Dans les métropoles et dans les grandes villes où la ressource foncière se fait de plus en plus rare, le processus prend un tour particulier car l’allocation des places y constitue, sans doute plus qu’ailleurs, un élément majeur de la « question rom » et de son traitement par les pouvoirs publics. La diversité des trajectoires migratoires des Roms dans les villes de France et d’Italie invite toutefois à nuancer ce constat pessimiste.

Abstract (in English, Russian and French):
This paper analyzes how the image of Tashkent, the capital of Russian colonial Turkestan, was built at political, visual and literary levels during the 19th and 20th centuries. From the viewpoint of “exoticizing” / “orientalising” practices, the figure of Tashkent as an urban structure is far from unambiguous. Since the city was transformed as the administrative centre of Russian colonial Turkestan, two opposing logics (of keeping at a distance and of assimilation) were intertwined during the process of (non-)-exoticization of Tashkent , revealing the complexity of the “Orientalization” and the “Europeanization” of the city. The omnipresent but not explicit idea of segregation is reflected in an ambiguous and biased representation of Tashkent, whose descriptions of the traditional quarters (of the old city) share the picturesque and exotic images inspired by Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva, while the colonial part of the city (the new Russian town) can be compared to St. Petersburg. The choice of Tashkent is interesting because of its versatility, which shows how the argument on exoticization is ambiguous, as the subject assimilates the object and, at different levels and speeds, builds the figure of an “exotic Other”, first outside, then within the endorsed space.

Резюме :
В статье « Ташкент : (не-)экзотический город ? »  показан механизм создания образа Ташкента, столицы русского колониального Туркестана на политическом, визуальном и литературном уровнях  в конце XIX – начале XX веков. С точки зрения « экзотизирующих » / « ориентализирующих » практик, образ Ташкента как урбанистической структуры далеко не однозначен. С момента превращения города в административный центр русского Туркестана две противоположные логики – отчуждения и присвоения – переплетались в процессе (не)экзотизации Ташкента, обнаруживая всю неоднозначность процесса «ориентализации» и ... «европеизации» города. Идея сегрегации – присутствующая повсюду, но не открыто выраженная  – отражается в двухсмысленных и поляризированных репрезентациях Ташкента, описания старых кварталов которого разделяют экзотизирующие клише, используемые в отношении Самарканда и Бухары, в то время как основной параллелью нового русского города выступает Санкт-Петербург. Вместе в тем, выбор Ташкента интересен именно своей неоднозначностью, показывающей амбивалентность дискурса экзотизации по мере присвоения объекта и конструирования образа « экзотического другого » на разных уровнях и в разных ритмах (сначала « вне », затем « внутри » освоенного пространства).

Résumé:
L’article montre le mécanisme de construction de l’image de Tachkent, capitale du Turkestan russe colonial, aux niveaux politique, visuel et littéraire du XIXe-début du XXe siècle. Du point de vue des pratiques « exotisantes » / « orientalisantes », la figure de Tachkent en tant que structure urbaine est loin d’être univoque. À partir de la transformation de la ville en centre administratif du Turkestan russe colonial, deux logiques opposées (de mise à distance et d’assimilation) se sont croisées dans le processus de (non-)exotisation de Tachkent, mettant au jour toute la complexité de l’« orientalisation » et… de l’« européisation » de la ville. En effet, l’idée de ségrégation – omniprésente, mais non explicite – se reflète dans la représentation ambiguë et polarisée de Tachkent, dont les descriptions de la partie traditionnelle (l’ancienne ville) partagent les clichés pittoresques et exotiques de Samarcande, Boukhara et Khiva, tandis que la partie de la ville proprement coloniale (la nouvelle ville russe) n’est comparable qu’à Saint-Pétersbourg. Le choix de Tachkent est intéressant du fait de sa polyvalence, qui montre l’ambiguïté du discours sur l’exotisation à mesure que le sujet assimile l’objet et construit la figure de « l’Autre exotique » à des niveaux et à des rythmes différents (d’abord hors, puis à l’intérieur de l’espace qu’il fait sien)."

Political street art and slogans appear as visual markers of the shifting, complex discourses of power struggles, marginality and counter-cultures that establish a new reality that must be seen and heard. As an art form, it is largely connected to and inspired by the existing social conditions. The central Athens of previous years is now a terrain of conflict and metamorphosis and the city’s walls are screaming a thousand stories. In other words, city walls are the canvas and social conditions the paint in a gallery of untold stories. Redefined symbols, decomposed stereotypes, re-visioned aesthetics, and antiracist slogans are the tools for the transformation of walls into social diaries. In this light, street art is examined as a form of social diary, a visual history of marginalised and minority groups. Street art captures the need for self-expression in a changing environment, and street artists actively participate in the production of culture in the micro-level by consciously contributing to the need for urban re-visions.

http://www.soclabo.org/index.php/laboratorium/article/view/460