Ec6304-Electronic Circuits - I Iii Semester Ece Two Marks Questions and Answers EC6304 - Electronic Circuits - I

EC6304- Electronic Circuits- I III Semester ECE
Two marks questions and answers
EC6304 - Electronic Circuits- I
UNIT–I TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY

PART – A
1. Define – Stability Factor [May/June – 12], [Nov /Dec – 09],
[April/May –10], [May/June – 12]
i. Stability factor is defined as the rate of change of collector current IC with
respect to the collector base leakage current ICBO keeping both VBE and the
current gain β constant.
𝜕𝐼𝑐
Sʹ = , with β, VBE constant
𝜕𝐼𝑐𝑜
ii. Stability factor indicate the degree of change in operating point due to variation
in temperature.
𝜕𝐼𝑐
Sʹ = , with β, ICO constant
𝜕𝑉𝐵𝐸
𝜕𝐼𝑐
Sʹʹ = |, with VBE, ICO constant
𝜕𝛽
2. Why do you fix the operating point in the middle of the dc load line? [Nov 05]
In order to get the faithful amplification of the signals, operating point had to be fixed in
the middle of the dc load line.
3. What is Bias? What is the need for biasing? [ Nov-08, May-09,Nov-10, May-11, May-
13]
The proper flow of zero signal collector emitter supply voltage during the passage of
signal is known as transistor biasing.
Alternatively, the process of giving proper supply voltages and resistances for obtaining
the desired Q-point is called biasing.
The need for biasing is
 To prevent thermal runaway
 To achieve stability
4. Why capacitive coupling is used to connect a signal source to an amplifier?
[Nov/Dec-07]
Coupling capacitor blocks DC voltage but freely pass signal voltages. Because of this
biasing conditions are maintained constant.
Page 1
5. Compare bias stabilization and compensation techniques. [Nov /Dec – 11]
BIAS STABILIZATION BIAS COMPENSATION

It refers to the use of resistive biasing It refers to the use of temperature
circuits which allow IB to vary, so as to sensitive devices such as diodes,
keep IC relatively constant with variations transistors, thermistors, etc., which
in ICO, β and VBE. provide compensating voltages and
currents to maintain the operating point
stable.
6. What is Thermal runaway?

The continuous increase in collector current due to poor biasing causes the
temperature at collector terminal to increase. If no stabilization is done, the collector
leakage current also increases. This further increases the temperature. The action
becomes cumulative and ultimately the transistor burns out. The self destruction of an
unstabilised transistor is known as thermal runaway.
7. What are the types of transistor biasing? [ Nov /Dec – 11]
The term biasing is defined as the process of giving proper supply voltages and
resistances for obtaining the desire Q point. The different methods of biasing are
i. Fixed Bias
ii. Voltage divider Bias
iii. Collector to base Bias
iv. Emitter feedback bias
8. What is an operating point?
When we bias a transistor, we establish a certain current and voltage conditions for the
transistor. These conditions are known as operating condition or dc operating point or
quiescent point.
9. What is the condition for thermal stability?
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The required condition to avoid thermal runaway is that the rate at which heat is released
at the collector junction must not exceed the rate at which the heat can be dissipated. It is
given by
𝜕𝑃𝑐 𝜕𝑃𝐷
<
𝜕𝑇𝑗 𝜕𝑇𝑗
10. Draw the single stage self biased circuit using PNP transistor. [April /May – 11]
11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of fixed bias circuit?
Advantages of fixed bias circuit are as follows
 This is a simple circuit which uses very few components
 The operating point can be fixed anywhere in the active region of the
characteristics by simply changing the value of RB. Thus it provides flexibility in
design.
Disadvantages of fixed bias circuit are as follows
 This circuit does not provide any check on the collector current which
increases with the rise in temperature i.e. thermal stability is not provided by
this circuit.
 Since IC and β and IB is already fixed; IC depends on β which changes unit to
unit and shifts the operating points.
12. State the advantages and disadvantages of collector to base bias.

Advantages of collector to base bias circuit are as follows
 The biasing arrangements are simple since only one resistor RB is used.
 The value of base resistance RB can be easily calculated.
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Disadvantages of collector to base bias circuit are as follows

 Does not provide good stabilization
 The negative feedback of resistance RB reduces the gain of the amplifier
13. What is the process of instability?

The transistor amplifier fails to provide faithful amplification and drives to instability state
due to
 Change in collector current IC due to temperature changes
 Thermal runaway
 Replacement of transistor of another equivalent transistor.
14. What is the use of compensation technique in electronic circuits?

Compensation technique is the use of temperature sensitive devices such as diodes,
thermistors, sensistors etc., to stabilize the operating point instead of d.c. biasing circuits.
15. What do you understand by dc load line?

