TURBINE STRESS EVALUATOR

Nirav Joshi
Content
 General requirement
 Temp. margin calculation
 TSE functions with 3 operating modes
 Wet steam influence on TSE
 Cold start criterion
 FACY SLC
 X-Criteria
General Requirements
 In the event of non-steady-state operating conditions (start up, loading
and unloading, temperature changes), turbine components are
subjected to thermal stresses which, given at certain magnitude and
frequency, can result in such a high level of material fatigue that cracks
can form over time.
 The component surfaces exposed to steam are heated or cooled
directly. The mean wall temperatures of the casing and shafts react
with a delay determined by the component dimensions.
 Temporary temperature differences occur which result in tensile or
compressive stress due to restrained expansion until such time as a
new steady-state condition is established in which the temperatures on
the surfaces and in the mean walls of the components are largely
identical.
Differential Expansion due to Thermal
stresses
 All metals expand when they are heated. The Turbine casing
expand and so the rotor.
 A Steam Turbine has a fixed and moving end. Both ends are
supported on independent pedestrals.
 During start up when superheated steam temperature above 540
deg cent is admitted into the Turbine during cold start up when
turbine casing surface is exposed to atmospheric temperature of
30 degree Celsius while internal surface is exposed to
superheated steam.
 Due to this temperature differences, the expansion of turbine
shaft will not be equal to that of turbine casing.
 The difference between the these two expansions is called
Differential Expansion of a Turbine.
Differential Expansion due to Thermal
stresses
 This Differential Expansion shall be required as low as possible.
It will never be a zero due to practical limitations.
 The internal feature of turbine casing are made in such a way
that the gap between turbine moving blades and fixed blades lie
in the range of 1mm to 20 mm.
 If turbine is loaded without prior heating of the casing, the
thermal expansion in shaft will be faster than compared to that
of turbine casing. In such a condition the moving blades of the
turbine will start to touch the casing’s fixed blades in no time and
whole machinery will fail.
Differential Expansion due to Thermal
stresses
 This situation shall be avoided by allowing steam to soak all parts
of turbine shaft as well as inner parts of casing for sufficient time
before turbine is loaded.
 The soaking period depends on the initial temperature and
differential expansion of the turbine.
TSE Significance
 The turbine stress evaluation (TSE) function serves to prevent the thick-
walled components of the turbine (casing, valve bodies and/or shafts)
from being subjected to excessive thermal stresses as a result of steam
temperature changes.
 The Turbine stress evaluation (TSE) permits low stress, optimally timed
turbine operation without exceeding permissible limits during start up,
shut down and cyclic operation.
 In addition to the Turbine components monitoring TSE along whit TSC
(Turbine stress control system) performs the formation of the start up
criteria (X-Criteria) and determination of the optimum steam
temperature.
TSE OVERVIEW
Optimized Turbine Startup
• The subgroup control (SGC) enables turbine
startup/shutdown to be as bump less and as economically as
possible.
• The SGC issues the steps of the turbine startup/shutdown:
–Turbine roll off with steam and preheating at warm-up
speed
–turbine run up to rated speed
–synchronization of generator

• Before the next step can be enabled, the variable

temperature criteria must be satisfied.
Optimized Turbine Startup
• The TSC system
–performs the comparisons
–Ensures the Criteria is Satisfied and
–Issues the next step enable criterion.

• On manual turbine startup, these criteria should also be

taken into consideration as far as possible.
Determining Actual Permissible Diff Temp
Measurement of Wall
Temperatures
• Used to Acquire the Casing
and Valve Body Temperatures
• Comprises Two Temperature
Measuring Points
–Inner Wall Surface
–Middle Wall
Determining Actual Permissible Diff Temp
By measuring the deep or mean temperature (T50%) and shallow or inner
temperature (T100%), the actual differential temperature can be
determined.
  dTperm upr
[R]

dTactual = T100% - T50%

T1

dTperm upr
dTAct
ual
Tm
0
Tm [°F]

dTpermt lwr

[R]

The difference between the actual and permissible stress forms the
temperature margin (ddT).
Determining Temperature Margin
Difference between the differential temperature that is allowed and
what is actually measured
Turbine Stress Evaluator calculates how close the component is to
reaching the maximum allowed differential temperature, or determines
the margin. dTperm upr

