Helwan university Faculty of Engineering

Electric Power System 2

Lecture 4
Dr. Mariem Yacoub Yousef
Electrical power and machine Department
Faculty of Engineering – Helwan university

1
Short Circuit Calculation

Introduction
This chapter is devoted to the analysis of symmetrical three-phase fault. This type of fault can be defined as a
simultaneous short circuit across all three phases, that occurs infrequently, for example, when a mechanical
excavator cuts quickly through a whole cable, or when a line, which has been made safe for maintenance by
clamping all the three phases to earth is accidentally made alive or when due to slow fault clearance, an earth
fault spreads across to the other two phases.
Fault studies form an important part of power system analysis and the problem consists of determining bus
voltage and line current during faults. The three phase fault information is used to select and set phase relays and
the proper choice of circuit breakers.

2
Short Circuit Calculation

Introduction
A power system network comprises synchronous generators, transformers, transmission lines, and loads.
During a fault, loads current can be neglected because voltages dip very low so the current drawn by loads can
be neglected in comparison to fault currents. In fact, high precision is not necessary when calculating the three-
phase fault level because circuit breakers are manufactured in standard sizes, e.g., 250, 500,750 MVA ete.
Generally, for three-phase fault calculation, the following assumptions are made for large network:
1. The emfs of all generators are 1∠0° pu. This assumption simplifies the problem and it means that the voltage
is at its nominal value and the system is operating at no load at the time of the fault. Since all emfs are equal
and in phase, all the generators can be replaced by a single generator.
2. Charging capacitances of the transmission line are ignored.
3. Shunt elements in the transformer model are neglected.
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 Short Circuit Calculation
Example 1: A synchronous generator and a synchronous motor each rated 20 MVA, 12.66 KV having 15% sub-
transient reactance are connected through transformers and a line as shown in the figure. The transformers are
rated 20 MVA, 12.66/66 KV and 66/12.66 KV with leakage reactance of 10% each. The line has a reactance of
8% on a base of 20 MVA, 66 KV. The motor is drawing 10 MW 0.80 leading power factor and a terminal
voltage 11 KV when a symmetrical three-phase fault occurs at the motor terminals. Determine the generator and
motor currents. Also, determine the fault current.

Solution:
All reactances are given at base power 20 MVA
X𝐺 = X𝑚 = 𝑗0.15, X 𝑇𝑟1 = X 𝑇𝑟2 = 𝑗0.10, X 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑗0.08
V𝑀 11
Prefault voltage for load V0 = = = 0.8688∠ 0°𝑝𝑢
V𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 12.66
10
P𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 0.5∠ 36.87°𝑝𝑢
20
P𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 0.5∠ 36.87° 4
Prefault current for load I0 = = = 0.7194∠36.87°𝑝𝑢
𝑣 ∗𝑝𝑓 0.8∗0.8688∠0°
 Short Circuit Calculation
Eg′′ = V0 + I0 𝑗0.28 + 𝑗0.15 =0.7266∠ 19.911°
′′ = V − I 𝑗0.15 =0.9374∠ − 5.28°
Em 0 0
During fault current
E ′′
g
Ig′′ = = 1.689∠ −70.1°𝑝𝑢
𝑗0.28 + 𝑗0.15
′′
′′ =
E m
Im = 6.25∠ −95.28°𝑝𝑢
𝑗0.15
I𝐹 = Ig′′ + Im
′′
= 1.689∠ −70.1°+6.25∠ −95.28°=−j7.811
For actual values
20 ∗ 1000
I𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 2 = 912.085𝐴𝑚𝑝
3 ∗ 12.66
Ig′′ = 1.689∠ −70.1°∗912.085 = 1540.5∠ −70.1°A
′′ = 6.25∠ −95.28°∗912.085 = 5700.5∠ −95.28°A
Im
I𝐹 = 7.811∠ −90°∗912.085 = 7124.3∠ −90°A
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 Short Circuit Calculation
In this chapter, we will study the following for power system network:
1. The voltage at all buses during fault.
2. The current passes through all T.L during fault.
3. The contribution of generators in fault current.