It is the line on the output characteristics of a transistor circuit which gives the values of IC
and VCC corresponding to zero signal.
16. What is DC load line? How is Q point plotted on the DC load line? [Nov / Dec – 12]
i. The line joining the ICMAX and VCEMAX in the output characteristics of a transistor is
called DC load line.
ii. The optimum Q-point is located at the midpoint of the DC load line between the
saturation and cutoff regions. In order to get faithful amplification, the Q point must
be within the active region of the transistor.
Ic(mA
)
ICMA (VCEQ,
ICQ)
X
VCE(V)
VCEM
AX
Page 4
17. For the circuit shown in the figure, determine the operating point with β = 100.
[A/M – 08]
Vcc=10V
4 kohm
1kohm
IB IC
𝑉𝐶𝐶 −𝑉𝐵𝐸 10−0.7

IB = =
𝑅𝐵 1000
= 9.3mA
IC = β IB
= 100 x 9.3 x 10-3
= 0.93A
VCE = VCC – ICRC
= 10 – (0.93 x 4 x 10-3)
= 9.9962 V
18. What are the factors that affect the Q point of a circuit using BJT? [ Nov / Dec 09]
 Reverse saturation current ICO, which doubles for every 10ºC increase in
temperature.
 Base-emitter voltage VBE, which decreases by 2.5 mV per ºC.
 Transistor current gain β, which increases with temperature.
 Variations in transistor parameters such as β.
19. What is reverse saturation current? [May /June – 12]
i. In the npn BJT transistor, the base collector junction is reverse biased.
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ii. Under the reverse bias condition, the thermally generated holes in the P-region are
attracted towards the negative terminal of the battery and the electrons in the N-
region are attracted towards the positive terminal of the battery.
iii. The minority carriers, electrons in the P- region and holes in the N-region, wander
over to the junction and flow towards their majority carrier side giving rise to a
current known as reverse saturation current.
20. Draw the fixed bias and the self bias circuits. [ Nov /Dec – 09], [May /June – 07]
FIXED BIAS CIRCUIT SELF BIAS CIRCUIT
21. State the advantages of self-bias over other types of biasing. [ Nov /Dec – 10]
 In a fixed bias, the stability factor S = 1 + β. Since β is a large quantity, the circuit
provides poor stability.
 In collector-to-base bias method, when RC is very small, 𝑆 ≈ 1 + β , this is equal
to that of fixed bias. Hence it is not preferable.
𝑅𝐵
 In self bias method, when is very small, 𝑆 ≈ 1, which provides good stability.
𝑅𝐸
Hence self bias method is the best biasing method among the biasing methods.
22. What is the function of the Q-point? [ Nov /Dec – 13]

Q- point identifies the transistor collector current and collector-emitter voltage when there
is no input signal at the base.
23. Why temperature compensation is required? [ Nov /Dec – 12]

 ICO, which doubles for every 10ºC increase in temperature.
 Base-emitter voltage VBE, which decreases by 2.5 mV per ºC.
Page 6
 Transistor current gain β varies as temperature raises,

Therefore, the variations of temperature affects IB, in turn affects IC. Hence
temperature compensation is required.
24. What are the methods to avoid thermal runaway?

 It can be avoided by keeping the collector side large to dissipate heat.
 By using heat sink
 By using proper biasing circuit to provide circuit stable.
25. Why is the input impedance of FET more than that of BJT?
Input impedance of FET is more than that of BJT because the input circuit of FET
is reverse bias whereas the input circuit of BJT is forward bias.
26. What are the different methods of biasing JFET? [May /June – 12]
The different methods of biasing JFET are
i. Fixed Bias
ii. Voltage divider Bias
iii. Self Bias
27. What are the parameters that the operating point depends upon?
The operating point depends upon
 AC and DC loads
 Available power supply
 Maximum transistor rating
 Peak signal extension to be handled by the stage and the tolerable distortion.
28. What is thermal resistance?

The steady state temperature use at the collector junction is proportional to the power
dissipated at the junction.
𝜕𝑇 = 𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇𝐴
𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇𝐴 = 𝜃𝑃𝐷
Page 7
𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇𝐴
𝜃 =
𝑃𝐷
𝜃 Constant proportionality is known as thermal resistance.
29. Why is the input impedance of FET more than that of BJT?
Input impedance of FET is more than that of BJT because the input circuit of FET
is reverse bias whereas the input circuit of BJT is forward bias.
30. What are the different methods of biasing JFET? [May / June – 12]
The different methods of biasing JFET are
a) Fixed Bias
b) Voltage divider Bias
c) Self Bias
Page 8
UNIT–II
BJT AMPLIFIERS
1. Define – h-parameters [M/J – 07]