  [R]

ddTmargin = dTperm – dTactual ddTMargin upr

T1

dTperm upr
dTAct
ual
Tm
0
Tm [°F]

dTpermt lwr

[R]

Temperature margin (ddT) directly influences the turbine control

system. If the stress is too high by reducing the permissible gradients for
speed and load.
Determining Temperature Margin
This same methodology can be used to determine a permissive lower dt
and dt margin lower for a cool down where the steam temperature is
lower than the metal temperature. dTperm upr

  [R]

ddTmargin = dTperm – dTactual

Tm
0
dTactual Tm [°F]

T1
dTperm lwr
ddTlwr

dTperm lwr
[F]
Temp. margin calculation
 Since there is a linear dependency between thermal stresses and
temperature changes occurring in the component during non-steady-
state operating conditions, the thermal stresses are measured in the
form of temperature differences within the components.
 The wall temperatures on the surface exposed to steam and the mean
wall temperatures of casing and valve body components are measured
for this purpose.
Temp. margin calculation
 Two temperature measuring points are implemented immediately
adjacent to each other but at different wall depths.
 In case of shafts only the surface temperatures on representative

parts of the casing can be measured. The mean temperature and

centreline temperature are then calculated.
 Temperature difference dT is calculated for each component based on

the measured or calculated temperatures.

Block diagram of TSE influence on
turbine controller
HP Rotor IP Rotor Further Monitored HP/IP Exhaust
Components Superheat
 Block diagram of TSE influence on
turbine controller
 DT Temperature Difference
 T1 Casing Surface Temperature
 dTpermt Permitted Temperature Difference
 Ta Shaft Surface Temperature
 dTsat Saturated Steam Temperature Difference
 Texh Exhaust Temperature
 ddT Temperature Margin
 Tm Mean Wall Casing Temperature / Mean Integral Shaft Temperature
 DP/DT Permitted Output Gradient
 Tsat Saturated Steam Temperature
 dN/dt Permitted Speed Gradient
Temp. margin calculation
 Temperature Margin
 The temperature difference (dT) for each component is derived from
the measured and calculated temperature and this difference is
compared with the permitted value (for loading and unloading). The
temperature margins derived in this way for the monitored turbine
components are displayed.
 Permissive stress = design stress/DF
 Total stress = temp. stress + pressure stress + loading stress.
 Changes in the steam temperatures inside the turbine bring about
delayed changes in the metal temperatures of the individual
components, giving rise to both unrestrained and restrained thermal
expansion. If Material is made up of steel then it will marginally
deformed due to restrained thermal expansion.
Temp. margin calculation
 Determining maximum permissible differential temperature:
 Assuming a constant loading stress and maximum pressure stress, the
permissive stress due to a differential temperature can be calculated.
Knowing the component material and temperature, a permissive
differential temperature can be calculated as a function of allowable
stress due to temperature differential.
 Determining actual differential temperature:
 Twin thermocouples are fitted to provide redundancy, with the output
from only one thermocouple processed in the instrumentation and
control system. The second thermocouple is wired as far as the entry to
the terminal box. If the active thermocouple fails, the reserve can be
connected in its place during operation.
Temp. margin calculation
Measurement of Wall
Temperatures
• Used to Acquire the
Casing and Valve Body
Temperatures
• Comprises Two
Temperature
Measuring Points
–Inner Wall Surface
–Middle Wall
Temp. margin calculation
 dTPermissive = f(stress temp.)
 dTActual = T100% - T50%.
 Determining temperature margin:
 By taking the difference between the differential temperature that is
allowed and what is actually measured the turbine stress evaluator
calculates how close the component is to reaching the maximum
allowed differential temperature, or determines the margin.
 ddTmargin = dTperm – Tactual
 During loading of ST upper temp. margin to be monitored.
 During deloading of ST lower temp. margin to be monitored.
Temp. margin calculation
Calculation of Shaft Surface Temperatures
Measurement of Shaft Surface Temperature
Measure Temperatures on Parts of the Inner Casing to Give a

Measurement That Is Representative of Shaft Surface Temperatures (Ta

shaft)
From the measured shaft surface temperature, the associated “mean

shaft temperature, Tm“ and “shaft center-line temperature Tax are

calculated
Calculation of Shaft Surface Temperatures
Magnitude of the Temperature
Differences (Degree of Thermal
Stressing)
Governed by
–The how Long (Time) the
Temperature Change Takes,
–Heat Transfer Between Steam and
Metal
–The Geometry and Material
Properties of the Component
•The temperature differences
(T1 - Tm) are determined for the most
stressed turbine components.
•The actual temp differences are
compared with the maximum
permissible temperature
differences.
Turbine Stress Evaluator Channel Block Dia

