Transistor Biasing

NAME: SUBRATA BASU
DESIGNATION: Jr. LECTURER (EE)
NAME Of THE POLYTECHNIC : M.B.C. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAME OF SUBJECT: BASIC ELECTRONICS
UNIT NO: 4
TOPIC OF HEADING: TRANSISTOR BIASING
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 Need for Biasing: For faithful amplification, a transistor amplifier must

satisfy three basic conditions, namely: (i) Proper zero signal collector
current (ii) Proper base- emitter voltage at any instant and (iii) Proper
collector emitter voltage at any instant. It is the fulfillment of these
conditions which is known as transistor biasing.
The basic purpose of transistor biasing is to keep the base -emitter junction
forward biased and collector -emitter junction properly reverse biased during the
application of signal. This can be achieved with a bias battery or associating a
circuit with a transistor. The latter method is more efficient and is frequently
employed. The circuit which provides transistor biasing is known as biasing circuit.
That's why transistor biasing is very essential for the proper operation of
transistor in any circuit.
If the transistor is not biased correctly, it would
1. Work inefficiently and 2. Produce distortion in the output signal.

 D.C Load Line: The concept of load line is important in understanding the
working of a transistor.
There are two types of load line namely DC load line and AC load line.
The former determines the locus of Ic and Vce in the zero signal conditions
and the latter shows these values when the ac signal is applied.
 Quiescent Point: It is a point on the DC load lines which represent dc
collector emitter voltage Vce and collector current Ic in the absence of ac
signal. It is also called the operating point because the variations in Vce and
Ic takes place about this point when signal is applied. The best position for
this point is midway between cut- off and saturation points where Vce=1/2
Vcc .Point Q is quiescent point marked on the output characteristics shown
in figure Selection of the operating point is done as per application for
which the device is to be used.
 Stabilization: The process of making operating point independent of

temperature changes variation in transistor parameters is known as
stabilization.
Once stabilization is done the zero signal Ic and Vce becomes independent of
temperature variations or replacement of transistor i.e the operating point is
fixed .A good biasing circuit always ensures the stabilization of operating point.
Need for Stabilization: stabilization of the operating point is necessary due to the
following reasons:-
(i) Temperature dependence of Ic
(ii) Individual Variations
(iii) Thermal Runaway
 Different Methods for Transistor Biasing:
Some of the methods used for a transistor are:
1.Base bias: It is not a very satisfactory method because bias voltage and currents
do not remain constant during transistor operation.
2.Base bias with emitter feedback: This circuit achieves good stability of dc
operating point against changes in b with the help of emitter resistor which
causes degeneration to take place.
3.Base bias with collector feedback: It is also known as collector-to-base bias. It

provides better bias stability.
4.Voltage divider bias: It is most widely used in linear discrete circuits because It
provides good bias stability.
 Base Resistor Method: In this method a high resistance Rb (a several

hundreds kilo ohm) is connected between base and +ve end of supply for
npn transistor and between base and negative end of supply for pnp
transistor. Here, the required zero signal base current is provided by Vcc and
it flows through Rb. It is because now base is positive w.r.t emitter i.e. base
emitter junction is forward biased. The required value of zero signal base
current Ib(and hence Ic=βIb)can be made to flow by selecting the proper
value of base resistor Rb.
 Advantages: (i) The biasing circuit is very simple as only one resistance Rb is
required.
(ii) Biasing condition can be easily set and the calculations are simple .
(iii) There is no loading of the source by the biasing circuit since no resistor
is employed across base emitter junction.
 Disadvantages: (i)There are strong chances thermal runway..
(ii) This method provides poor stabilization. It is because there is no means
to stop a self increase in collector current due to temperature rise and
individual variations.
 Base Bias with Emitter Feedback: In this method, one end of RB is

connected to the base and the other end to the collector as shown in
figure. Here, the required zero signal base current is determined not by VCC
but by the collector- base voltage VCB. It is clear that VCB forward biases the
base-emitter junction and hence base current IB flows through RB. This
causes the zero signal collector current to flow in the circuit.
Circuit Analysis: The required value of RB needed to give the zero signal
current Ic can be determined as follows. Referring to figure,
Vcc=IcRc+IBRB+VBE
Or, RB=(Vcc-VBE-IcRc )/IB
Or,RB =(Vcc-VBE-βIBRc)/IB
 Advantages:(i) It is a simple method as it requires only one resistance RB.

(ii)This circuit provides some stabilization of the operating point as
discussed below:
Suppose that the temperature increases. This will increase collector leakage
current and hence the total collector current. But as soon as the collector
current increases, VCE decreases due to greater drop across Rc. The result is
that laser voltage is available across RB. Hence, the base current decreases.
The smaller IB tends to decrease the collector current to original value.
 Disadvantages:(i)This circuit does not provide good stabilization. It is
because of operating point does change, although to laser extent, due to
temperature variations and other effects.
(ii)This circuit provides a negative feedback which reduces the gain of the
amplifier as explained here after. During the positive half cycle of the signal,
the collector current increases. The increased collector current would result
in greater voltage drop across RC. This will reduce the base current and
hence collector current.
 Voltage Divider Bias Method: This is the most widely used method of
providing biasing and stabilization to a transistor. In this method, two
resistance R1 and R2 are connected across the supply voltage VCC and
provide biasing. The emitter resistance RE provides stabilization. The name
voltage divider comes from the voltage divider formed by R1 and R2. The
voltage drop across R2 forward biases the base-emitter junction. This
causes the base current and hence collector current flow in the zero signal
conditions.
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NAME: SUBRATA BASU

DESIGNATION: Jr. LECTURER (EE)

NAME Of THE POLYTECHNIC : M.B.C. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NAME OF SUBJECT: BASIC ELECTRONICS

TOPIC OF HEADING: TRANSISTOR BIASING

 Need for Biasing: For faithful amplification, a transistor amplifier must

If the transistor is not biased correctly, it would

1. Work inefficiently and 2. Produce distortion in the output signal.

 Stabilization: The process of making operating point independent of

(ii) Individual Variations

(iii) Thermal Runaway

 Different Methods for Transistor Biasing:

Some of the methods used for a transistor are:

3.Base bias with collector feedback: It is also known as collector-to-base bias. It

 Base Resistor Method: In this method a high resistance Rb (a several

 Base Bias with Emitter Feedback: In this method, one end of RB is

 Advantages:(i) It is a simple method as it requires only one resistance RB.

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