The h-parameters are hybrid in nature,because the dimensions are not alike. The h-
parameters are defined as
𝑉1
i. Input impedance h11 = , with V2 = 0
𝐼1
𝑉1
ii. Reverse voltage transfer ratio h12 = , with I1 = 0
𝑉2
𝐼2
iii. Forward current gain h21 = , with V2 = 0
𝐼1
𝐼2
iv. Output admittance h22 = , with I1 = 0
𝑉2
2. Write the voltage gain equation for CE configuration including source resistance.
The voltage gain equation for CE configuration including source resistance is
given as
𝑉𝐶
AVS = 𝑉𝑆
𝐴𝐼 𝑍𝐿
AVS = 𝑍𝑖𝑒 +𝑅𝑆
Where,
AVS – Voltage gain including source resistance
AI – Current gain
ZL – Load impedance
Zie – Input impedance of CE amplifier
RS – Source resistance
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VC – Output voltage for CE amplifier

VS – Source voltage
3. What is AC load line? How is Q point plotted on the AC load line?
The ac load line is a graph that represents all possible combinations of i c and vce for a
given amplifier. The dc load of an amplifier is different from the ac load. The ac load
line is used to give the maximum possible output voltage swing for a given common-
emitter amplifier. It will define the maximum possible peak-to-peak output voltage (VPP)
from a given amplifier. The ac load line is a straight line drawn from IC (max) and VCE (max)
, when an ac signal is applied to the amplifier.
4. Why are common emitter amplifiers more popular? [N/D – 11]

The common emitter amplifiers are more popular because
i. The CE configuration provides both voltage gain as well as current gain which is
greater than unity.
ii. Power gain of the CE amplifier is much greater than the other two configurations.
iii. The ratio of output resistance to input resistance is small in the range of 10 Ω to 100
Ω which makes the configuration an ideal for coupling
between the various transistors.
5. What are the benefits of h-parameters?
 Real numbers at audio frequency
 Easy to measure
 Can be obtained from the transistor state characteristics curves
 Convenient to use in circuit analysis and design
Page 10
6. What are the techniques employed in improving input impedance?

The input impedance of the circuit can be improved by the following two techniques.
 Using direct coupling ( Darlington transistor)
 Using bootstrap technique
7. What are the advantages of Darlington connection?

Darlington connection improves input impedance as well as current gain of the circuit.
8. How does the input impedance increase due to Darlington connection?
[A/M – 08]
i. Darlington connection is that the composite t transistors acts as a single unit with
a current gain that is the product of the current gain of the individual transistor.
ii. Darlington transistor is commonly used in common emitter follower circuit. This
gives an equivalent circuit of two emitter followers in cascade, thereby increasing
the input impedance.
The input impedance of single stage amplifier: Ri = (1 + hfe) RE
(1+ℎ𝑓𝑒 )2 𝑅𝐸
The input impedance of Darlington connection: Ri = (1+ℎ
𝑜𝑒 (1+ℎ𝑓𝑒)𝑅𝐸 )
9. How are amplifiers classified according to the transistor configuration?

[Nov / Dec -15]
Type of signal Type of configuration Type of output obtained

from the circuit
Small signal Common emitter amplifier Class A amplifier
Large signal amplifiers Common base amplifier Class B amplifier
Common collector amplifier Class C amplifier
Class AB amplifier
10. Two identical amplifiers having 10 dB gain each are cascaded. Calculate the output,
if the input is of 1 mV (p-p).
[A/M – 11]
Page 11
Solution:
Given: AV1 = Av2=10 dB
VI = 1mV (p-p)
To find : V0
Overall gain: AV = AV1 . AV2
AV = 10 * 10
AV = 100 dB
𝑉
AV = 20log 𝑉𝑜
𝑖
𝑉𝑜 100
log = =5
𝑉𝑖 20
𝑉𝑜
= 105
𝑉𝑖
Vo = 105 . Vi
Vo = 105 x 1 x 10-3
Vo = 100 V
11. What is the coupling schemes used in multistage amplifiers? [A/M – 10]
There are three coupling schemes commonly used in multistage amplifiers.
i. Resistance – Capacitance (RC) Coupling
ii. Transformer coupling
iii. Direct coupling
12. What is a cascade amplifier?
To increases the voltage gain of the amplifier, multiple amplifiers are connected in
cascade. The output of one amplifier is the input to another stage. In this way, the overall
voltage gain can be increased, when numbers of amplifier stages are used in succession.
It is called a multistage amplifier or cascade amplifier.
13. Two amplifiers having gain 20 dB and 40 dB are cascaded. Find the overall gain in
dB?
Page 12
Overall gain in dB = 20 dB + 40 dB
= 60 dB
14. What are the characteristics of common emitter amplifier?

Common emitter amplifier has
 Large current gain
 Large voltage gain
 Large power gain
 Voltage phase shift is about 180º
 Moderate input and output impedance
15. What are the characteristics of common collector amplifier?