Casing component Shaft component

Simulation Simulation
T1 Tm T1 Tax Tm

dT dT

dT permt upr dTpermt lwr dTpermt upr dTpermt lwr

ddTupr ddTlwr ddTupr ddTlwr

80 80

40 40

0 0

-40 -40

-80 -80

Temperature margin display in OM Temperature margin display in OM

system for casing component system for shaft component
Permissible temperature difference Δ in the wall of the main
steam stop valve
Permissible temperature difference Δ in the wall of the main steam control valve
Permissible temperature difference Δ in the wall of the high pressure casing
Permissible temperature difference Δ in the HP Shaft

Δ = o - m
o = inner layer temperature of
the inner casing ≈ surface
temperature of the shaft
m = mean temperature of the
shaft (calculated)
ax = axis temperature of the
shaft (calculated)

For axis temperatures below

100°C, the permissible
temperature difference Δ is
the minimum value between
Δ as function the mean
temperature (right diagram)
and Δ as function of the axis
temperature (left diagram).
Permissible temperature difference Δ in the IP Shaft

Δ = o - m
o = inner layer temperature of
the inner casing ≈ surface
temperature of the shaft
m = mean temperature of the
shaft (calculated)
ax = axis temperature of the
shaft (calculated)

For axis temperatures below

100°C, the permissible
temperature difference Δ is
the minimum value between
Δ as function the mean
temperature (right diagram)
and Δ as function of the axis
temperature
Significance of Temperature Margins
 A Temperature Margin Is The Permitted Step Change In
Temperature Or Load From The Present Load Which The
Turbine Can Accommodate Without Exceeding Permissible
Limits.
 If The Total Temperature Margin Is Used, This Means That
The Component Is Stressed Up To The Permissible Limit.
 If the Bar on the Display Falls Below the Zero Mark, the
Material Is Then Overstressed. Depending on the
Frequency and Extent With Which the Limit Is Exceeded,
Incipient Cracking Must Be Expected.
 This Means That the Design Limits Have Been Violated.
Significance of Temperature Margins
 If Excessive Stresses Are to Be Reduced, the Steam
Temperatures Must Be Changed in the Opposite Direction
to the Turbine Temperatures. This Means That If the Upper
Bar on the Display Falls Below the Zero Mark During
Heating, the Steam Temperatures or Load Must Be
Reduced.
 If the differences are slight it is frequently sufficient to wait
or to reduce the rate of change for the steam temperature
or load (transient).
 The permitted temperature differences are specified in the
form of limit curves for the operating modes SLOW,
NORMAL, and FAST
Turbine stress evaluation (TSE) functions
with 3 operating modes
 Number of operating Modes :
 Slow mode : the turbine can accommodate a much larger number of
strain cycles than in Normal mode
 Normal Mode : Normally Start up to be done in this mode.
 Fast Mode : Results in material fatigue. if this mode is permanently
selected, end of fatigue life will then occur after a fewer number of
strain cycles
 It is not possible to make fixed recommendations with respect to the
choice of mode, as the intended overall use of the plant ultimately
determines when end of fatigue life will be reached for the individual
components.
Wet steam influence on TSE
functions
 If the turbine load is increased to fast while steam temperature is still
low then the steam temperature at turbine exhaust might drop to
saturated steam temperature.
 In this case wet steam protection will initiate turbine trip. To avoid
tripping the turbine by wet steam protection the difference between
measured turbine exhaust temperature and saturated steam
temperature is considered for calculation of the permissible load
gradient.
 By this measure it is ensured that load is not increased any further if
the exhaust temperature approaches saturated steam temperature.
Only if the steam temperature was risen and exhaust temperature
increased then load is picked up again.
Wet steam influence on TSE
functions
 All the measured and calculated temperatures are displayed as
numeric values on the operation and monitoring system. The
calculated margins are displayed as green bars and also as numeric
values.
 If a margin becomes negative, the colour of the bar changes to yellow.
Margins lower than -15 K (-27 °R) are indicated by red bars. The
minimum margins are displayed without the influence of the weighting
factors.
FAST CYCLING (FACY)
 In order to increase load as fast as possible, it is certainly beneficial to
keep steam temperature as low as possible. This results in a higher
amount of free margins.
 The FACY (FAst-CYcling) concept uses this approach. The standard
function increases steam temperature in a way that TSE margins are
fully used.
 With FACY operation the limiting factor is wet steam at turbine
exhaust. Therefore minimum required steam temperature for the
actual exhaust pressure is calculated and from this the minimum
required steam temperature is calculated using polytrophic expansion.
FAST CYCLING (FACY)
 The operator can decide, whether he wants to use upper limit of
optimum steam temperature or lower limit of optimum steam
temperature. Therefore a selection is shown on the OM system (FACY
on/off).
Variable Temperature Criteria (X-Criteria)
Matching Steam Temperature to Component Temperature

