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    Class Notes 1

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Kumar Singh

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Class Notes 1

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Kumar Singh
    9 views4 pages

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    ClassNotes1 (1)

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    9 views4 pages

    Class Notes 1

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Kumar Singh

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    ✅ Why Protection

    - Power System designed by human has a probability of failure


    - We can not design a power system which free from failure
    - It is not economically feasible to design a power system which is free from failure
    - It is advisable to design a power system considering the economics in mind and
    allowing the failures to happen and design a protection system to reduce the damage
    is always better

    ✅ What is Protection

    - Protection system is equipment / equipments together detects, isolate the fault /


    failures / abnormalities to minimise the damage and prevent the cascaded failure
    - Fuse,
    - CT, Cable, Relay, CB
    - MCB
    - MCCB & ACB

    ✅ What is Protection Coordination?

    - There are many Protection Devices available in the system


    - Hence we need to coordinate these protection devices

    ✅ Objective of Protection coordination studies

    - Isolate the fault


    - Isolate only the fault
    - Isolate only the fault as quick as possible
    - Isolate the fault along with minimum possible healthy equipments in case if the main
    protection system fails

    ✅ Reference Standards

    What is included and excluded?

    Protection:

    - HV / EHV
    o Differential
    o Distance
    o Restricted Fault
    - MV
    o Over current – 51 (IDMT OC) and 50 (Instant OC)
    o Earth Fault – 51N (IDMT EF) and 50N (Instant EF)
    - LV
    o Thermal Magnetic Release
    o Electronic Release / Microprocessor Release
    - Other Protection
    o Frequency
    o Voltage
    o

    ✅ IDMT Over current Protection – How to select Pick up, Curve and Time Dial Setting

    ✅ Instantaneous Over current Protection – How to select Pick up

    ✅ When to use Definite Time and when to use Instantaneous Over current Protection

    ✅ IDMT Earth Fault Protection – How to select Pick up, Curve and Time Dial Setting

    ✅ Instantaneous Earth Fault Protection – How to select Pick up

    ✅ manual calculation

    ✅ simulations using ETAP


    Protection:

    - Current detection based


    - Phase faults – OC
    o IDMT
    o Instant
    o Definite Time
    - Ground / Earth Faults

    TCC – Time Current Characteristic Curve

    CT Ratio:

    - FLA * Margin = 179 *1.1

    Over Current Protection:

    IDMT

    - Inverse Definite Minimum Time


    o Inverse curve ends and becomes definite Minimum Time at 20 / 30 / 50 times
    the Pick up current
    - Applications
    o Transformer – IEC EI
    o Motor – IEC VI / IEC LTI
    o Cable – IEC NI
    o Buscoupler – IEC NI
    o Incomer – IEC NI
    o Capacitor
    - Three Parameters
    o Pick up current (I>)
     Full load current * Over Load margin * Safety Margin / (Reset Ratio *
    Under Voltage Margin)
    o Curve
     IEEE 242

    o Time Dial Setting (TDS) / Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)
    TCC Curve

    - Adjust TDS / TMS to move the curve vertically


    - Adjust the pick up to move the curve horizontally – Pick up is science

    Curve and Time Dial Setting has to be selected together based on

    - Should not trip for motor starting (Motor starting current 6 / 7.2 / 10 times)
    - Should not trip for transformer energisation (Transformer inrush current could be 6 to
    12 times of FLA)
    - Should not trip for Capacitor switching (APFC)
    - This should have coordination with downstream relay
    - Ensure that overloading capability of equipment is utilised without tripping
    - Ensure that equipment is protected against damage

    Why we are not selecting pick up current as Full load current?

    - There is a probability of overloading of equipments for short time and equipments


    has the capability to withstand
    - CT always have error – 5P20
    - Equipments in power system are designed operate for a range of voltage (Voltage
    Tolerance – Typically +/- 10%)

    Instant OC – 50

    - Pick up
    o Above Starting Current
    o Above inrush and Through fault for transformer
    o Above inrush current for capacitor
    o Importance to RMS – Includes DC, Harmonics

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