Common collector amplifier has
 High current gain
 Unity voltage gain
 Large power gain
 No phase difference between input and output
 High input impedance
 Low output impedance
16. What are the characteristics of common base amplifier?

Common collector amplifier has
 Low current gain
 High voltage gain
 High power gain
 No phase difference between input and output
 Low input impedance
 High output impedance
17. State Bisection theorem. [Nov /D ec – 12]

Bisection Theorem (or) Barlett’s bisection theorem states that, if a network N which has a
mirror symmetry with respect to the imaginary line is divided into two half networks N/2
about the line of symmetry.
Page 13
The two half network can be connected using any number of wires but the wires should
not cross. Then for such a bisected network at the imaginary line of symmetry with all the
connecting wires open. The input impedance at input and output is Z(1/2)OC, while with all
the connecting wires shorted , the impedance at input and output is Z(1/2)SC .
18. Define – CMRR [Nov /Dec – 09], [Nov /Dec – 07] [May / June – 07]
Common Mode Rejection Ratio/figure of merit is defined as the ability of a differential
amplifier to reject a common mode signal.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode Ad gain to the common mode gain
AC and is generally expressed in dB.
𝐴
CMRR = 20 log10 𝐴𝑑
𝑐
19. Define – Miller’s Theorem [M/J – 12], [A/M – 10]

Miller’s theorem states that, if an impedance Z is connected between the input and output
terminals of a network which provides a voltage gain Av, an equivalent circuit that gives
𝑍
the same effect can be drawn by removing Z and connecting an impedance Zi = (1−𝐴v)
𝑍𝐴
and Zo= .
(𝐴v−1)
Page 14
Original Circuit Equivalent circuit using Miller’s theorem

20. What is a cascade amplifier?
To increases the voltage gain of the amplifier, multiple amplifiers are connected in
cascade. The output of one amplifier is the input to another stage. In this way, the overall
voltage gain can be increased, when numbers of amplifier stages are used in succession.
It is called a multistage amplifier or cascade amplifier.
21. Define – Miller’s Theorem [May / June – 12], [April / May – 10]
Miller’s theorem states that, if an impedance Z is connected between the input and output
terminals of a network which provides a voltage gain Av, an equivalent circuit that gives
𝑍
the same effect can be drawn by removing Z and connecting an impedance Zi = (1−𝐴v)
𝑍𝐴
and Zo= (𝐴v−1).
Page 15
Original Circuit Equivalent circuit using Miller’s theorem
22. What does bootstrapping mean?

The name bootstrap arises from the fact that, if one end of the resistor changes in voltage,
the other end of the resistor moves through potential difference, it is as if resistor is
pulling itself by bootstrap. The effective load on the bootstrap emitter follower can be
given as
𝑅3 𝐴𝑉
RLeff = R1ǀǀ R2 ǀǀRE ǀǀ
𝐴𝑉 − 1
23. What are multistage amplifiers? ( April / May 2009)

We need amplifier which can amplify a signal from a very week source such as
microphone to a level which is suitable for the operation of another transducer such as
loudspeaker. This is achieved by cascading number of amplifier stages known as
multistage amplifier.
24. Why transformer coupling is not used in the initial stages of a multistage amplifier?
The transformer coupled amplifiers are not used in the initial stages of a multistage
amplifier because it produces unwanted noise. Once these signals are amplified, it cannot
be eliminated by other stages. Hence the amplifier performance deteriorates.
25. Mention two advantages which are specific to Darlington connection. (Dec. 2004)
 The input impedance can be improved with the help of Darlington connection
( cascaded connection of two emitter followers)
 Current gain of the circuit can be improved by ten times.
Page 16
26. Why capacitive coupling is used to connect a signal source to an amplifier?

(Dec. 2007)
The input capacitor couples the signal to the base of the transistor. It blocks any
d.c. component present in the signal and passes only a.c. signal for amplification.
Because of this input capacitor, biasing conditions are maintained constant.
27. What is meant by unity gain frequency?

The frequency at which the gain approaches unity is known as unity gain frequency.
28. Define dynamic range of an amplifier.

Dynamic range of an amplifier is defined as the range over which an active electronic
device can produce a suitable output signal in response to an input signal.
29. Compare the performance of RC coupled amplifier and transformer coupled

amplifier ( May / June 2009)
Parameter RC coupled amplifier Transformer coupled amplifier
Coupling Resistor and capacitor Impedance matching transformer
components
Block d.c. Yes Yes
Frequency response Flat at middle frequencies Not uniform, high at resonant
frequency and low at other
frequencies
Impedance matching Not achieved Achieved
Applications  Used in all audio small  Used in amplifier where
signal amplifiers , impedance matching is an
 Used in tape recorders important criteria.
 Used in the output stage of
the public address systems
30. What are the salient features of hybrid parameters?

