SESSION 7.

Module 3
Content and Process
 Lesson 1 Rectangular
Coordinate System

Objectives:
•describe and illustrate the Rectangular
Coordinate System and its uses;
•plot points on the coordinate plane using
the coordinate axes;

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First, let’s take a look at….

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A little history

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A little history
 René Descartes
(1596-1650)

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A little history
 René Descartes
(1596-1650)
 philosopher

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A little history
 René Descartes
(1596-1650)
 philosopher
 mathematician

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A little history
 René Descartes
(1596-1650)
 philosopher
 mathematician
 joined algebra
and geometry

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A little history
 René Descartes
(1596-1650)
 philosopher
 mathematician
 joined algebra
and geometry
 credited with---
Cartesian plane
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Now, let’s take a look at…

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Cartesian plane

Formed by
intersecting
two
real number
lines at
right angles

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Cartesian plane

Horizontal
axis is
usually
called the
x-axis

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Cartesian plane
Vertical
axis is
usually
called the
y-axis

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Cartesian plane
Also called:
 x-y plane

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Cartesian plane
Also called:
 x-y plane
 rectangular
coordinate
system

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Now, let’s take a closer look…

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Cartesian plane

Divides into
Quadrants

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Cartesian plane

Divides into I
Quadrants

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Cartesian plane

Divides into II I
Quadrants

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Cartesian plane

Divides into II I
Quadrants

III
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Cartesian plane

Divides into II I
Quadrants

III IV
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Cartesian plane

Divides into II I
Quadrants
and…

III IV
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Cartesian plane

The
intersection
of the two
axes is
called the
origin

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Cartesian plane

Math Alert II I
The
quadrants
do not
include the
axes
III IV
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Cartesian plane

Math Alert II I
A point on the
x or y axis is
not in a
quadrant

III IV
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Cartesian plane

Each point in
the (x,y)
x-y plane is
(x,y)
associated
with an
(x,y)
ordered (x,y)
pair, (x,y)

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Cartesian plane

The x and y of (x,y)

the ordered
pair, (x,y)
(x,y), are called
its (x,y)
coordinates (x,y)

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Cartesian plane

Math Alert
There is an
infinite
amount of
points in the
Cartesian
plane

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Take note of these graphing
basics

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Cartesian plane

 Always start
at (0,0)---every
point
“originates” at
the origin

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Cartesian plane
y

 In plotting (x,y)
---remember the
directions of
both the x and y x
axis

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Cartesian plane

 (x,---)
x-axis goes
left and right

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Cartesian plane

 (---,y)
y-axis goes
up and down

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Now, let’s look at plotting…

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Now, let’s look at plotting…

(2,1)
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Cartesian plane

(2,1)
 Start at (0,0)
 ( + , ---)
(2,1)
 Move right
2

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Cartesian plane

(2,1)
 (---, + )
 (---, 1)
(2,1)
 Move up 1

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Now, let’s look at plotting…

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Now, let’s look at plotting…

(4,  2)
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Cartesian plane

(4,  2)
 Start at (0,0)
( + , ---)
 Move right 4
(4,  2)

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Cartesian plane
(4,  2)
 (---, - )
 (---, -2)
 Move down
(4,  2)
2

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Now, let’s look at plotting…

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Now, let’s look at plotting …

( 3,5)
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Cartesian plane

( 3,5)
 Start at (0,0)
( - , ---) ( 3,5)
 Move left 3

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Cartesian plane

( 3,5) ( 3,5)
 (---, + )
 (---, 5)
 Move up 5

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Now, let’s look at plotting …

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Now, let’s look at plotting …

(0, 4)
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Cartesian plane

(0, 4)
 Start at (0,0)
 (none,---) (0, 4)
 No move
right or left

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Cartesian plane

(0, 4)
 (0, + )
(0, 4)
 (---, 4)
 Move up 4

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Now, let’s look at plotting …

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Now, let’s look at plotting …

( 5,0)
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Cartesian plane

( 5,0)
 Start at (0,0)
 ( - ,---) ( 5,0)
 Move left 5

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Cartesian plane

( 5,0)
 ( ---, 0)
 No move up ( 5,0)
or down

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Now, let’s look at a little plotting
practice…

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point---
Or what is the
‘(x,y)’of the
point?

