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Lecture 17-08-21

1. Biasing is the process of applying external DC voltages and resistor values to establish a desired operating range for a transistor in a circuit. There are three main regions of operation: active, saturation, and cutoff. 2. The operating or Q point is the point at which small input signals are accurately amplified without being clipped or distorted. It depends on the voltages at the collector and emitter. 3. Two operating points must be established: the input operating point at the base and the output operating point at the collector. Stability factors relate to how well the collector current is stabilized against changes in the reverse saturation current or other variables.

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12 views

Lecture 17-08-21

1. Biasing is the process of applying external DC voltages and resistor values to establish a desired operating range for a transistor in a circuit. There are three main regions of operation: active, saturation, and cutoff. 2. The operating or Q point is the point at which small input signals are accurately amplified without being clipped or distorted. It depends on the voltages at the collector and emitter. 3. Two operating points must be established: the input operating point at the base and the output operating point at the collector. Stability factors relate to how well the collector current is stabilized against changes in the reverse saturation current or other variables.

Uploaded by

R JENILA
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1151EC103 – ANALOG

ELECTRONICS
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSISTOR
BIASING
 Biasing is the process in which the external DC voltage
is applied along with appropriate resistor values to obtain
desired operating range
 Three modes of region (CE configuration)
 Active region
 Saturation region
 Cutoff region
OPERATING POINT OR Q POINT OR
OPERATING RANGE
 Any input signal applied is amplified and reproduce the
output accurately
 If the transistor is not biased properly, the operating point
sifts to cut-off or saturation region.
 Q-point is highly depends on VCE and IC

 +ive clipped(cutoff region), -ive clipped(saturation)


 Linear(Active region)
TWO OPERATING POINTS

•Input operating point

•Output operating point


 Input operating point

 VBB = VRB + VBE


 VBB = IB RB + VBE
 To find x coordinate,
make y coordinate as 0.
 IB = 0

 VBB = VBE (VBB, 0)


To find y coordinate,
make x coordinate as 0.
VBB = IB RB
 IB = VBB / RB (0, VBB / RB )
OUTPUT OPERATING POINT

• VCC = VRC + VCE


• VRC = IC RC
• VCC = IC RC + VCE
 To find x coordinate,
make y coordinate as 0.
 VCC = VCE (VCC, 0)

 To find y coordinate,
make x coordinate as 0.
 VCC = IC RC

 IC = VCC / RC (0, VCC / RC )


1. Determine the Q-point for the given circuit and draw the
DC load line. Assume β = 200.

 IC = 39.6 mA
 VCE = 6.93 V

 VBB = VRB + VBE


 VBB = IB RB + VBE
•VCC = VRC + VCE
•VRC = IC RC
•VCC = IC RC + VCE
THERMAL RUNAWAY
 The collector current equation for a CE amplifier is
 IC = β IB + ICO (1+ β)
 β, IB , ICO increases with increase in temperature. ICO doubles for
every 100 rise in temperature.
 The IC causes the collector base junction temperature to increase
which further increase ICO. As a result IC increases.
 This process becomes cumulative leading to a phenomenon called
thermal runaway and it may destroy the transistor.
 Overcome:
 Use heat sinks for temperature compensation
 The collector region is made larger to dissipate heat
STABILITY FACTORS (S, S’ AND S’’ )
 Stability factor is defined as the extent to which the
collector current (IC) is stabilized by variation of reverse
saturation current (ICO)
 S = δ IC / δ ICO or Δ IC / ΔICO

 Stability factor (S)


 It is defined as rate of change of I C with respect to ICO by

keeping β and IBE constant.


 d IC / d ICO VBE, β as constant
STABILITY FACTOR (S’ )
 It is defined as rate of change of IC with respect to VBE
by keeping β and ICO constant.
 d IC / d VBE ICO, β as constant

 Stability Factor (S’‘)


 It is defined as rate of change of I C with respect to VBE

by keeping β and ICO constant.


 d IC / d β ICO, VBE as constant
STABILITY FACTOR
TYPES OF TRANSISTOR BIASING
 Fixed Bias
 Emitter bias or Self bias

 Collector feedback bias

 Voltage divider bias


FIXED BIAS
 It is the most simplest bias configuration. Uses less no.
of components.
 Poor bias stability due to increased value of current gain
(β)
 It does not provide thermal stability. Output changes
randomly with increase in temperature.
 It is flexible and the operating point can be shifted
anywhere in the active region.
EMITTER BIAS OR SELF BIAS
CONFIGURATION
 It is similar to fixed bias configuration
 It includes a resistor RE to the emitter to improve

stability.
 The advantage of using RE : To avoid changes in the Q

point.

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