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The political system of early socialist-era Mongolia, established by the first Constitution in 1924, can be interpreted as a vernacular version of the Soviet system, in which the formally supreme representative body, the State Great... more
The political system of early socialist-era Mongolia, established by the first Constitution in 1924, can be interpreted as a vernacular version of the Soviet system, in which the formally supreme representative body, the State Great Khural (“assembly”), was sidelined by the standing Presidium of the Small Khural and the Cabinet, and eclipsed by the non-constitutional party authorities. The establishment of this sham and nominal parliamentary system was a consequence of the Bolshevik new imperialism, the inclusion of the Mongolian People’s Republic into the informal Soviet empire, which occurred through both military control and structural adjustments under the supervision of the Communist International. The 1924 Mongolian Constitution, however, was not a mere copy of its Soviet 1918 and 1924 counterparts but a transimperial document. In its text and especially in the history of its making, it reflected the entangled imperial transformations of the Russian and Qing empires and featur...
The chapter focuses on two new institutions, the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaia duma) and Political Consultative Council (Zizhengyuan), which were introduced in the Russian and Qing Empires, when the two imperial formations joined the... more
The chapter focuses on two new institutions, the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaia duma) and Political Consultative Council (Zizhengyuan), which were introduced in the Russian and Qing Empires, when the two imperial formations joined the global constitutional transformations. The names of the two bodies pointed to the statist (etatist) rather than popular connotations of the new institutions. Furthermore, the State Duma and the Zizhengyuan were often explicitly distinguished from a Western parliament, even though the latter as a generalized notion was undoubtedly the main point of reference during the attempted imperial modernizations. Seeking to expand the current debate on the conceptual history of parliamentarism by including non-European histories, this chapter charts the genealogies of the two terms and positions them in the discussions of parliamentarism during the modernizations of the Russian and Qing Empires and during the post-imperial settlements.
Parliaments are often seen as Western European and North American institutions and their establishment in other parts of the world as a derivative and mostly defective process. This book challenges such Eurocentric visions by retracing... more
Parliaments are often seen as Western European and North American institutions and their establishment in other parts of the world as a derivative and mostly defective process. This book challenges such Eurocentric visions by retracing the evolution of modern institutions of collective decision-making in Eurasia. Breaching the divide between different area studies, the book provides nine case studies covering the area between the eastern edge of Asia and Eastern Europe, including the former Russian, Ottoman, Qing, and Japanese Empires as well as their successor states. In particular, it explores the appeals to concepts of parliamentarism, deliberative decision-making, and constitutionalism; historical practices related to parliamentarism; and political mythologies across Eurasia. It focuses on the historical and "reestablished" institutions of decision-making, which consciously hark back to indigenous traditions and adapt them to the changing circumstances in imperial and ...
The political system of early socialist-era Mongolia, established by the first Constitution in 1924, can be interpreted as a vernacular version of the Soviet system, in which the formally supreme representative body, the State Great... more
The political system of early socialist-era Mongolia, established by the first Constitution in 1924, can be interpreted as a vernacular version of the Soviet system, in which the formally supreme representative body, the State Great Khural ("assembly"), was sidelined by the standing Presidium of the Small Khural and the Cabinet and eclipsed by the extraconstitutional party authorities. The establishment of this sham and nominal parliamentary system was a consequence of the Bolshevik new imperialism, the inclusion of the Mongolian People's Republic into the informal Soviet empire, which occurred through both military control and structural adjustments under the supervision of the Communist International. The 1924 Mongolian Constitution, however, was not a mere copy of its Soviet 1918 and 1924 counterparts but a transimperial document. In its text and especially in the history of its making, it reflected the entangled imperial transformations of the Russian and Qing empi...
The chapter focuses on two new institutions, the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaia duma) and Political Consultative Council (Zizhengyuan), which were introduced in the Russian and Qing Empires, when the two imperial formations joined the... more
The chapter focuses on two new institutions, the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaia duma) and Political Consultative Council (Zizhengyuan), which were introduced in the Russian and Qing Empires, when the two imperial formations joined the global constitutional transformations. The names of the two bodies pointed to the statist (etatist) rather than popular connotations of the new institutions. Furthermore, the State Duma and the Zizhengyuan were often explicitly distinguished from a Western parliament, even though the latter as a generalized notion was undoubtedly the main point of reference during the attempted imperial modernizations. Seeking to expand the current debate on the conceptual history of parliamentarism by including non-European histories, this chapter charts the genealogies of the two terms and positions them in the discussions of parliamentarism during the modernizations of the Russian and Qing Empires and during the post-imperial settlements.