• Turbine operation, including startup times, can be optimized

by matching steam parameters to the temperatures of
casings and shafts in so far as conditions in the steam
generating system allow.

• If the temperature of steam entering a turbine is

considerably higher than the temperature of the turbine
components, it will be impossible to observe the stress limits
unless the steam supply is regulated to offset the high steam
temperature. In certain cases, this can lengthen the overall
startup time.
Variable Temperature Criteria (X-Criteria)
• If the steam temperature is lower than the temperature of
the turbine components, the turbine will first of all be cooled
before starting to warm up again as the steam temperature
rises. This process also lengthens startup time.
• If steam and component temperatures are largely matched,
the turbine can be run up from warm-up speed to rated
speed and synchronized without significant hold times.
• For this reason, before each stage in the turbine startup
sequence (roll off with steam, run-up, synchronization and
loading) is enabled, either using the function group control
or manually, certain steam temperature criteria which vary
as a function of the respective component temperature, so
called X-criteria, must be satisfied.
Variable Temperature Criteria (X-Criteria)

Derivation of X-Criteria

• Specific requirements in terms of steam condition must be

fulfilled to allow the individual steps in start-up of a turbine-
generator to be performed. These criteria indicate whether the
reheat or steam temperatures are adequate to permit the START-
UP program to be continued without the set limits being
exceeded.

• The steam and metal temperatures are measured to generate the

limit curves for the variable temperature criteria (X criteria).
Variable Temperature Criteria (X-Criteria)

• In the case of redundant measuring points for pressure and

temperature, two measured values are scanned, with the
maximum, minimum or arithmetic mean then selected from
these as appropriate. In the event that one of the measured
values is faulted, the valid value is then used on its own. This fault
condition does not result in issue of an alarm to the functional
group control.

• If both measured values are faulted or in the case of a fault in a

measured value scanned on a single channel only, the fault alarm
"X criteria faulted" is then issued to the functional group control.
Variable Temperature Criteria (X-Criteria)
The variable temperature criteria define the steam conditions
required to allow the switching actions below to be performed: 
• Opening of high pressure steam emergency stop valves at start
of warm up for main steam line and for valve bodies
• Opening of control valves for roll off of turbine-generator
under steam
• Acceleration of turbine-generator to rated speed
• Loading of turbine-generator
 
Variable Temperature Criteria (X-Criteria)
The variable temperature criteria are divided into three different
groups on the basis of function:
• Minimum steam temperature limits to avoid inadmissible
cooling of warm components
• Minimum casing temperature limits to avoid inadmissible
transient thermal loadings at a given steam temperature
• Set degree of superheat to be effective prior to roll off of the
steam turbine under steam
 
Criteria When X CriterionPurpose What Measured
Applicable
X1 Prior to Opening Prevent cooldown of TSTM
ESV control valve TCV 50%
X2 Prevent excessive heatup PSAT
rate of control valve TCV 50%
X3 Only applicable with large steam strainer
X4 Prior to Opening Avoid admission of wet PSAT
Control Valve steam TSTM
X5 Prevent cooldown of HP TSTMHP
shaft THPS (calc)
X6 Prevent cooldown of IP TSTMIP
shaft TIPS (calc)
X7A Prior to Running Prevent excessive heatup TSTMHP
Up to Sync Speed rate of HP Shaft THPS (calc)
X7B Prevent excessive heatup TSTMHP
rate of HP casing THP CASING
X8 Prior to Loading Prevent excessive heatup TSTMIP
rate of IP Shaft TIPS (calc)
 Variable Temperature Criteria (X-Criteria)
Measuring Point Requirements
Measuring point X criteria Z criteria