Bus 1 Bus 2
Z12

J X𝑔1 J X𝑔2
Z13 Z23
Bus 3
E𝑔1 + ∼
E𝑔2
∼ +
3-𝜙
Fault(IF′′ )
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 Short Circuit Calculation
The first step Z12
Bus 1 Bus 2
Z12 Bus 1 Z12 Bus 2
Bus 1 Bus 2

J X 𝑔1 J X 𝑔2
Z13 Z23 J X𝑔1
J X𝑔1 J X𝑔2 J X𝑔2
Z13 Z23 Z13 Z23
Bus 3
∼ E +
Bus 3 𝑔1 E𝑔2 Bus 3
∼ + +
E𝑔1
E𝑔2 + V𝑓 ’’ ∼
+ + ∼
V𝑓 ’’ ∼ ∼
∼ V𝑓 ’’ I𝑓
∼ +
V𝑓 ’’
+

Prefault circuit (Neglect prefault current)

Short circuit voltage =0 𝛥V1 Z11 Z12 Z13 0
V𝑓 ’’= V3 = 1∠0° pu 𝛥V2 = Z21 Z22 Z23 0
−V𝑓 ′′ Z31 Z32 Z33 −I𝑓 ′′
I𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 0
V𝑓 ’’= V3 = V2 = V1 = 𝐸𝑔1 = 𝐸𝑔2 𝛥V1 = − Z13 I𝑓 ′′
𝛥V2 = − Z23 I𝑓′′
V𝑓 ′′ = Z33 I𝑓 ′′

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 Short Circuit Calculation
The second step
V𝑓 ′′
I𝑓𝑘 ′′=
Z𝑘𝑘

𝑘 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑠

V𝑓′′ : 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 1∠0° pu
I𝑓 ′′: Fault current, three-phase short circuit current, or sub-transient current
The voltage at all buses during fault
V𝑖)𝐷𝐹 = V𝑖)𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 + 𝛥V𝑖
V𝑖)𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = V𝑓 ′′ , 𝛥V𝑖 = −Z𝑖𝑘 I𝑓 ′′
V𝑖)𝐷𝐹 = V𝑓 ′′ −Z𝑖𝑘 I𝑓 ′′
Where: V𝑖)𝐷𝐹 :Voltage at bus i during fault

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 Short Circuit Calculation
The contribution of generators in fault current
i
Igi
E𝑔𝑖 −V𝑖)𝐷𝐹 V𝑓 ′′−V𝑖)𝐷𝐹
I𝑔𝑖 = =
j𝑥𝑔𝑖 j𝑥𝑔𝑖

J X 𝑔𝑖
The current passes through all T.L during fault

V𝑖)𝐷𝐹 −V𝑗)𝐷𝐹 E𝑔𝑖 +

I 𝑇.𝐿)𝑖−𝑗 = = −I 𝑇.𝐿)𝑗−𝑖
Z𝑖𝑗 ∼

9
 Example 1
1. Construct the bus admittance matrix for the network
2. Use [L]&[U] Triangle matrix
3. Find the Forth column of Impedance matrix
4. Find the 3-phase short circuit current at bus 4 and the
contribution of each generator at fault.
5. If at peak hours additional generator is connected to G1 and
new X𝑔1 = 0.05 , Find the 3-phase short circuit current at bus 4
Neglect all Prefault current and set Prefault voltage 1∠0° pu
Solution
All the values are per unit at base power 100MVA
I𝑏𝑢𝑠 = Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2 Y Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
= 21
0 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3 10
0 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4
 Example 1
Solution
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2 Y Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
= 21
0 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3
0 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4
The main diagonal elements
1 1 1 1
Y11 = y10 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦13 + 𝑦14 = 0.3𝑗 + 0.4𝑗 + 0.2𝑗 + 0.1𝑗 = −20.833𝑗
1
Y12 = − y12 = − = 2.5𝑗
0.4𝑗
Y13 = 3.333𝑗
Y14 = 5𝑗
1 1 1 1
Y22 = y20 + 𝑦21 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦24 = 0.3𝑗 + 0.4𝑗 + 0.2𝑗 + 0.1𝑗 = −20.833𝑗
Y21 = 2.5𝑗
Y23 = 5𝑗
Y24 = 3.333𝑗
1 1
Y33 = y30 + 𝑦31 + 𝑦32 + 𝑦34 = 0 + 0.3𝑗 + 0.2𝑗 + 0 = −8.333𝑗
Y34 = 0
1 1
Y44 = y40 + 𝑦41 + 𝑦42 + 𝑦43 = 0 + 0.2𝑗
+ 0.3𝑗 + 0 = −8.333j 11
 Example 1
−20.833𝑗 2.5𝑗 3.333𝑗 5𝑗
2.5𝑗 −20.833𝑗 5𝑗 3.333𝑗
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
3.333𝑗 5𝑗 −8.333𝑗 0
5𝑗 3.333𝑗 0 −8.333𝑗

Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠

Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 = L U
Y12 Y13 Y14
1
Y11 0 0 0 Y11 Y11 Y11
1 1
1 Y23 Y24
Y21 Y22 0 0 0 1 1 1
L = 1 2 , U = Y22 Y22
Y31 Y32 Y33 0 2
Y34
1 2 3 0 0 1
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 2
Y33
0 0 0 1
Eliminate bus 1
1 Y21 Y12 2.5𝑗∗2.5𝑗 1 Y21 Y13 2.5𝑗∗3.333𝑗
Y22 = Y22 − = −20.833𝑗 − −20.833𝑗 = −20.5329𝑗, Y23 = Y23 − = 5𝑗 − = 5.4𝑗 ,
Y11 Y11 −20.833𝑗
1 Y21 Y14 2.5𝑗∗5𝑗 1 Y31 Y13 3.333𝑗∗3.333𝑗
Y24 = Y24 − Y11
= 3.333𝑗 − −20.833𝑗 = 3.933𝑗, Y33 = Y33 − Y11
= −8.333𝑗 − −20.833𝑗
= −7.8j
1 Y31 Y14 3.333𝑗∗5𝑗 1 Y41 Y14 5𝑗∗5𝑗 12
Y34 = Y34 − =0− = 0.8j, Y44 = Y44 − = −8.333𝑗 − −20.833𝑗 = −7.1329𝑗
Y −20.833𝑗 Y
 Example 1
−20.833𝑗 2.5𝑗 3.333𝑗 5𝑗
2.5𝑗 −20.833𝑗 5𝑗 3.333𝑗
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
3.333𝑗 5𝑗 −8.333𝑗 0
5𝑗 3.333𝑗 0 −8.333𝑗
Eliminate bus 2
1 1
2 1 Y32 Y23 5.4𝑗∗5.4𝑗
Y33 = Y33 − 1 = −7.8j − = −6.3798j
Y22 −20.5329𝑗
1 1
2 1 Y32 Y42 3.933𝑗∗5.4𝑗
Y34 = Y34 − 1 = 0.8j − = 1.83435j,
Y22 −20.5329𝑗
1 1
2 1 Y42 Y24 3.933𝑗∗3.933𝑗
Y44 = Y44 − 1 = −7.1329𝑗 − = −6.3795j
Y22 −20.5329𝑗
Eliminate bus 3
2 2
3 2 Y43 Y34 1.83435j ∗ 1.83435j
Y44 = Y44 − 2
= −6.3798j − = −5.85233𝑗
Y33 −6.3798j
−20.833𝑗 0 0 0 1 −0.12 −0.16 −0.24
2.5𝑗 −20.5329𝑗 0 0 0 1 −0.263 −0.19154
L = , U =
3.333𝑗 5.4𝑗 −6.3798j 0 0 0 1 −0.28752
5𝑗 3.933𝑗 1.83435j −5.85233𝑗 0 0 0 1
13
Example 1
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 = L U
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 Z𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 1
To find second column of impedance matrix
Z14
Z
4
𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = 24
Z34
Z44
0
4 0
L U 𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 =
0
1
4
U 𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = X
0
0
L X = Solve the equations to find the second column
0
1
−20.833𝑗 0 0 0 X1 0
2.5𝑗 −20.5329𝑗 0 0 X 0
∗ 2 =
3.333𝑗 5.4𝑗 −6.3798j 0 X3 0
5𝑗 3.933𝑗 1.83435j −5.85233𝑗 X4 1
14
Example 1
−20.833𝑗 0 0 0 X1 0
2.5𝑗 −20.5329𝑗 0 0 X 0
∗ 2 =
3.333𝑗 5.4𝑗 −6.3798j 0 X3 0
5𝑗 3.933𝑗 1.83435j −5.85233𝑗 X4 1
−20.833𝑗 X1 = 0 ∴ X1 = 0
2.5j X1 −20.5329𝑗 X2 = 0 ∴ X2 = 0
3.333𝑗 X1 + 5.4𝑗 X2 − 6.3798j X 3 = 0 ∴ X3 =0
5𝑗 X1 + 3.933𝑗 X2 +1.83435j X3 − 5.85233𝑗 X4 = 1 ∴ X4 =.17087j