The salient features of hybrid parameters are
Page 17
 H-parameters are real numbers

 They are easy to measure
 They are convenient to use in circuit analysis and design
 Readily supplied by manufactures
 Easily convertible from one configuration to other
31. What is conversion efficiency in a power amplifier?

It is the ratio of the ac power delivered to the load to the dc input power applied is
referred to as conversion efficiency.
𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
ƞ = 𝑥 100
𝑑𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
32. Why class A amplifier must not be operated under no signal conditions? ( Dec.2005)
When there is no signal in class A amplifier, there will be maximum power dissipation.
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑑𝑐 − 𝑃𝑎𝑐
𝑃𝑑𝑐 – 0 [when 𝑃𝑎𝑐 = 0 ]
(𝑃𝑑 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑑𝑐

The entire d.c. power input is dissipated as the heat. Thus power dissipation is
maximum under no signal condition. This may increase the transistor junction
temperature beyond safe value, which may lead to transistor damage. To avoid this,
class A amplifier must not be operated under no signal condition.
33. What is class AB operation? ( Dec 2002)

The power amplifier is said to be class AB amplifier if the Q-point and the input signal
are selected such that, the output signal is obtained for more than 180º but less than 360º
for a full input cycle.
34. Define class C operation of power amplifier ( Dec 2005)

The power amplifiers is said to be class C amplifier, if the Q-point and the input signal
are selected such that, the output signal is obtained for less than a half cycle for a full
input cycle.
35. What is the drawback of class B amplifier? How it is minimized? ( Dec 2004)
The drawback of class B amplifier is cross-over distortion. To overcome this cross over
distortion, a small forward bias is kept applied to the transistors, so that when input is
Page 18
zero, this additional forward bias can make the transistor ON immediately, eliminating
cross-over distortion.
36. What is a heat sink? Give its advantages.( Dec 2006, May 2008)
A heat sink is a mechanical device which is connected or press fit to the case of the
transistor that provides a large surface area, to dissipate the developed heat, the heat sink
carries the heat to the surroundings. The advantages of heat sink are:
 The temperature of the case gets lowered
 The power handling capacity of the transistors can approach the rated maximum
value.
37. What is meant by harmonic distortion? ( May 2004)

At the top of power amplifiers, along with the fundamental frequency component,
additional frequency components are also present whose frequencies are integral
multiples of fundamental frequency such as 2f,3f,4f ……. These are called harmonics.
The output gets distorted due to these components. This is called this the harmonic
component.
38. How is crossover distortion caused? ( May / June 2009)

For making transistor ON, it is necessary that VBE must exceed 0.7V. Due to this, in
class B amplifier, while crossing over from one half cycle to other, as long as input is
below 0.7V, none of the transistor is ON and the output is zero. Due to this, there is
distortion in the output which is called crossover distortion.
39. Why is power amplifiers provided with heat sink? ( April / May 2010)
The maximum power handled by a particular power transistor and the temperature of the
transistor junctions are closely related. This is because of the fact that the junction
temperature increases due to the power dissipation. The hat sink draws heat from the
power transistor via thermal condition expels the heat into the ambient air via, thermal
convection and heat radiation.
40. What are the different types of distortion in amplifiers? ( April / May 2009)
The different types of distortion in amplifier are frequency distortion, amplitude
distortion, and phase distortion.
Page 19
UNIT – III
JFET AND MOSFET AMPLIFIERS
1. What is an amplifier?
An amplifier is a circuit; it can be used to increase the magnitude of the input current or voltage
at the output by means of energy drawn from an external source.
2. Write the expression for basic current equation in MOSFET?
The region for which vds < vds(sat) is known as Non saturation region,
id = kn[2(vgs-vtn)vds-vds2].
In the saturation region,the ideal current - voltage characteristics for vgs > vtn are given by the
equation ,id = kn(vgs-vtn)2
3. Why FET is called as a voltage control device.
In FET the voltage applied between gate and source v gs controls the drain current id. Therefore,
FET is a voltage control device. In FET, current is carried by only one type of charge particles,
either electrons or holes.
4. Draw the equivalent circuit of FET
Page 20
Here rʹgs appears between the gate and source ,and a current source equal to gmv gs appears
between the drain and source .Also, the internal drain to source resistance rʹds is included.
5. Write two reasons why a hybrid parameter model is used in small signal analysis.
i. The h parameters are determined by short circuiting the output and open circuiting
the input. This method of analyzing transistor circuits makes easier for designing
a circuit.
ii. The hybrid parameters are more popular in transistor circuit analysis, because it
has mixed dimensions.
6. Sketch the simple common source amplifier circuit of MOSFET?
D-MOSFET E-MOSFET
7. What are the basic circuit configurations used in MOSFET?
There are 3 basic MOSFET circuit configurations, they are
Page 21
i. Common Source(CS)
ii. Common Gate(CG)
iii. Common Drain (CD)
8. Sketch the simple common gate amplifier circuit of JFET?
9. Compare the characteristic of small signal amplifier with large signal amplifier.
Small signal amplifier Large signal amplifier
Input signal is so weak as to
When fluctuation in collector
produce small fluctuations in
current is large i.e., beyond the
the collector current compared
linear portion of characteristics of
to its quiescent value, the
the amplifier, is called as large
amplifier is known as small
signal amplifier.
signal amplifier.
10. Compare the AC circuit characteristics of the CS, CG and ( source follower) CD.
Characteristics of the three MOSFET amplifier configurations.
Configuration Voltage gain Current gain Input Output
resistance resistance
Common Av > 1 - RTH Moderate to high
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source Av ≈ 1 - RTH Low

