Big Bang

Nuclear
Reaction
Nuclear Reaction
Are processes in which a
nucleus either combines
with another nucleus
(Through nuclear fusion) or
splits into smaller nuclei
(through nuclear fission).
Radioactive Particles
The radioactive particles may be elements,
electrons, protons and neutrons.
Electron- Negative charge

Proton- Potive Charge
Alpha Particle - high-speed particle consisting of
2 protonss and 2 nuetrons
Beta Particle- (high speed electron)
Gamma Ray- High energy stream of photons
Positrons- Positive Charges electron
The
Big Bang
Theory
Ø The existence of all matter is
believed to have started with the
birth of the universe.
Ø It was postulates that approximately
14 billion years ago, a hot dense mass
about one centimeter in diameter
experienced a huge explosion,
spreading its products as a fast
moving clouds of gas.
ØWith in the first second after
explosion, subatomic particles
such as protons, neutrons and
electrons were formed.
ØAs expanding universe cooled,
protons and nuetrons started to
fuse (combine to form heavier
nuclei of deuterium (an isotope of
hydrogen with one neutrons and
one proton), and some into helium.
Ø Isotopes are atoms of an element that
have the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons.
Ø They can be written using th element
symbol, the atomic mass (as left
subscript, and atomic number (as left
superscript)
example:
deuterium with atomic mass of 2 and an
atomic number of 1 may be written as 2H.
(1) occurrence of redshift,
(2) background radiation,
(3) abundance of light
elements.
Ø Astronomers believe that a few
minutes after the big bang, the
universe was composed of
approximately 75% hydrogen,
25% helium and trace amount
of lithium.
Ø The processes through which
these light elements formed
are generally called big bang
nucleosynthesis.
In 1900’s he offered
an explanation that the
universe is expanding.
He observed that many
starts and galiaxes
shine with light shifted
toward the red end of
the visible spectrum.
He discovered that they were
moving away from the Earth
and from each other. His
calculations supported the
theory that the universe is
expanding.
In the 1910, Vesto Slipher and Carl
Wilhelm Wirtz measured the wavelengths
of light from spiral nebulae, which are
interstellar clouds of dust and ionized
gases. They discovered that the light from
the nebulae increased in wavelength.
Explains that when an object gets
closer to us, its light waves are
compressed into shorter
wavelengths.
(blueshifted, because blue light
has the shortest wavelength in
the visible region).
Occurs because the light waves of
cosmic bodies are stretched into low-
frequency red waves as they move
away from an observer on Earth.
In 1965, Robert
Wilson and Arno
Penzias discovered a
low, steady “hum” from
their Holmdel Horn
antenna (an antenna
built to support
NASA’s Project Echo).
They concluded that the noise is
Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation (CMBR), the remains
of energy created after the big
bang expansion. Abundance of
Light Elements The observed
abundance of light elements
supports the big bang theory
Ø The theory predicts that the
universe is composed of 75%
hydrogen and 25% helium by
mass.
Ø The prediction correlated to
the measured abundances of
primordial material in
unprocessed gas in some parts
of the universe with no stars.
PROTON DEUTERIUM
TRITIUM HELIUM
NEUTRON
STELLAR
FORMATION
AND
EVOLUTION
Over millions of years, the stars made
of hydrogen became hotter and denser.
During the Stellar evolution, nuckear
ractions continued, which produced
elements heavier than lithium. the
light elements combined to form
atoms of carbon, neon, oxygen, silicon
and iron.
As more elements were roduced,
new layer added up to the size of
the star until it became red giant.
Stars are describe to have an
onion skin structure as they
evolved and produced new
elements.
References:
https://www.facebook.com/notes/grade-11-physical-
science-vnhs/lesson-11-the-formation-of-the-light-
elements-in-the-big-bang-
theory/1475354632480757/
https://scienceillustrated.com.au/blog/uncategorized/big-
bang-the-accidental-proof/

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Nuclear

Electron- Negative charge

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