4
U 𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = X
1 −0.12 −0.16 −0.24 Z14 0
0 1 −0.263 −0.19154 Z24 0
=
0 0 1 −0.28752 Z34 0
0 0 0 1 Z44 0.17087j

Z14 0.0543𝑗
Z24 0.0457𝑗
=
Z34 0.0491𝑗
Z44 0.1709𝑗
15
Example 1
Z14 0.0543𝑗
Z24 0.0457𝑗
=
Z34 0.0491𝑗
Z44 0.1709𝑗

V𝑓 ′′ 1∠0°
I𝑓4 ′′= Z =0.1709𝑗 = −5.851𝑗
44

V𝑖)𝐷𝐹 = V𝑖)𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 + 𝛥V𝑖

V1)𝐷𝐹 = V1)𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 + 𝛥V1 = 1∠0° − Z14 I𝑓′′ = 1∠0° − 0.0543𝑗 ∗ −5.851𝑗 =0.68229P.u
V2)𝐷𝐹 = 1∠0° − Z24 I𝑓′′ = 1∠0° − 0.0457𝑗 ∗ −5.851𝑗 =0.7326 P.u
E𝑔𝑖 −V𝑖)𝐷𝐹 V𝑓 ′′−V1)𝐷𝐹 1∠0°−0.68229
I𝑔1 = = = = −3.1771𝑗P.u
j𝑥𝑔𝑖 j𝑥𝑔1 0.1𝑗

E𝑔𝑖 −V𝑖)𝐷𝐹 V𝑓 ′′−V2)𝐷𝐹 1∠0°−0.7326

I𝑔2 = = = = −2.674𝑗P.u
j𝑥𝑔𝑖 j𝑥𝑔2 0.1𝑗

16
Example 1
If at peak hours additional generator is connected to G1 and new X𝑔 = 0.05 , Find
the 3-phase short circuit current at bus 4
𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝐺1 ∗ 𝑍𝐺3
Z𝐺)𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝐺1 + 𝑍𝐺3
𝑛𝑒𝑤
0.1𝑗 ∗ 𝑍𝐺3
0.05𝑗 = 𝑛𝑒𝑤
0.1𝑗 + 𝑍𝐺3
𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝐺3 = 0.1𝑗
Add new link to bus 1
By using L&U method find First column
−20.833𝑗 0 0 0 X1 1
2.5𝑗 −20.5329𝑗 0 0 X 0
∗ 2 =
3.333𝑗 5.4𝑗 −6.3798j 0 X3 0
5𝑗 3.933𝑗 1.83435j −5.85233𝑗 X4 0
−20.833𝑗 X1 = 1 ∴ X1 = 0.048j
2.5j X1 −20.5329𝑗 X2 = 0 ∴ X2 = 0.005844j
3.333𝑗 X1 + 5.4𝑗 X2 − 6.3798j X3 = 0 ∴ X3 =0.03j
5𝑗 X1 + 3.933𝑗 X2 +1.83435j X3 − 5.85233𝑗 X4 = 0 ∴ X 4 = 0.054348j
17
Example 1
1
U 𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = X

1 −0.12 −0.16 −0.24 Z11 0.048𝑗

0 1 −0.263 −0.19154 Z21 0.005844j
=
0 0 1 −0.28752 Z31 0.03j
0 0 0 1 Z41 0.0543j

Z11 0.0717𝑗
Z21 0.0283𝑗
=
Z31 0.0457𝑗
Z41 0.0543𝑗
𝑗0.0717 𝑗0.0543 𝑗0.0717
𝑗0.0283 𝑗0.0457 𝑗0.0283
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.0457 𝑗0.0491 𝑗0.0457
𝑗0.0543 𝑗0.1709 𝑗0.0543
𝑗0.0717 𝑗0.0283 𝑗0.0457 𝑗0.0543 𝑗0.1717
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑗0.0543∗𝑗0.0543
Z44 = 𝑗0.1709 − = 0.15372𝑗
𝑗0.1717

V𝑓 ′′ 1∠0°
I𝑓4 ′′= Z 𝑁𝑒𝑤 0.15372𝑗 = −6.5𝑗
= 18
44
19