Source
follower
Common gate Av > 1 Ai ≈ 1 Low Moderate to high
11. State the general advantage of using JEFET rather than BJT?
i. FETs require less space than that for BJTs, hence they are preferred in integrated
circuits.
ii. FETs have higher input impedance than BJT they are preferred in amplifiers where
high input impedance is required.
12. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit of JFET.
13. How does the body effect change the small signal equivalent circuit of the
MOSFET?
The body effect occurs in a MOSFET in which the substrate, or body, is not
connected to the source. For an NMOS device, the body is connected to the most
Page 23
negative potential in the circuit and will be at signal ground for the four-terminal
MOSFET
14. List out the applications of MOSFET?
i. Heat sink and cooling within a computer most MOSFETs are located on the
microprocessor chip, mounted on the motherboard and conspicuously cooled by
its own heat sink and cooling fan.
ii. Microprocessor chip The microprocessor chip itself is mounted in an electronic
package with hundreds of interconnecting pins and connected to the chip by
hundreds of tiny bond wires.
iii. Chip cross-section A cross-section of the chip reveals multiple layers of tiny wires
above the MOSFETs which are embedde4d in the silicon substrate.
15. Write the expressions of small signal voltage gain and output resistance of the
common gate circuit?
16. What is the difference between a MOSFET and PN junction FET?

S. Parameter JFET MOSFET
Page 24
No.
A) N – channel depletion type
a) N – channel MOSFET.
1 Types
b) P– channel B) P – channel depletion type MOSFET
C) N – channel enhancement type
MOSFET.
D) P – channel enhancement type
MOSFET.
2 Operation mode Operated in depletion Operated in depletion and

mode. enhancement mode
3 Gate is not insulated Gate is insulated from channel by a

Gate
from channel. layer of SiO2
UNIT–IV
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF BJT AND MOSFET AMPLIFIERS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION:
1. Why are h-parameters not used at high frequencies? [M/J – 12]
The h-parameters are not used at high frequencies, because the values of h-parameters are
not constant at high frequencies. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the transistor at each and
every frequency, which is impracticable. At high frequencies, h-parameters become complex in
nature.
2. Write the expressions for gain bandwidth product for voltage and current. [A/M – 10]
The gain bandwidth product for voltage gain is,
−ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑅𝐿 1
|𝐴𝑣𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝐻 | = |𝐴𝑣𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝐻 | = * 2𝜋𝑅
𝑅𝑠 +ℎ𝑖𝑒 𝑒𝑞 𝐶𝑒𝑞
The gain bandwidth product for current gain is,
Page 25
−ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑅𝑠 1
|𝐴𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝐻 | = |𝐴𝑖𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝐻 | = * 2𝜋𝑅
𝑅𝑠 +ℎ𝑖𝑒 𝑒𝑞 𝐶𝑒𝑞
3. How is the high frequency gain of an amplifier limited? [M/J – 12]

At high frequencies, the coupling and bypass capacitors act as short circuit and does not
affect the amplifier frequency. However, at high frequencies, the internal capacitances
commonly known as junction capacitances reduce the current gain. At higher frequencies, the
reactance of the junction capacitances is low. As frequency increases, the reactance of junction
capacitances falls. When these reactance become small enough, they provide shunting effect as
they are in parallel with junctions. This reduces the circuit gain and hence the output voltage.
4. Draw general frequency response curve of an amplifier. [M/J – 12]
5. What is bandwidth of an amplifier? [N/D – 09], [M/J – 07]