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
(2, 4)
of the point

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point

( 4,  2)
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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate (0,3)
the coordinates
of the point

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point

(3,  3)
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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point

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Cartesian plane
Directions: ( 1, 6)
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Approximate
the coordinates
of the point

( 5, 0)

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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Find the
coordinates of
the point two
units
to the left of the
y-axis and five
units above the
x-axis
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Cartesian plane
Directions: ( 2,5)
Find the
coordinates of
the point two
units
to the left of the
y-axis and five
units above the
x-axis
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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Find the
coordinates of
the point on the
x-axis and three
units to the left
of the
y-axis
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Cartesian plane
Directions:
Find the
coordinates of
a point on the x-
axis and three
units to the left ( 3, 0)
of the
y-axis
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Hanapin Mo ‘ko
Lesson 2: Representations of
Relations and Functions

•define and illustrate relation and function;

•determine if a given relation is a function
using ordered pairs, graphs and equations;
•differentiate dependent and independent
variables
•determine the domain and range of a
function
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Have you ever asked yourself how the steepness of
the mountain affects the speed of a mountaineer?
How does the family’s power consumption affect the
amount of the electric bill?
How is the revenue of the company related to
the number of items produced and sold?
Konek ka Dyan!
Below are pictures of famous celebrities. Find pairs of
pictures that are somehow connected with one another.
Justify your pairing.
Relations & Functions

Relation: a set of ordered pairs

Domain: the set of x-coordinates
Range: the set of y-coordinates

When writing the domain and range, do not

repeat values.
Relations and Functions

Given the relation:

{(2, -6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (0,0), (1, -6), (3, 0)}
State the domain:
D: {0,1, 2, 3}
State the range:
R: {-6, 0, 4}
Relations and Functions
• Relations can be written in several
ways: ordered pairs, table, graph, or
mapping.

• We have already seen relations

represented as ordered pairs.
Table

{(3, 4), (7, 2), (0, -1), x y

(-2, 2), (-5, 0), (3, 3)} 3 4
7 2
0 -1
-2 2
-5 0
3 3
Mapping

• Create two ovals with the domain on

the left and the range on the right.
• Elements are not repeated.
• Connect elements of the domain with
the corresponding elements in the
range by drawing an arrow.
Mapping

{(2, -6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (0, 0), (1, -6), (3, 0)}

2
-6
1
4
0
0
3
Functions

• A function is a relation in which the

members of the domain (x-values)
DO NOT repeat.
• So, for every x-value there is only one
y-value that corresponds to it.
• y-values can be repeated.
Do the ordered pairs represent a
function?
{(3, 4), (7, 2), (0, -1), (-2, 2), (-5, 0), (3, 3)}
No, 3 is repeated in the domain.

{(4, 1), (5, 2), (8, 2), (9, 8)}

Yes, no x-coordinate is repeated.
Do the maps represent a
function?
No, -2 and 0 are not mapped to
exactly one element in the range

Yes, the domain is mapped

exactly
to one element in the range
Do the maps represent a
function?
Yes, the domain is mapped
exactly
to one element in the range

No, the domain is mapped

to more than one element in the
range
Graphs of a Function
Vertical Line Test:
If a vertical line is passed over
the graph and it intersects the
graph in exactly one point, the
graph represents a function.
Does the graph represent a function?
Name the domain and range.
Yes
x D: all reals
R: all reals
y

Yes
x D: all reals
R: y ≥ -6
y
Does the graph represent a function?
Name the domain and range.
No
D: x ≥ 1/2 x
R: all reals
y

No
D: all reals x
R: all reals
y
Does the graph represent a function?
Name the domain and range.
Yes
D: all reals x
R: y ≥ -6
y

No
D: x = 2 x
R: all reals
y
Function Notation

• When we know that a relation is a

function, the “y” in the equation can
be replaced with f(x).
• f(x) is simply a notation to designate a
function. It is pronounced ‘f’ of
‘x’.
• The ‘f’ names the function, the ‘x’ tells
the variable that is being used.
Value of a Function

Since the equation y = x - 2

represents a function, we can also
write it as f(x) = x - 2.
Find f(4):
f(4) = 4 - 2
f(4) = 2
Value of a Function

If g(s) = 2s + 3, find g(-2).

g(-2) = 2(-2) + 3
=-4 + 3
= -1
g(-2) = -1
Value of a Function

If h(x) = x2 - x + 7, find h(2c).