X X X X X X X X X Z Z Z Z Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 1 2 3 4 5
A B
T 00LBA10CT002 Tempeature upstream of branch to high X   X   X   X X   X        
1 pressure bypass station

T 00LBA20CT007 Temperature upstream of high pressure X   X X X   X X       X    

2 steam emergency stop valve

T 00LBB40CT002 Temperature upstream of branch to           X     X   X      

3 intermediate bypass station

T 00LBB50CT007 Temperature upstream of intermediate           X     X       X  

4 pressure steam emergency stop valve

T 00LBA90CT001 Temperature of low pressure induction                           X

5 steam

P 00LBA10CP001 Pressure upstream branch to high                   X        

1 pressure bypass station

P 00LBA20CP901 Pressure upstream of high pressure   X   X               X    

2 steam emergency stop valve

P 00LBB55CP001 Pressure upstream of branch to                     X      

3 intermediate pressure bypass station

P 00LBB50CP901 Pressure upstream of intermediate                         X  

4 pressure steam emergency stop valve

P 00LBA90CP901 Pressure of low pressure induction                           X

5 steam
Superheat Criteria (Z-Criteria)
Criterion KKS Measuring point Signal   Signal  

Z1 MAY10FT011 Main steam upstream of branch to high XH02 >30C    

pressure bypass station

Z2 MAY10FT012 Reheat steam upstream of branch to XH02 >30C    

intermediate pressure bypass station

Z3 MAY10FT013 Main steam upstream of turbine XH02 >30C XH52 <15C

Z4 MAY10FT014 Reheat steam upstream of turbine XH02 >30C XH52 <15C

Z5 MAY10FT015 Low pressure (induction) steam upstream XH02 >30C XH52 <15C
of turbine
X-Criteria
 X2 Criteria :
 Interrogation: Prior to opening of emergency stop valves
 Background: To avoid inadmissible loadings (excessive heat up) on the
HP steam control valve body (a step temperature increase for the
saturated steam at the control valve causes high thermal stress).
 An upper limit is defined for the saturation temperature corresponding
to main steam pressure at upstream of the HP turbine to ensure that
the permitted wall thickness limits for HP turbine CV body shall not be
violated. This will prevent abrupt heat up (Thermal overstressing) of HP
MS CV.
 Criterion: Set minimum temperature for HP control valve relative to
main steam saturation temperature
 Formula: ϑSatSt < ϑmCV + X2 where X2 = k*ϑperm u HP CV
 X2-Criteria – Avoidance of Over-Excessive Temperature Swing in the HP CV
X-2: the saturated temperature of the main steam (satSt) has to be lower than a limit curve calculated
from the control valve (mCV). During the condensation phase, this prevents an over-excessive increase
in temperature in the HP CV.
Criterion SatSt < mCV + X2
Inquiry Before opening Emergency Stop Valve

LBA20CP901
main steam pressure upstream of turbine
MS (header)
MAA12CT022A
CTRL-V CTRL-V body temperature
at 50% depth
ESV

to
HP B/PS HP

to
cold reheat

EXAMPLE ONLY
REFERENCE TAHADDART STEAM TURBINE
MANUAL WHEN RELEASED
X-Criteria
 X4 Criteria :
 Interrogation: Prior to opening of HP steam control valves
 Background: To avoid the presence of wet steam in the HP turbine
 Criterion: To Set minimum degree of superheat for main steam,
measured upstream of the HP steam emergency stop valves
 Formula: ϑMS > ϑSatSt + X4
 X4-Criteria – Avoidance of Wet Steam Admission
X-4: the main steam temperature (MS) upstream of the ESV should be higher than the saturated steam
temperature (satSt) for the associated main steam pressure, avoidance of wet steam admission.
Criterion MS > satSt + X4 Inquiry Before opening control valve
LBA20CP901
main steam pressure upstream
of turbine (header)
LBA20CT007
MS main steam temperature
upstream of turbine
CTRL-V

ESV

to HP
HP B/PS

to
cold reheat

EXAMPLE ONLY
REFERENCE TAHADDART STEAM TURBINE
MANUAL WHEN RELEASED
X-Criteria
 X5 Criteria :
 Interrogation: Prior to opening of HP steam control valves
 Background: To avoid cooling of the HP turbine
 Criterion: Set minimum main steam temperature relative to
temperature of the HP turbine.
 Warm up of HP main steam line is continued until the steam
temperature upstream of HP ESV exceeds the initial temperature of HP
turbine by a specific amount.

