Reviewer Physical Science 3RD Quarter

12-PHYSICAL SCIENCE – REVIEWER 101
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL SCIENCE

BRANCHES OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE
• Physics
• Astronomy
• Geology
• Chemistry
1. Physics - a matter of ENERGY!
 a branch of science that studies MATTER and ENERGY
 Motion, force, electricity, light and heat
 Scientists who are experts in physics are called PHYSICISTS.
2. CHEMISTRY - A MATTER OF REACTIONS!
 the study of all forms of matter, including how matter interacts with one another
3. GEOLOGY
 the study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth.
 Geochemist are geologists who apply their knowledge of heat, force, and chemistry to
understand how rocks and soil change over time.
4. ASTRONOMY
 the study of everything in the universe beyond Earth's atmosphere
Important Discoveries in Physics
 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
- “Earth revolve around the sun.”
• GALILEO GALILEI
- “All falling objects would accelerate at the same rate regardless of their size,
shape, or mass in a vacuum.”
• ISAAC NEWTON
- Three Laws of Motion
• ALBERT EINSTEIN
- Theory of Relativity
• JOHN DALTON
- “Atomic Theory of Matter”
• MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK
- “Quantum Theory”
LESSON 1 – BIG BANG THEORY

Father of the Big Bang Theory
• In 1927, A Belgian cosmologist and a Catholic Priest, GEORGE LAMAITRE proposed the
Big Bang Theory..
DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT SCIENTISTS/COSMOLOGISTS
ALBERT EINSTEIN
 He predicted that the universe is expanding (1915)
--STATIC UNIVERSE
ALEXANDER FRIEDMAN
 tried Einstein equations..
 CLOSED UNIVERSE:
 OPEN UNIVERSE:
EDWIN HUBBLE
 discovered that galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an
expanding universe
 RED SHIFT
The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons (with the exception of H).
• Atoms with the same atomic number BUT DIFFERENT with MASS NUMBERS are isotopes
of the same element.
• atomic number = number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• mass number = the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons.
Isotopes of Hydrogen
NUCLEAR REACTIONS DURING BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS:

 Electrons started to bind to ionized protons and nuclei forming neutral atoms in a process
called RECOMBINATION (5)
 400 million years later, giant clouds from original elements merged to form stars and galaxies
for the next 500 million years ago
 At about 9.8 billion years after the big bang, the solar system was formed.
RED SHIFT
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE
MIXTURE OF ELEMENTS
Red shift
 When an object (such as stars or galaxies) moves away from us, the light is shifted to the red
end of the spectrum, as its wavelengths get longer.
 The further away a galaxy is from us, the faster it appears to be moving away. This
relationship, is known as Hubble’s law.
 = the Universe is expanding, which means that when we look at distant galaxies they appear
to be moving away from us
LESSON 2 – FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS

The Origin of all naturally occurring elements fall into two phases:
 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
= the origin and production of light elements after the Big Bang
 Stellar Nucleosynthesis
= the origin and production of “heavy” elements
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
 the process that creates new atomic nucleus from pre-existing nucleons, which is the protons
and neutrons
 The energy and temperature of the universe are extremely high to cause the n and p+ to
combine and form certain species of atomic nuclei in a process called nuclear fusion.
NUCLEAR FUSION = the joining of nuclei
ORIGIN OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS
 Heavy elements were formed only billions of years after the formation of stars.
 The formation of heavy elements by fusion of lighter nuclei in the interior of stars is called
“stellar nucleosynthesis”.
Main-sequence stars
 The first fusion process occurs in the hydrogen core of stars such as the sun with a
temperature of less than 15 million K.
Carbon –Nitrogen- Oxygen Cycle (CNO)
 other process of stellar nucleosynthesis in which stars on the main sequence fuse hydrogen
into helium
 it involves repeated proton capture and beta-plus decay
Triple alpha process
 occur in red giant stars
ALPHA LADDER
 More and more alpha particles are fused to create heavier elements all the way to iron,
making the core and star itself more massive.
CHAIN OF ALPHA PROCESS
In this, an alpha particle is added to an atomic nucleus (such a as Carbon) to form Oxygen.
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
 In supernova, neutron capture reaction takes place, leading to formation of heavy elements
by addition of more neutrons to existing nuclei instead of fusion of light nuclei.
 Atomic nuclei often needed to absorb neutrons rapidly, a phenomenon known as the "r-
process“.
 Other heavy elements are also synthesized through s-process involving slow neutron capture
in red giant stars.

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12-PHYSICAL SCIENCE – REVIEWER 101

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL SCIENCE

LESSON 1 – BIG BANG THEORY

NUCLEAR REACTIONS DURING BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS:

LESSON 2 – FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS

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