This chapter deals with the Mongolian material in Witsen's Noord en Oost Tartarye, with the exception of two relatively long glossaries, one of Kalmyk (NOT II 1692:118-121; NOT I 1705, 297-304) and the other of"Daur" (NOT I 1705, 68-73),... more
This chapter deals with the Mongolian material in Witsen's Noord en Oost
Tartarye, with the exception of two relatively long glossaries, one of Kalmyk (NOT II 1692:118-121; NOT I 1705, 297-304) and the other of"Daur" (NOT I 1705, 68-73), which are discussed in separate chapters. The material includes several phrases in Mongolian, a translation of the Lord's Prayer, Mongolian and Kalmyk alphabets, and the language data referred to as "Tan gut", as well as a number of proper nouns and place names listed in the 1705 edition of Noord en Oost Tartarye (NOT I 1705, 270-272). Mongolian words are also scattered throughout the chapters discussing the parts of 'Tartarye' that were occupied by Mongolian-related political and ethnic groups, or areas that had once been under Mongolian influence The survey of the scattered data is not exhaustive and will certainly require further study, especially taking into account other early European records about 'Tartarye'. Further study would allow us to improve our understanding of the confusing parts of the data that are the result of erroneous and distorted transcriptions and translations.
The problem of the orthographic conventions in rendering a foreign language in Latin script is central to our understanding any system behind the linguistic materials found in Noord en Oost Tartarye. The transcriptions in Noord en Oost Tartarye are far from systematic. It is of course impossible to expect complete consistency in a 17th-century compilation from different sources. Even a brief examination of the relevant sections shows that the diversity is due to the use of a variety of sources for the many languages and dialects involved, some of which were poorly understood and translated. Although we should attempt to identify Witsen' s sources as precisely as possible, the vagueness of the transcriptions makes reliable conclusions about certain linguistic features difficult. Even so, Witsen's work is a precious source of data and, as such, it has often been cited in the context of the comparative study of the Mongolic languages (Sanzheev 1977, 65; Krueger 1975). In an attempt to deal with these problems, we are proposing a source based
classification applying to the parts in Witsen's work that contain Mongolian linguistic material, though this classification may be applied to the sections dealing with other languages as well. We classifY the data according to their sources as follows: 1) material from Russian documents or informants, 2) material from accounts by other European travellers (written mostly in Latin, English, French or Dutch), and 3) direct oral information given by Mongolian individuals and communities to Witsen himself and interpreted by him or his immediate collaborators.
Circum-Baikal Asia is a linguistically and culturally rich area where until modern days many languages representing a number of linguistic families exist. In terms of indigenous population it is occupied predominantly by the Buryat,... more
Circum-Baikal Asia is a linguistically and culturally rich area where until modern days many languages representing a number of linguistic families exist. In terms of indigenous population it is occupied predominantly by the Buryat, Ewenki, Tofa, Soyot, Khamnigan, and many other native speaking communities. Whereas linguistic data collection for languages in the region around the Lake Baikal started several centuries ago, it is only now that the possibility of establishing a language archive can be seriously discussed. During Soviet period an extensive linguistic and folkloristic fieldwork resulted in huge amounts of data collected in analogue formats. Unfortunately some of the recordings are not recoverable or show very poor quality after digitalization. In this paper I will argue in favor of indispensability of a linguistic archive for languages of Circum-Baikal Asia and discuss the issues connected with the preparation of older data and the collection of new data in the Documentary Linguistics framework.
Research Interests:
This paper offers an account of two Documentary Linguistics Workshops held in Tokyo based on the author's personal experience. The workshops have been held for nine consecutive years at the Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of... more
This paper offers an account of two Documentary Linguistics Workshops held in Tokyo based on the author's personal experience. The workshops have been held for nine consecutive years at the Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS). The advantages and disadvantages of the courses are discussed in detail, and recommendations to students seeking similar programs are given.
Research Interests:
В рамках данного исследования производится комплексный диахронический анализ числительных в дагурском и бурятском языках с экскурсами в этимологию корневых и морфемных элементов, что позволяет сделать вывод об общности как исходного... more
В рамках данного исследования производится комплексный диахронический анализ числительных в дагурском и бурятском языках с экскурсами в этимологию корневых и морфемных элементов, что позволяет сделать вывод об общности как исходного материала, так и моделей семантического развития разрядов имен числительных в обоих языках. Различия носят в основном фонетический характер и лежат в русле дагурско-бурятских звуковых соответствий. Некоторые слова в дагурском языке, обозначающие количество или часть, которые могут употребляться самостоятельно или с числительными, имеют параллели в западнобурятских говорах. Дагурские числительные во многих случаях дают возможность прояснить этимологию на общемонгольском уровне.

