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Applications of hno3,h2 so4,naoh
- 1. Applications of Caustic Soda Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is a strategic raw material in various industries and applications. The main users of sodium hydroxide globally are pulp and paper, alumina and chemical industry. In pulp and paper industry the product is used in pulp cooking. Sodium Hydroxide is also used quite a bit in food processing. The compound is often used in steps for peeling fruits and vegetables, processing cocoa and chocolate, thickening of ice cream, poultry scalding and soda processing. Olives are soaked in Sodium Hydroxide along with other substances to make them black, and soft pretzels are also coated with the compound to give them a chewy texture. Other uses include: Used in processes to make products including plastics, soaps rayon and Textiles Revitalizing acids in petroleum refining Removal of paint Etching aluminum Dehorning of cattle During two steps of the paper making process Used in relaxers to help straighten hair however this is becoming less popular because of the possibility of chemical burns Storage and Handling: Caustic Soda is normally handled and stored in iron or steel containers and at temperatures above 15°C and below 55°C. At temperatures higher than 55°C, the caustic solution may pick up iron, which could cause it to deteriorate in time due to caustic embattlement. Caustic Soda in higher temperature conditions in tanks lined with an organic metal. At temperatures below 15°C, a Caustic Soda solution will start to freeze. A small low-pressure steam coil inside the tank is adequate for keeping the caustic solution within recommended temperature ranges. Pulp and paper The largest application for caustic soda worldwide. Uses include in pulping and bleaching processes, the de-inking of waste paper and water treatment. Textiles Used to process cotton and dye synthetic fibers, such as nylon and polyester. Soap and detergents Used in saponification, the chemical process that converts fat, tallow and vegetable oils into soap. It also is used to manufacture anionic surfactants, a crucial component in most detergents and cleaning products. Bleach manufacturing
- 2. Used to make bleach, which has industrial and consumer applications such as mold and mildew control around the home. Petroleum products Used to explore, produce and process petroleum and natural gas. Aluminum production Used to dissolve bauxite ore, the raw material for aluminum production. Chemical processing Used as a basic feedstock for a wide range of downstream products, including solvents, plastics, fabrics, adhesives, coatings, herbicides, dyes, inks, pharmaceuticals and more. Applications of Nitric acid The manufacturing of fertilizer is actually the most common use of nitric acid. Nitric acid is a highly corrosive acidic substance. Its physical state is a colorless liquid but sometimes, it may have a yellowish tint. Nitric acid dissolves metals such as iron, copper and silver. It is a strong oxidizing agent, a substance that readily accepts electrons from another substance. Nitric acid is a very important substance that is used as a raw material to produce other substances. This makes it important in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The most common use for nitric acid is to make fertilizer. One of the raw materials required to make an effective fertilizer is nitric acid, where it reacts with ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate. Aerospace Engineering Rockets use different type of propellants. In liquid-fueled rockets, a liquid oxidizer is combined with fuel. Nitric acid, being a strong oxidizing agent, has been used as the oxidizer in liquid-fueled rockets. The forms of nitrogen used as rocket propellant are usually: white fuming nitric acid a storable oxidizer that consists of highly concentrated nitric acid - around greater than 95%, and red fuming nitric acid also a storable oxidizer with a nitric acid concentration of around 84%. Fertilizers Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate for fertilizers, making plastics, and in the manufacture of dyes. It is also used for making explosives such as nitroglycerin and TNT. When it is combined with hydrochloric acid, an element called aqua regia is formed. This is a reagent that is capable of dissolving gold and platinum. Additionally, it is used in a colorimetric test to distinguish heroin and morphine.
- 3. Digestion It is also typically used in the digestion process of turbid water samples, solid sludge samples, as well as other types of unique samples that require elemental analysis via flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Organic synthesis In organic synthesis, nitric acid may be used to introduce the nitro group. When used with sulfuric acid, it generates the nitronium ion, which electrophilically reacts with aromatic compounds such as benzene. Electrochemistrty In electrochemistry, nitric acid is used as a chemical doping agent for organic semiconductors, and in purification processes for raw carbon nanotubes. Uses in different industries Acrylic Fiber industries make use of nitric acid as a solvent in Acrylic Fibers Circuit Board Manufacture use nitric acid for Imaging Copper Etch Electroplating use it as Acid Metal Cleaner and Oxide Remover Iron and Steel industries use it as a Pickling Acid Machinery manufacture and Repair use it as a Cleansing agent Semiconductors industries use nitric acid for Wet Chemical Etching Applications of Sulphuric Acid Sulfuric acid is one of the most important industrial chemicals. More of it is made each year than is made of any other manufactured chemical.It has widely varied uses and plays some part in the production of nearly all manufactured goods. The major use of sulfuric acid is in the production of fertilizers, e.g., superphosphate of lime and ammonium sulfate. It is widely used in the manufacture of chemicals, e.g., in making hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfate salts, synthetic detergents, dyes and pigments, explosives, and drugs. It is used in petroleum refining to wash impurities out of gasoline and other refinery products. Sulfuric acid is used in processing metals, e.g., in pickling (cleaning) iron and steel before plating them with tin or zinc. Rayon is made with sulfuric acid. It serves as the electrolyte in the lead-acid storage battery commonly used in motor vehicles. Fertilizers Ammonium sulfate, an important nitrogen fertilizer, is most commonly produced as a byproduct from coking plants supplying the iron and steel making plants. Reacting the ammonia produced in the thermal decomposition of coal with waste sulfuric acid allows the ammonia to be crystallized out as a salt and sold into the agro-chemicals industry.
- 4. Another important fertilizer made by sulfuric acid is aluminium sulfate, also known as paper maker's alum. This can react with small amounts of soap on paper pulp fibers to give gelatinous aluminium carboxylates, which help to coagulate the pulp fibers into a hard paper surface. It is also used for making aluminium hydroxide, which is used at water treatment plants to filter out impurities, as well as to improve the taste of the water. Catalyst Sulfuric acid is used for a variety of other purposes in the chemical industry. For example, it is the usual acid catalyst for the conversion of cyclohexanone oxime to caprolactam, used for making nylon. It is used for making hydrochloric acid from salt via the Mannheim process. Much sulfuric acid is used in petroleum refining. Cleansing agent Sulfuric acid is used in large quantities by the iron and steelmaking industry to remove oxidation, rust and scaling from rolled sheet and billets prior to sale to the automobile and major appliances industry. Moreover sulphuric acid is used as Pesticides Drying or dehydrating agent Pigment for paints Electrolyte in lead accumulators In refining of oils In paper and sugar bleaching