Bandwidth of the amplifier is defined as the difference between upper cut-off
frequency(f2) and lower cut-off frequency(f1). That is bandwidth of the amplifier = f2 – f1. f2 lies
in the high frequency region and f1 lies in the low frequency region.
FREQUERNCY RESPONSE BJT
6. What is the effect of coupling capacitors on the bandwidth of the amplifier? [M/J – 12]
The reactance of a capacitor is Xc = 1/2πfc. at medium and high frequencies, the factor f
makes Xc very small, so that all coupling capacitors behave as short circuits. At low frequencies,
Xc increases. This increase in Xc drops the signal voltage across the capacitor and reduces the
circuit gain. As signal frequencies decrease, the capacitor’s reactance increase, and circuit gain
continues to fall, reducing the output voltage.
7. Short circuit common emitter current gain of transistor is 25 at a frequency of 2 MHz, if
fβ = 200 kHz, calculate fT and hfe. What is the bandwidth that can be obtained using BJT, if
the rise time of a BJT is 40 ns? [N/D – 11]
Solution: Given Ai = 25 , f = 2MHz , fβ = 200kHz and tr = 40 ns
Page 26
hfe
i ) |𝐴𝑖 | = 2
√1+( 𝑓 )
𝑓𝛽
2 2
𝑓 2MHz
hfe = |𝐴𝑖 | ∗ √1 + (𝑓 ) = 25 ∗ √1 + (200KHz)
𝛽
= 25 ∗ √1 + 102 = 25 * 10 = 250
ii) 𝑓𝑇 = hfe * fβ = 250 * 200kHz = 50 MHz

0.35 0.35 0.35
iii) 𝐵𝑊 = = = 40∗10−9 = 8.75 MHz
tr 40∗10−9
8. What are the effects of emitter bypass capacitor on high frequency response? [N/D – 12]
At lower frequencies, the bypass capacitor CE is not a short. So, the emitter is not at
ground. Xc in parallel with RE (RS incase of FET) creates an impedance. The signal voltage drops
across this impedance reducing the current gain.
9. What is meant by gain-bandwidth product? [N/D – 12],

[A/M – 08]
The gain bandwidth product fT is an important parameter of high frequency
characteristics of a transistor. The parameter is the product of short-circuit current gain and the
bandwidth lower 3 dB frequency, which is so small that it can be assumed to be zero.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE - FET
10. Calculate the amplification factor µ of FET, if rd = 4 KΩ and gm = 4 mA/V. [A/M – 11]
Given: rd = 4 KΩ
gm = 4 mA/V
µ = gm* rd = (4 * 10-3) * (4 * 103) = 16
11. Draw the high frequency model of FET. [M/J – 12]
Page 27
FREQUENCY RESPONSE-MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER

12. Two amplifiers having gain 20 dB and 40 dB are cascaded. Find the overall gain in dB.
[N/D – 09]
Overall gain in dB = sum of decibel voltage gains of the individual stages.
Av (dB) = 20 + 40 = 60 dB
13. Write the equation of overall upper and lower cutoff frequencies of multistage amplifier
[A/M – 12]
Overall lower cutoff frequency of multistage amplifier
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
=
𝟐 √𝟐
√𝟏+( 𝒇𝑳 )
[ 𝒇𝑳(𝐧)
]
𝑓𝐿
𝑓𝐿 (n) = 1
√(2 ⁄𝑛 )−1
𝑓𝐿 (n)- Lower 3dB frequency of identical cascaded stages

𝑓𝐿 - Lower 3dB frequency of single stage
n- Number of stages
Page 28
Overall lower cutoff frequency of Multistage amplifier

𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
=
√𝟐
(𝐧) 𝟐
√𝟏+(𝒇𝑯 )
[ 𝒇𝑯 ]
1⁄
𝑓𝐻 (n) =𝑓𝐻 √(2 𝑛) −1
𝑓𝐻 (n)- Higher 3dB frequency of identical cascaded stages

𝑓𝐻 - Higher 3dB frequency of single stage
n- Number of stages
SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
14. What is the bandwidth that can be obtained using BJT, if the rise time of a BJT is 40ns?
[M/J – 12]
Given tr = 40 nsec
0.35 0.35
tr = =
𝑓2 𝐵𝑊
0.35 0.35
Therefore bandwidth = = = 8.75 MHz.
𝑡𝑟 40∗10−9
15. What is meant by amplifier rise time? [N/D – 07],

[A/M – 10]
The difference between t2 and t1 is called the rise time tr, where, t2 is the time required for
VO to reach nine tenth of its final value, and t1 is the time required for VO to reach one tenth of
its final value.
tr = t2 - t1
UNIT–V
IC MOSFET AMPLIFIERS
1. What is meant by current steering circuit?
Biasing in integrated-circuit design is based on the use of constant-current sources. On an
IC chip with a number of amplifier stages, a constant dc current called a reference current is
Page 29
generated at one location and is then replicated at various other locations for biasing the
variousamplifier stages through a process known as current steering.
2. What is the relation between Io and Iref?
The special connection of Ql and Q2 provides an output current I0 that is related to the
reference current IREF by the ratio of the aspect ratios of the transistors. The relationship between
I0 and IREF is determined
by the geometries of the transistors.
3. What is meant by current mirror?
In the special case of identical transistors, I0 = IREF, and the circuit replicates or mirrors
the reference current in the output terminal. This has given the circuit composed of Ql and Q2 the
name current mirror.
4. Draw the two transistor MOSFET current source.
5. What are active loads?