The paper presents a diachronic analysis of numerals in Dagur and Buryat along with some ideas on etymologies of stems and morphemes. The analysis reveals common features both in building blocks of Dagur and Buryat numerals and in semantic motivation underlying the surface forms. The variation is mostly phonetic, and lies within Dagur-Buryat regular sound correspondences. Some Dagur lexical items used in the domain of numerals are common with Western Buryat. The linguistic material of Dagur numerals helps to shed some light on Common Mongolic etymologies.
Research Interests:
The article deals with the diachronic development of some phonetic phenomena in the vowel systems of the Dagur and Buryad languages. The author states that the phenomena under question should be regarded as contact-induced, especially as... more
The article deals with the diachronic development of some phonetic phenomena in the vowel systems of the Dagur and Buryad languages. The author states that the phenomena under question should be regarded as contact-induced, especially as far as Dagur and some dialects of Buryad are concerned. At the same time one cannot not completely deny the possibility of genetically conditioned similarities in both languages.
The paper presents comparative analysis of the case forms in Dagur and Buryad. The author gives interpretation of ways of development of these forms from possible comments on how the case markers developed from common Mongolic state. The... more
The paper presents comparative analysis of the case forms in Dagur and Buryad. The author gives interpretation of ways of development of these forms from possible comments on how the case markers developed from common Mongolic state. The analysis lets us to ascertain the formal similarity of markers in Dagur and Buryad, which is due to the common origin. Above all the Dagur language has retained a number of archaic features, which Buryad lacks.
Дагурско-русский словарь содержит более 5900 слов современного дагурского языка, некоторые устойчивые словосочетания, выражения, встречающиеся в религии, отдельные специальные технические и другие термины. Предназначен для монголоведов,... more
Дагурско-русский словарь содержит более 5900 слов современного дагурского языка, некоторые устойчивые словосочетания, выражения, встречающиеся в религии, отдельные специальные технические и другие термины.
Предназначен для монголоведов, людей, интересующихся дагурским языком, историей и культурой дагуров.
A copy of the whole productive discussion session on the draft paper of "Some Tofalar borrowings in Mator" totaling 19 pages and with 22 participants.
1895–97 ондо Шэтэ хотодо гарадаг байһан “Дорно заха хизаарай ажа түрэл” хадаа монгол хэлэтэнэй эгээ түрүүшын һонин болоно. Һониной мэдээсэлыень ганса ородһоо бэшэ, ондоошье хари хэлэнһээ оршуулжа, мүн монгол руу сэхэ оршуулһан гү, үгы һаа... more
1895–97 ондо Шэтэ хотодо гарадаг байһан “Дорно заха хизаарай ажа түрэл” хадаа монгол хэлэтэнэй эгээ түрүүшын һонин болоно. Һониной мэдээсэлыень ганса ородһоо бэшэ, ондоошье хари хэлэнһээ оршуулжа, мүн монгол руу сэхэ оршуулһан гү, үгы һаа монголоороо бэшэһэн юумэеэ ород руу оршуулдаг байһан байна. Тус һониниие зохёон байгуулжа, эрхилэн найруулһан хүн болбол буряад-монголой суута хүбүүн, Ород гүрэнэй элитэ түрын жүдхэлтэн Пётр Бадмаев (1851–1920) байгаа. Мүн үдэр бүри һониной монгол материал бэлдэжэ, монгол буряад оршуулгыень хэхэ, шалгаха тон хүндэ хүшэр ажалые һониной гаража байһан хоёр жэлэй туршада гардан харюусагшань буряад-монголоймнай гарамгай эрдэмтэн, багша, оршуулагша, аяншалагша, улас түрын жүдхэлтэн Рабданай Буда байһан бэлэй. Оршуулгын ажалда үшөө олон хүн хабаададаг байһан гэжэ һониной дугаарта бэшэнхэй байдаг болобошье нэрэнь тэдылэн мэдэгдээдүй байһаар. Оршуулагшадһаа гадна Монгол, Түбэд, Хятад ороноор олон һурбалжалагшадтай байһан тула, тэдэ газарһаа шэнэ һонин мэдээсэл саг дары абажа уншагшадтаа хүргэдэг байһан юм. Цензурэгүй гарадаг һэн хадаа хари ороной һонин һэдхүүлэй материал тэрэ доронь дам хэблүүлхэ эрхэтэй байгаа. Иимэ үргэн дэлисэтэй ажаябуулгын үрэ дүндэ хоёр жэлэй туршада гараһан һониной 350-яад дугаар соонь тэрэ сагай буряад-монгол уншагшадта саг түргэн боложо хубилжа байһан юртэмсын һонинуудые ямар янзаар хүргэдэг байһан бэ гэжэ элеэр хаража болохо. Шэнэшэлэгдэжэ байһан юртэмсые үзэхэ бэлигэй нюдэ нээхын тула эхэ хэлэнэйнгээ баялигые түгэс һайнаар ашаглаһыень шудалжа, абахаар юумыень абажа, заһахаар юумыень заһажа, залгуулан хэрэглэхэ, ерээдүйгээ түһөөлхэдэмнай тон дутажа болошогүй, нандин зөөри болоно. Буряад-монгол ниигэмэй соёл болбосоролой зохихо хэмжээндэ хүрэһые гэршэлһэн энэ һонин хадаа монгол туургатанай ниигэм улас түрэ, хэлэнэй шэнэшэлэл, оршон үежэлтын бартаатай замые нээһэн түрүүшын алхам болоно.