 Formula: ϑMS > ϑmHPS/HPC + X5

 X5-Criteria – Avoidance of Cooling Down HPS
X-5: the main steam temperature (MS) upstream of the ESV should be higher than the temperature of the
turbine components (mHPS; HP-Shaft), to prevent undesired cool down of the HP turbine.
Criterion MS > mHPS + X5 Inquiry Before opening control valve

LBA10CT002
main steam temperature upstream of HP B/PS
LBA20CT007
main steam temperature upstream of turbine
MS

CTRL-V
MAY01EP154
mean integral shaft temperature
ESV
MAA50CT032A
HP HP casing temperature at 50%
to
depth
HP B/PS

to
cold reheat

EXAMPLE ONLY
REFERENCE TAHADDART STEAM TURBINE
MANUAL WHEN RELEASED
X-Criteria

 X6 Criteria :
 Interrogation: Prior to opening of IP steam control valves
 Background: To avoid cooling of the IP turbine
 Criterion: Set minimum hot reheat temperature relative to the
temperature of the IP turbine.
 Warm up of the IP line downstream of IP bypass station and upstream
of IP ESV/ CV combination to a temperature above the saturated steam
temperature.

 Formula: ϑRS > ϑmIPS + X6

 X6-Criteria – Avoidance of Cooling Down IPS
X-6: the reheat steam temperature upstream of the
IP-Bypass (RS) should be higher than the IP Shaft
temperature (mIPS), to prevent undesired cool down
of the IP turbine.
Criterion RS > mIPS + X6
Inquiry Before opening control valve

EXAMPLE ONLY
REFERENCE TAHADDART STEAM TURBINE
MANUAL WHEN RELEASED
X-Criteria
 X7 Criteria :
 Interrogation: Prior to acceleration from warm-up speed to rated
speed and following synchronization
 Background: On acceleration from warm-up speed to rated speed
and following synchronization the critical speed band should be
passed through quickly without exceeding the permitted
temperature limits.
 Criterion X7A and X7B: Minimum degree of heat soak for HP
turbine, matching of main steam temperature to degree of heat
soak for HP turbine
 X7A prevent excessive heat up rate of HP shaft.
 X7B prevent excessive heat up rate of HP casing.
 Criterion X7C:Minimum degree of heat soak for IP turbine,
matching of hot reheat steam temperature to degree of heat
soak for IP turbine
X-Criteria
 Formula: ϑMS < ϑX7A_max = f(ϑ perm u HPS and pMS)
 ϑMS < ϑX7B_max = f(ϑ perm u HPC and pMS)
 ϑRS < ϑX7C_max = f(ϑ perm u IPS and pRS)
 Thereby ϑX7A_max and ϑX7B_max are a function of the
component temperature and the main steam pressure and
ϑX7C_max is a function of the component temperature and the
hot reheat steam pressure. With a higher steam pressure, a
higher temperature drop, caused by the throttling effects, over
valves is achieved. As a result, lower component temperatures or
higher steam temperatures are allowed.
 X7A-Criteria (Run-up Criteria) – Avoidance of Too Fast Warm up HP Shaft
X-7: the steam temperature upstream of the HP-
Bypass (MS) has to be lower than a limit curve
calculated from the HP-Shaft temperature (mHPS), the
aim is not exceeding the margin from the turbine
stress evaluator during run up.
Criterion MS < mHPS + X7A
Inquiry Before runup to rated speed, coupling
and loading

EXAMPLE ONLY
REFERENCE TAHADDART STEAM TURBINE
MANUAL WHEN RELEASED
 X7B-Criteria (Run-up Criteria) – Avoidance of Too Fast Warm up HP Case
X-7: the steam temperature upstream of the HP-Bypass
(MS) has to be lower than a limit curve calculated from the
HP-Case temperature (mHPC), the aim is not exceeding the
margin from the turbine stress evaluator during run up.
Criterion MS < mHPC + X7B
Inquiry Before runup to rated speed, coupling and
loading

