baryons

This paper describes a relativistic electro-dynamic analysis of the proton–electron relationship, starting with its simplest form, the hydrogen atom. Following the success of the methods used in the hydrogen analysis, a similar analysis of the proton-electron relationship in the neutron was performed. The binding energy of the neutron was demonstrated in the analysis to be entirely due to an electro-dynamic relationship between the proton and electron. Furthermore, the analysis also gives good evidence that the " Weak Force " , when applied to proton-electron interactions is primarily an electro-dynamic force. Additionally, the results obtained in both analyses enabled the formulation of, what the author believes to be, a new equation that very accurately predicts the decay lifetime of a cold, free, unbound neutron.

In contemporary physics elementary particles are classified by energy, live time and other properties. In contradiction to this very basic principle of contemporary physics, this article proposes a new concept that particles in the gravitation field like in the electric field have allowed energy levels. Only four elementary particles, i.e., electron, proton, photon and neutrino are in the ground state. They are intrinsically elementary particles. All other particles are excited states of said intrinsic particles in the gravitation field of Earth.

We use the extensive catalog of dark matter haloes from the Millennium simulation to investigate the statistics of the mass accretion histories (MAHs) and accretion rates of ~500,000 haloes from redshift z=0 to 6. We find only about 25% of the haloes to have MAHs that are well described by a 1-parameter exponential form. For the rest of the haloes, between 20% (Milky-Way mass) to 50% (cluster mass) experience late-time growth that is steeper than an exponential, whereas the remaining haloes show plateau-ed late-time growth that is shallower than an exponential. The haloes with slower late-time growth tend to reside in denser environments, suggesting that either tidal stripping or the "hotter" dynamics are suppressing the accretion rate of dark matter onto these haloes. These deviations from exponential growth are well fit by introducing a second parameter: M(z) \propto (1+z)^beta exp(-gamma z). The full distribution of beta and gamma as a function of halo mass is provided....

A concise review of the progress of lattice calculations at non-zero density since QM2006 is given with emphasis on the high baryon density, low-temperature domain. Possibilities of exploring densities higher than those studied by standard techniques are analysed. The phase transitions of cold, dense matter, where the sign problem remains severe, are discussed in the context of QCD-like models and approximations to QCD.

Radiation exposures and cancer induction/mortality risks were investigated for several major solar particle events (SPE's). The SPE's included are: February 1956, November 1960, August 1972, October 1989, and the September, August, and October 1989 events combined. The three 1989 events were treated as one since all three could affect a single lunar or Mars mission. A baryon transport code was used to propagate particles through aluminum and tissue shield materials. A free space environment was utilized for all calculations. Results show the 30-day blood forming organs (BFO) limit of 25 rem was surpassed by all five events using 10 g/sq cm of shielding. The BFO limit is based on a depth dose of 5 cm of tissue, while a more detailed shield distribution of the BFO's was utilized. A comparison between the 5 cm depth dose and the dose found using the BFO shield distribution shows that the 5 cm depth value slightly higher than the BFO dose. The annual limit of 50 rem was exceeded by the August 1972, October 1989, and the three combined 1989 events with 5 g/sq cm of shielding. Cancer mortality risks ranged from 1.5 to 17 percent at 1 g/sq cm and 0.5 to 1.1 percent behind 10 g/sq cm of shielding for five events. These ranges correspond to those for a 45 year old male. It is shown that secondary particles comprise about 1/3 of the total risk at 10 g/sq cm of shielding. Utilizing a computerized Space Shuttle shielding model to represent a typical spacecraft configuration in free space at the August 1972 SPE, average crew doses exceeded the BFO dose limit.

Abstract:We study a sector of the hadron spectrum in the presence of finite baryon density. We use a non-supersymmetric gravity dual to a confining guage theory which exhibits a running dilaton. The interaction of mesons with the finite density medium is encoded in the dual theory by a force balancing between flavor D7-branes and a baryon vertex provided by a wrapped D5-brane. When the current quark mass mq is sufficiently large, the meson mass reduces, exhibiting an interesting spectral flow as we increase the baryon density while it has a more complicated behaviour for very small mq.

Isothermal baryon-number fluctuations arising from a first-order quark-hadron phase transition in the early Universe are obtained by including the quark-gluon interactions up to the order g3s in the perturbative QCD coupling constant in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) phase and the finite-size volume corrections for the hadrons in the hadron-resonance gas (HRG) and their effects on the primordial nucleosynthesis (PNS) are analyzed. The ratio of the baryon-number densities in the QGP and HRG phases at the critical temperature Tc is larger than one in the range 150 MeV<Tc<260 MeV. However, it is far larger than one even when Tc is outside this range, thus affecting primordial nucleosynthesis significantly.

I briefly review recent results from particle theory and experiment which are relevant to the question of what might make up galactic halo dark matter, and more generally what might contribute a closure density in dark matter. I talk in turn about Cold Dark Matter candidates. Baryons, and Hot Dark Matter (i.e. light neutrinos).

We show how the Koide relationships and associated triplet mass matrices can be generalized to derive the observed sum of the free neutron and proton rest masses in terms of the up and down current quark masses and the Fermi vev to six parts in 10,000, which sum can then be solved for the separate neutron and proton masses using the neutron minus proton mass difference derived by the author in an recent, separate paper. The opposite charges of the up and down quarks are responsible for the appearance of a complex phase exp(iδ) and real rotation angle which leads on an independent basis to mass and mixing matrices similar to that of Cabibbo, Kobayashi and Maskawa and which can be used to specify the neutron and proton mass relationships to unlimited accuracy. The Koide generalizations developed here enable these neutron and proton mass relationships to be given a Lagrangian formulation based on neutron and proton field strength tensors that contain vacuum-amplified and current quark ...

We find that recent results from the KamLAND Collaboration on geologically produced antineutrinos, N(U+Th)=28−15+16 events, correspond to a radiogenic heat production from uranium and thorium decay chains H(U+Th)=38−33+35 TW. The 99% confidence limit on the geo-neutrino signal translates into the upper bound H(U+Th)162 TW, which is much weaker than that claimed by KamLAND, H(U+Th)60 TW, based on a too narrow class of

Even though quantum chromodynamics is a broken conformal theory, the AdS/CFT correspondence has led to important insights into the properties of QCD. For example, as shown by Polchinski and Strassler, dimensional counting rules for the power-law falloff of hadron scattering amplitudes follow from dual holographic models with conformal behavior at short distances and confinement at large distances. We find that one also obtains a remarkable representation of the entire light-quark meson and baryon spectrum, including all orbital excitations, based on only one mass parameter. We also show how hadron light-front wavefunctions and hadron form factors in both the space-like and time-like regions can be predicted.