Бурят-монгольская газета “Жизнь на восточной окраине” — первый шаг к модернизации языка и общества

Газета “Жизнь на Восточной окраине”, выходившая в г. Чите в 1895–1897 гг., является первой газетой на монгольском языке. Вопреки распространенному мнению о монголоязычная часть газеты является лишь переводом русской части, внимательное изучение материалов газеты говорит о значительном количестве оригинальных статей, написанных на монгольском и затем переведенных на русский. Кроме того очевидно, что по крайней мере часть переводов с иностранных языков осуществлялась напрямую на бурят-монгольский язык. Издателем и редактором газеты является Пётр Бадмаев (1851–1920), славный сын бурятского народа, выдающийся государственный деятель Российского государства. Редактором монгольской части газеты, автором и переводчиком ее материалов, фактически главным редактором, на протяжении двух лет, в течение которых выходила газета, был Буда Рабданов, бурятский ученый, переводчик, путешественник и просветитель. Кроме того в самой газете упоминается, что в редакции работала группа переводчиков, однако их имена за редким исключением все еще остаются невыясненными. Кроме переводчиков, с газетой сотрудничали внештатные корреспонденты, находившиеся или бывавшие в Монголии, Тибете, Китае и прочих странах, что позволяло оперативно получать информацию и доносить ее до читателей. Поскольку газета выходила без предварительной цензуры, у редакции было право тут же перепечатывать новости из иностранных газет. В результате такой с размахом поставленной работы было издано около 350 номеров газеты, из которых бурятский читатель того времени имел возможность получать актуальную информацию о стремительно меняющемся мире. Рассматриваемая газета дает сверхценный языковой материал, уникальный для нашего региона. Анализ двуязычных материалов газеты позволит увидеть, каким образом богатейший арсенал выразительных средств классического монгольского языка был адаптирован для выражения новых понятий и концепций. Результаты анализа показывают, что газета “Жизнь на Восточной окраине” это итог значительной подготовительной работы бурятского общества, показатель его политической и культурной зрелости и первый серьезный шаг на пути общественно-политической и лингвистической модернизаци бурят-монгольского народа, оказавший значительное влияние на весь монголоязычный мир.
The political system of early socialist-era Mongolia, established by the first Constitution in 1924, can be interpreted as a vernacular version of the Soviet system, in which the formally supreme representative body, the State Great... more
The political system of early socialist-era Mongolia, established by the first Constitution in 1924, can be interpreted as a vernacular version of the Soviet system, in which the formally supreme representative body, the State Great Khural (“assembly”), was sidelined by the standing Presidium of the Small Khural and the Cabinet and eclipsed by the extraconstitutional party authorities. The establishment of this sham and nominal parliamentary system was a consequence of the Bolshevik new imperialism, the inclusion of the Mongolian People’s Republic into the informal Soviet empire, which occurred through both military control and structural adjustments under the supervision of the Communist International. The 1924 Mongolian Constitution, however, was not a mere copy of its Soviet 1918 and 1924 counterparts but a transimperial document. In its text and especially in the history of its making, it reflected the entangled imperial transformations of the Russian and Qing empires and featured both indigenous (Khalkha and Buryad-Mongol) agency and vernacular political discourses. Khural existed as a nonrepresentative yet deliberative consultative assembly in 1914–1919, while Tsebeen Jamtsarano attempted to make a Mongolian khural one of the world’s many parliaments, even though his draft constitution was affected by the practices of revolutionary Russia.