EXAMPLE ONLY
REFERENCE TAHADDART STEAM TURBINE
MANUAL WHEN RELEASED
X-Criteria
 X8 Criteria :
 Interrogation: Prior to acceleration from warm-up speed to rated speed
and following synchronization
 Background: On acceleration from warm-up speed to rated speed and
following synchronization the critical speed band should be passed
through quickly without exceeding the permitted temperature limits.
 Criterion X8A and X8B: Minimum degree of heat soak for HP turbine,
matching of main steam temperature to degree of heat soak for HP
turbine
 Criterion X8C: Minimum degree of heat soak for IP turbine, matching of
hot reheat steam temperature to degree of heat soak for IP turbine
X-Criteria
 Formula: ϑMS < ϑX8A_max = f(ϑ perm u HPS and pMS)
 ϑMS < ϑX8B_max = f(ϑ perm u HPC and pMS)
 ϑRS < ϑX8C_max = f(ϑ perm u IPS and pRS)
 Thereby ϑX8A_max and ϑX8B_max are a function of the component
temperature and the main steam pressure and ϑX8C_max is a function
of the component temperature and the hot reheat steam pressure with
a higher steam pressure, a higher temperature drop, caused by the
throttling effects, over valves is achieved. As a result, lower component
temperatures or higher steam temperatures are allowed.
 X8-Criteria – (Loading Criteria)-Avoidance of Too Fast Warm up IP Shaft
X-8: the reheat steam temperature upstream of
the IP-Bypass (RS) has to be lower than a limit
curve calculated from the IP-Shaft temperature
(mIPS).
Criterion RS < mIPS + X8
Inquiry Before loading steam turbine

EXAMPLE ONLY
REFERENCE TAHADDART STEAM TURBINE
MANUAL WHEN RELEASED
MAIN STEAM TEMP PROT
 DURING START-UP OF STEAM TURBINES, STEAM TEMPERATURE
CHANGES OCCUR THAT RESULT IN TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS
IN THE COMPONENTS. DIFFERENCES IN THE THERMAL
EXPANSION OF THE CASING AND THE SHAFT RESULT IN
RELATIVE EXPANSION.
 IF THIS EXPANSION EXCEEDS SPECIFIC LIMITS, CONTACT MAY
OCCUR BETWEEN COMPONENTS. FURTHERMORE DURING
START-UP, PERMISSIBLE STRESS OF STEAM TURBINE
COMPONENTS MUST NOT BE EXCEEDED.
 TRIP VALUE @581’C.
MAIN STEAM AND HRH TEMP PROT
HP TURBINE PRESSURE RATIO
PROT
 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE IS MONITORED ACROSS THE HIGH PRESSURE
TURBINE TO DETERMINE THE FLOW THROUGH THE CASING.
 SHOULD A LOW FLOW CONDITION EXIST, AN IMBALANCE OF FORCE
BETWEEN HIGH PRESSURE AND INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE/LOW PRESSURE
TURBINES WILL OCCUR.
 THIS LOW FLOW CONDITION WILL CAUSE THE INTERMEDIATE
PRESSURE/LOW PRESSURE TURBINE TO WORK HARDER AND CREATE A
WIND MILLING CONDITION WITHIN THE HIGH PRESSURE CASING LEADING
TO EXCESSIVE HEATING TO HIGH PRESSURE BLADING.
 TO PREVENT THIS, A PRESSURE RATIO ALARM AND TRIP SET POINT ARE
ESTABLISHED TO PROTECT THE TURBINE.
 1.08 AND SPEED > 2850 RPM'S (47.5 HZ) ALARM
 1.05 AND SPEED > 2850 RPM'S (47.5 HZ) TRIP
HP TURBINE RATIO PRESSURE PROT
HPT PRES RATIO MON TOO HIGH A
51LBC40FP001A XH01
 IMPACT/CONCERN:
 THE HP PRESSURE RATIO "TOO HIGH" HAS BEEN EXCEEDED. THE MEASURED COLD
REHEAT PRESSURE (51LBC40CP001) HAS DROPPED BELOW THE ALARM VALUE.
 WARNING! EXTENDED OPERATION (LONGER THAN 2 HOURS) WITH AN EXCESSIVE
HP PRESSURE RATIO IS PROHIBITED AS THIS LOW FLOW CONDITION WILL CAUSE
THE INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE/LOW PRESSURE TURBINE TO WORK HARDER AND
CREATE A WIND MILLING CONDITION WITHIN THE HIGH PRESSURE CASING
LEADING TO EXCESSIVE HEATING TO HIGH PRESSURE BLADING.

