sonet

— The purpose of this paper is to do comparison of study of traffic handling efficiency of STM 16 devices between Huawei OptiX 3500 and Tejas TJ 1400.The present study will compare the efficiency of both the products. The development in transmission systems like MADM and DWDM is going towards higher bandwidth handling capacity of traffic. The development of mobile generation from 1G to 5G, requirement of higher bandwidth for lease-line, internet broadband and NGN, includes the requirement of higher bandwidth/traffic handling capacity of transmission system. All latest development in the field of PSTN, broadband and mobile needs higher bandwidth to meet the purpose of technology

Due to conformal capability, research on transmission lines has received much attention lately. Many studies have been reported in the last decade in which transmission lines have been analyzed extensively using various techniques. It is well known that transmission lines are used for transmission of information, but in this case the main aim is to deliver information from generator to receiver with low attenuation. To achieve this, the load should be matched to the characteristic impedance of the line, meaning that the wave coefficient should be near 1 (one). One of the most important methods for line matching is through quarter-wavelength line (quarter-wave transformer). Analysis of transmission lines using numerical methods is difficult because of any possible error that can occur. Therefore, the best solution in this case would be the use of any software package which is designed for analysis of transmission lines. In this paper we will use Sonet software which is generally used...

Relationships between primary care providers and major medical centers are changing. In addition, there is a trend toward subspecialization and geographic dispersion within medical centers. Present data management systems and present referral practices are unlikely to ...

This article reviews the use of CMOS distributed amplifiers for broadband optical and wireless communication applications. CMOS distributed amplifiers are justified as a low-cost and highly integrated solution for broad amplifications. As a critical component of DAs, the design and modeling of on-chip inductors are studied. As a design example, a novel four-stage CMOS distributed amplifier for SONET OC-768 optical

El aporte a la literatura costarricense que se le ha reconocido a Fabian Dobles, por parte de los estudiosos, criticos y lectores -en tanto escritor perteneciente a la denominada generacion del 40- se circunscribe particularmente al genero narrativo, ya que la resonancia y el alcance que han obtenido sus novelas y sus cuentos lo ha trascendido como uno de los escritores mas importantes de su generacion. Sin embargo, en el transcurso de su produccion, Dobles tambien se dedico a trabajar minuciosamente el genero lirico; prueba de ello son algunos poemas dispersos publicados en la prensa nacional del momento y los poemarios Tu, voz de sombra de 1946, Verdad del agua y del viento del ano 1949 y Yerbamar, publicado en conjunto con el poeta Mario Picado en 1965.

In this paper a novel methodology aimed at minimizing the probability of network failure and the failure impact (in terms of QoS degradation) while optimizing the resource consumption is introduced. A detailed study of MPLS recovery techniques and their GMPLS extensions are also presented. In this scenario, some features for reducing the failure impact and offering minimum failure probabilities at

Planners of telecommunications networks frequently are faced with uncertainties about the data values to be utilized. Conventional mathematical models using such data can therefore lead to weak results often dependent upon these uncertainties. An option is to model the problems by using techniques involving fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers. Supported by these techniques, we develop a model that helps planning a stage in the telecommunications access networks. The model accepts uncertainties about equipment costs and permits analyzing competition aspects among different technologies and topologies. The mathematical problem to be solved is of mixed linear type with 0-1 variables. We also present an application to an actual network, focusing on the use of SONET/SDH unidirectional rings to serve key customers

The dimensioning of optical networks consists in deter-mining the quantities of resources necessary to transport a given traffic. This issue is frequently addressed using extensive numerical processing. Commercial tools are available to help the dimensioning task [1]. However, ...