Active loads are essentially “upside down” current-source circuits that replace the
discrete collector and drain resistors. The active loads produce a much larger small-signal
voltage gain compared to discrete resistor circuits.
6. Draw the MOSFET amplifier with active load
Page 30
7. Give the driver characteristics and load curve for MOSFET circuit with active load.
The figure shows the transistor characteristics of the driver transistor M0 for several
values of gate-to-source or VI voltages. Superimposed on these curves is the load curve, which
essentially is the ID versus VSD characteristic of the active load M2 at a constant VSG voltage.
Page 31
The Q-point moves up and down the load curve producing a change in output voltage. Also, as
VI increases to VI 2, the driver transistor M0 is driven into the non-saturation region; as VI
decreases
to VI 1, the load transistor M2 is driven into the non-saturation region.
8. Define – CMRR
The ability of a differential amplifier to reject a common-mode signal is given in terms of
the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). The CMRR is a figure of merit for the differential
amplifier and is defined as
Ad – differential gain
Acm – common mode gain
9. Draw the basic MOSFET differential pair configuration
10. Give the expression of CMRR for MOSFET differential amplifier.
Page 32
IQ – bias current
Ro – output resistance
Page 33

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EC6304- Electronic Circuits- I III Semester ECE

Two marks questions and answers

EC6304 - Electronic Circuits- I

UNIT–I TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY

5. Compare bias stabilization and compensation techniques. [Nov /Dec – 11]

BIAS STABILIZATION BIAS COMPENSATION

6. What is Thermal runaway?

12. State the advantages and disadvantages of collector to base bias.

Disadvantages of collector to base bias circuit are as follows

13. What is the process of instability?

14. What is the use of compensation technique in electronic circuits?

15. What do you understand by dc load line?

𝑉𝐶𝐶 −𝑉𝐵𝐸 10−0.7

22. What is the function of the Q-point? [ Nov /Dec – 13]

23. Why temperature compensation is required? [ Nov /Dec – 12]

 Transistor current gain β varies as temperature raises,

24. What are the methods to avoid thermal runaway?

28. What is thermal resistance?

1. Define – h-parameters [M/J – 07]

VC – Output voltage for CE amplifier

4. Why are common emitter amplifiers more popular? [N/D – 11]

6. What are the techniques employed in improving input impedance?

7. What are the advantages of Darlington connection?

9. How are amplifiers classified according to the transistor configuration?

Type of signal Type of configuration Type of output obtained

Large signal amplifiers Common base amplifier Class B amplifier

Common collector amplifier Class C amplifier

14. What are the characteristics of common emitter amplifier?

15. What are the characteristics of common collector amplifier?

16. What are the characteristics of common base amplifier?

17. State Bisection theorem. [Nov /D ec – 12]

19. Define – Miller’s Theorem [M/J – 12], [A/M – 10]

Original Circuit Equivalent circuit using Miller’s theorem

Original Circuit Equivalent circuit using Miller’s theorem

22. What does bootstrapping mean?

23. What are multistage amplifiers? ( April / May 2009)

26. Why capacitive coupling is used to connect a signal source to an amplifier?

27. What is meant by unity gain frequency?

28. Define dynamic range of an amplifier.

29. Compare the performance of RC coupled amplifier and transformer coupled

30. What are the salient features of hybrid parameters?

 H-parameters are real numbers

31. What is conversion efficiency in a power amplifier?

(𝑃𝑑 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑑𝑐

33. What is class AB operation? ( Dec 2002)

34. Define class C operation of power amplifier ( Dec 2005)

37. What is meant by harmonic distortion? ( May 2004)

38. How is crossover distortion caused? ( May / June 2009)

6. Sketch the simple common source amplifier circuit of MOSFET?

source Av ≈ 1 - RTH Low

12. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit of JFET.

16. What is the difference between a MOSFET and PN junction FET?

2 Operation mode Operated in depletion Operated in depletion and

3 Gate is not insulated Gate is insulated from channel by a

The gain bandwidth product for current gain is,

3. How is the high frequency gain of an amplifier limited? [M/J – 12]

5. What is bandwidth of an amplifier? [N/D – 09], [M/J – 07]

Solution: Given Ai = 25 , f = 2MHz , fβ = 200kHz and tr = 40 ns

ii) 𝑓𝑇 = hfe * fβ = 250 * 200kHz = 50 MHz