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  • 1588244806UPHTE-601 Unit3.7 JU - Hysteresis Curve

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    Mihir Rana
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    1) Hysteresis refers to the lagging of magnetization in ferromagnetic materials like iron when an external magnetic field is applied or removed. 2) When an alternating magnetic field is applied, the material's magnetization traces out a hysteresis loop or B-H curve on a graph of magnetic flux density (B) versus magnetic field strength (H). 3) The hysteresis loop demonstrates that ferromagnetic materials retain some magnetization even after the external field is removed, due to alignment of magnetic domains within the material. Remagnetization in the opposite direction requires an external field of the opposite polarity.

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    1588244806UPHTE-601 Unit3.7 JU_Hysteresis Curve

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    1) Hysteresis refers to the lagging of magnetization in ferromagnetic materials like iron when an external magnetic field is applied or removed. 2) When an alternating magnetic field is applied, the material's magnetization traces out a hysteresis loop or B-H curve on a graph of magnetic flux density (B) versus magnetic field strength (H). 3) The hysteresis loop demonstrates that ferromagnetic materials retain some magnetization even after the external field is removed, due to alignment of magnetic domains within the material. Remagnetization in the opposite direction requires an external field of the opposite polarity.

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    32 views2 pages

    1588244806UPHTE-601 Unit3.7 JU - Hysteresis Curve

    Uploaded by

    Mihir Rana
    1) Hysteresis refers to the lagging of magnetization in ferromagnetic materials like iron when an external magnetic field is applied or removed. 2) When an alternating magnetic field is applied, the material's magnetization traces out a hysteresis loop or B-H curve on a graph of magnetic flux density (B) versus magnetic field strength (H). 3) The hysteresis loop demonstrates that ferromagnetic materials retain some magnetization even after the external field is removed, due to alignment of magnetic domains within the material. Remagnetization in the opposite direction requires an external field of the opposite polarity.

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    of 2

    - Hysteresis

    Definition: Hysteresis refers to the lagging of the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material like iron. In other
    words when a ferromagnetic material is magnetized in one direction, it will not relax back to zero
    magnetization even when the imposed magnetizing field is removed hence it has to be driven back to zero, a
    field in the opposite direction needs to be applied.

    If an alternating magnetic field is applied to the material, its magnetization will trace out a loop called
    a hysteresis loop or B-H Curve.The study is well supported by the “WEISS DOMAIN” theory.
    2.Due to
    alignment of all
    Domains along H
    3.When applied field is zero. The ferromagnetic
    material retains magnetization(residual Flux). As
    many domains retain alignment in direction of H

    1.Non linear curve


    4.H in reverse direction reqd. to reduce when magnetized from
    the to make flux density to zero Zero

    5.Due to alignment of Domains in


    opposite direction

    B-H CURVE or HYSTERESIS LOOP

    1). On application of a magnetic field on a ferromagnetic material . It shows a non linear rise (1) Flux
    Density lags behind the applied external field called as HYSTERESIS)) ,plotted along Y-axis.The material
    reached saturation as all the domains align parallel to the applied field. (2).

    2).On removing the applied field ,H=0. Some of the domains retain the alignment resulting in residual
    magnetism. This loss of retracibility results as the hysteresis loop as shown.

    3). The residual magnetic field is called as retentivity, which arises as many of the domains retain their
    alignment along the direction of the external field that was applied.its value is given by the Y- intercept.

    1
    4). Now a external magnetic field is applied in opposite direction so that the residual magnetism gets reduced
    to zero.This value of the field is called as Coercitivity. This term specifies the hardness or softness of the
    material towards magnetization. Hard .Mateials like steel have high value while Soft materials like soft iron
    have low value of corecitivity.

    5). The applied magnetic field strength is further increased in the reverse direction till again saturation is
    reached by the alignment of all the domains along the direction of the applied magnetic field H.

    6). The process of reducing the applied field to zero is followed and again the applied field is increased in
    forward direction.

    The said process is repeated by constantly changing the direction of the applied magnetic field by changing
    the direction of the ac supply to the coil. Magnetic Hysteresis Loop or B-H Loop is obtained.

    The B-H loop give us the magnetizing behavior of a given ferromagnetic material.

    7). The above process involves loss of energy in form of heat which is proportional to the area of the B-H Loop.

    8). Greater the area better magnetism produced and vice versa.as given below are the representation of Soft
    and Hard ferromagnetic materials.

    SOFT : these ferromagnetic materials have HARD: these ferromagnetic materials have
    small area as energy loss over B-H Curve is slarge area as energy loss over B-H Curve is
    small large. These form good magnets.

    The amount of work needed to be done in order to align the dipoles of the material parallel to the applied
    magnetic field is lost in form of heat

    W = µ0 ( area of M-H loop) = Work done per unit volume lost in form of heat lost. ……..(1)

    Now in case of B-H loop/Curve

    B = µ0 ( H + M ) → ∂B = µ0 (∂H +∂M ) →∂M = (1/ µ0) ∂B - ∂H ……………(2)

    From above equations

    W= ∮ - µ0 ∮

    ∮ =0 hence W = ∮ = area of B – H Curve.

    Imp: Do comparison between hard and soft ferromagnetic materials from book.

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