h(2c) = (2c)2 – (2c) + 7
= 4c2 - 2c + 7
Value of a Function

If f(k) = k2 - 3, find f(a - 1)

f(a - 1)=(a - 1)2 - 3
(Remember FOIL?!)
=(a-1)(a-1) - 3
= a2 - a - a + 1 - 3
= a2 - 2a - 2
Lesson 3 Linear Functions
and Its Application

Objectives:
•define and describe a linear function using its points,
equation and graph;
•find the slope of a line given two points, equation and graph;
•write the linear equation Ax + By = C in the form y = mx+ b
and vice-versa
•graph linear equations
•find the equation of a line
•solve real-life problems involving linear functions and
patterns.
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 SLOPE
Slope is the ratio of the vertical rise to the horizontal
run between any two points on a line. Usually
referred to as the rise over run.
Run is 6 Slope triangle
because
we went between two points.
to the Notice that the slope
Rise is 10
right triangle can be drawn
because we Rise is -10
because we two different ways.
went up
went down
 10 5
The slope in this case is 
 6 3
Run is -6
because
we went 10 5
to the The slope in this case is 
6 3
left
Another way
FORMULA FOR FINDING
SLOPE
The formula is used when you know two
points of a line.

They look like A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 )

RISE y2  y1 y1  y2
SLOPE   
RUN x2  x1 x1  x2
Find the slope of the line between the two points (-4, 8) and (10, -4)

If it helps label the points. X 1 Y1 X2 Y2

Then use the

formula y  y
2 1  4 8
SUBSTITUTE INTO FORMULA
x2  x1 10  ( 4)

 4 8  12  12 6
Then simplify   
10  ( 4) 10  4 14 7
We have used 3 different methods for
graphing equations.

1) using a t-table
2) using slope-intercept form
3) using x- and y-intercepts

The goal is to determine which method

is the easiest to use for each problem!
Here’s your cheat sheet!
If the equation is in STANDARD FORM
(Ax + By = C), graph using the
intercepts.
If the equation is in SLOPE-INTERCEPT
FORM (y = mx + b), graph using slope
and intercept or a t-table (whichever is
easier for you).
If the equation is in neither form, rewrite the
equation in the form you like the best!
Graph
Using T Table

2 x  y 1
x y

-3

2
Graph
Using T Table

2 x  y 1
x y

-3 -7

0 -1

2 3
 1
Graph y x2
3
Which graphing method is easiest?
Using slope and y-intercept (or t-table)!

These notes will graph using m and b

m=  1 ,b=2
3
Graphing with slope-intercept
1
y x2
3
1. Start by graphing the -3
y-intercept (b = 2). 1 -3
1
2. From the y-intercept,
apply “rise over run”
 1
using your slope.  m  
3
rise = 1, run = -3 
Start here
3. Repeat this again from
your new point.
4. Draw a line through
your points.
Graph -2x + 3y = 12

Which graphing method is easiest?

Using x- and y-intercepts!
(The equation is in standard form)

Remember, plug in 0 to find the

intercepts.
 Graphing with intercepts:
-2x + 3y = 12
1. Find your x-intercept:
Let y = 0
-2x + 3(0) = 12
x = -6; (-6, 0)
2. Find your y-intercept:
Let x = 0
-2(0) + 3y = 12
y = 4; (0, 4)
3. Graph both points and draw a line through them.
Writing Linear Equations
a. slope-intercept form
b. point-slope form

3x - y = -12
3x - 5y = 20
c. two-point formula
Write an equation of the line that passes through
(5, –2) and (2, 10).
SOLUTION

The line passes through (x1, y1) = (5,–2) and

(x2, y2) = (2, 10). Find its slope.

y2 – y1 10 – (–2) 12
m= = = = –4
x2 – x1 2 –5 –3
You know the slope and a point on the line, so use
point-slope form with either given point to write an
equation of the line. Choose (x1, y1) = (5, – 2).

y2 – y1 = m(x – x1) Use point-slope form.

y + 2 = – 4(x – 5) Substitute for m, x1, and y1.

y + 2 = – 4x + 20 Distributive property

y = – 4x + 18 Write in slope-intercept form.

4x+ y = 18 Write in standard form.

Tinimbang Ko Ang Aso Mo