 ACTION PLAN:
 CHECK THE POSITION OF THE IP BYPASS STATION.
 CHECK THE PRESSURE SETPOINT FOR THE IP BYPASS STATION.
 WHERE APPLICABLE, CLOSE THE IP BYPASS STATION BY APPLYING A HIGHER
PRESSURE SETPOINT.
 IF THE HP PRESSURE RATIO REMAINS TOO HIGH FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD THE
UNIT SHALL BE SHUT DOWN VIA THE SHUTDOWN PROGRAM OF THE SGC STEAM
TURBINE.
HP EXHAUST TEMPERATURE
PROTECTION
 A RAISED TEMPERATURE IN THE HIGH PRESSURE EXHAUST
DUE TO INSUFFICIENT FLOW RESULTING IN BLADE WINDAGE
CAN OCCUR NOT ONLY IN NO-LOAD OR LOW-LOAD
OPERATION, BUT ALSO IN THE EVENT A FAULT CAUSING THE
MAIN STEAM VALVE TO BE CLOSED WITH THE REHEAT VALVE
OPEN.
 INITIATION OF A TURBINE TRIP IN THE EVENT OF VIOLATION
OF THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TEMPERATURE LIMIT FOR THE
HIGH PRESSURE EXHAUST. THIS PREVENTS IMPERMISSIBLE
OVERHEATING OF THE HIGH PRESSURE BLADING.
 ALARM ANNUNCIATION IN THE EVENT OF THE ALARM VALUE
BEING REACHED
 TRIP VALUE 510’C.
LP EXHAUST TEMPERATURE
PROTECTION
 NO-LOAD AND LOW-LOAD OPERATION WITH LOW STEAM MASS
FLOW CAN RESULT IN AN INCREASE TEMPERATURE IN THE
EXHAUST SECTION OF THE LOW PRESSURE TURBINE THROUGH
BLADE WINDAGE. THE TEMPERATURE IN THE EXHAUST
SECTION MAY NOT EXCEED AN ALLOWABLE LIMIT AS THIS
COULD LEAD TO A CHANGE IN SHAFT POSITION RESULTING IN
INCREASED VIBRATIONS AND FINALLY TO RUBBING OF THE
ROTOR.
 WHEN THE SET POINT FOR STEAM TEMPERATURE IN THE LOW
PRESSURE EXHAUST IS EXCEEDED, THE LOW PRESSURE
CONDENSATE INJECTION SYSTEM INTERVENES.
 SET POINT > 70°C ALARM
 SET POINT > 90°C TRIP
HP WET STEAM PROTECTION
 THE HP WET STEAM PROTECTION IS ACTUATED IF TOO LOW
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HP EXHAUST STEAM
TEMPERATURE MAA50CT021A/22A OR 23A AND THE HP
EXHAUST SATURATED STEAM TEMPERATURE LBC40FP001A
CAUSING A STEAM TURBINE TRIP.
 PROTECTION OF HP EXHAUST REGION AGAINST WET STEAM
AND THE RESULTING INTENSE HEAT TRANSFER AND POSSIBLE
DEFORMATION OF THE SHAFT SEAL AREA.
HP WET STEAM PROTECTION
HP WET STEAM PROTECTION
 ACTION PLAN:
 KEEP THE STEAM TURBINE LOAD AND THE POSITION OF THE
MAIN STEAM TURBINE CONTROL VALVE (51MAA12 FG151)
CONSTANT.
 INCREASE THE MAIN STEAM TEMPERATURE UPSTREAM OF THE
EMERGENCY STOP VALVE (51LBA20 CT007A).
 OBSERVE THE MAIN STEAM TEMPERATURES UPSTREAM OF THE
EMERGENCY STOP VALVE (51LBA20 CT007A) AND THE HP
EXHAUST STEAM TEMPERATURE (51MAA50 CT021A).
IP WET STEAM PROTECTION
 THE IP WET STEAM PROTECTION IS ACTUATED IF A LOW
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE IP EXHAUST STEAM
TEMPERATURE MAB50CT021/22/23 AND THE CALCULATED LP
INLET PRESSURE SIGNAL FORMATION MAC11FP001A.
 THIS IS PROTECTION OF IP EXHAUST REGION AGAINST WET
STEAM AND THE RESULTING INTENSE HEAT TRANSFER AND
POSSIBLE DEFORMATION OF THE SHAFT SEAL AREA.
IP WET STEAM PROTECTION
THANK YOU