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This paper investigates the relationship among consumer credits, interest rates, consumer confidence and consumption expenditures in Turkey by using the Toda-Yamamoto (1992) Granger-causality approach and regression analysis over the... more
This paper investigates the relationship among consumer credits, interest rates, consumer confidence and consumption expenditures in Turkey by using the Toda-Yamamoto (1992) Granger-causality approach and regression analysis over the period 2005:1-2012:8. The empirical results based on the causality test show that consumer confidence, interest rate and consumer credits play an important role in explaining and predicting household consumption expenditures. Furthermore, the ordinary regression results reveal that there are statistically significant positive relations among consumer confidence, consumer credits and household consumption expenditures in the Turkish economy.
Bu calismanin hedefi telekomunikasyon yatirimlari ile dogrudan yabanci sermaye yatirimlari arasindaki iliskinin panel veri analizi ile arastirilmasidir. Veriler 7 gelisen ve 14 OECD uyesi ulke icin 1975-2009 yillarini kapsayacak sekilde... more
Bu calismanin hedefi telekomunikasyon yatirimlari ile dogrudan yabanci sermaye yatirimlari arasindaki iliskinin panel veri analizi ile arastirilmasidir. Veriler 7 gelisen ve 14 OECD uyesi ulke icin 1975-2009 yillarini kapsayacak sekilde gruplandirilmistir. Onceki calismalardan farkli olarak uygulamada yatay kesit bagimliligi ve heterojenlik goz onunde bulundurulmaktadir. Elde edilen bulgular her iki ulke grubu icin de telekomunikasyon yatirimlarinin ulkeye gelen dogrudan yabanci sermaye yatirimlarinin pozitif ve anlamli belirleyicisi oldugunu ortaya koymaktadir. Ayrica bu etkinin gelismis ulkelerde gelismekte olan ulkelerden daha buyuk oldugu gorulmektedir. Bu acidan dogrudan yabanci sermaye yatirimlarini telekomunikasyon yatirimlari araciligi ile ulkeye cekmeyi hedefleyen politikalarin etkili olacagi soylenebilir
Enformasyon ve iletisim teknolojilerinin nimetlerinden yararlananlar ile yararlanamayanlar arasinda ortaya cikan esitsizlik ortami gunumuzde sayisal ucurum kavramiyla adlandirilmaktadir. Bu esitsizlik ortami cesitli ekonomik ve sosyal... more
Enformasyon ve iletisim teknolojilerinin nimetlerinden yararlananlar ile yararlanamayanlar arasinda ortaya cikan esitsizlik ortami gunumuzde sayisal ucurum kavramiyla adlandirilmaktadir. Bu esitsizlik ortami cesitli ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlara neden olmaktadir. Turkiye’nin Avrupa Birligi uyeligine adaylik surecinde, AB ulkeleri ile Turkiye arasindaki ucurumun kaynaginin ve derecesinin ne oldugu cevaplanmasi gereken bir sorudur. Bu soruyu cevaplamak uzere; Orbicom tarafindan 2002–2003 yillarinda olusturulan endeks modeli kullanilarak; 1998–2003 yillari icin 25 AB ulkesi ve Turkiye’nin durumu karsilastirilmaktadir. Yapilan uygulama sonucunda; Turkiye ile AB arasindaki en buyuk ucurumun, egitim imkânlarindaki yetersizlikten kaynaklandigi belirlenmistir. Ilave olarak mevcut teknolojik altyapinin yetersiz oldugu, var olan altyapinin ise etkin kullanilamadigi tespit edilmistir
The positive impact of foreign trade on economic growth is a widely accepted view today. Especially paralel to the increase in export, expecting an increase in employment rates can be seen as an acceptable situation at first glance.... more
The positive impact of foreign trade on economic growth is a widely accepted view today. Especially paralel to the increase in export, expecting an increase in employment rates can be seen as an acceptable situation at first glance. However, in industries subject to foreign trade, it calls attention that no permanent positive effect has arisen with respect to productions and volume of factors used
Besides being one of the main focus areas which economics is involved in, it is evident that the growth issue also seems to be highly open to change since the dynamics of growth convert in accordance with the requirements of the era. The... more
Besides being one of the main focus areas which economics is involved in, it is evident that the growth issue also seems to be highly open to change since the dynamics of growth convert in accordance with the requirements of the era. The current information age indicates that falling behind The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) causes a decline in the economics as well. The studies suggesting the significance of the subject once again assert that only if it facilitates the bureaucratic practices will ICT have a direct along with an indirect contribution to the economic growth.In the current study, the relationship of administrative requirements, bureaucracy costs and the information-communication technologies with economic growth is presented both theoretically and empirically. Covering the period between 2000 and 2011, econometric analysis was carried out by means of a panel data analysis including the BRICS countries-Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa- and M...
1980’li yillar sonrasinda Neo-liberal politikalarin uygulanmasi ile birlikte ozellikle gelismekte olan ulkelerde, gelir dagilimi esitsizlikleri gorulmeye baslanmistir. Turkiye gibi gelismekte olan ekonomilerde gelir dagiliminin... more
1980’li yillar sonrasinda Neo-liberal politikalarin uygulanmasi ile birlikte ozellikle gelismekte olan ulkelerde, gelir dagilimi esitsizlikleri gorulmeye baslanmistir. Turkiye gibi gelismekte olan ekonomilerde gelir dagiliminin belirleyicilerinin saptanmasi ve olusturulacak politikalarda bu belirleyicilerin goz onune alinmasi gerekir.  Bu calismada Turkiye’de gelir dagiliminin belirleyicilerinin saptanmasi amaci dogrultusunda, 1980-2013 yillari arasindaki veriler zaman serisi analizi yontemi ile analiz edilmistir. Calismada ayrica sektorel ve bolgesel olarak ucret esitsizliklerinin nedenleri de sorgulanmistir. Hacker ve Hatemi’nin yontemi ile gerceklestirilen nedensellik analizinde kisi basina dusen gelir, enflasyon orani, disa aciklik orani ve kamu harcamalari, dis borc faiz odemeleri modele aciklayici degiskenler olarak eklenmistir. Analiz sonuclarina gore enflasyon ve gelir dagilimi esitligi arasinda karsilikli bir nedensellik iliskisine rastlanilmistir. Turkiye’deki enflasyon ol...
The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between economic growth and economic freedom for different income groups. Therefore, the data were collected from 94 different countries belonging to five different income... more
The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between economic growth and economic freedom for different income groups. Therefore, the data were collected from 94 different countries belonging to five different income groups in order to cover the period from 2000 to 2010. In the study, relationship between the economic growth of the country and the level of freedom index which Fraser Institute measured and its sub-components constituting was questioned through the panel data analysis method. As a result of the analyses, it was found that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the level of economic freedom for all income groups and economic growth. With the inclusion of sub-components of freedom index into the model, the effects of such sub-components vary depending on the income groups.
There exist exchange rate determination problem together with removing the restrictions on financial capital movements after 1970’s. In the economics literature various type of models that are purchasing power parity, Mundell Fleming... more
There exist exchange rate determination problem together with removing the restrictions on financial capital movements after 1970’s. In the economics literature various type of models that are purchasing power parity, Mundell Fleming Model, Sticky Price Monetary Approach, Flexible Price Monetary Approach and Hibrit Model are explicated and tested for countries’ economies. There may be more threats for the high fragile emerging countries. Argentina, Russia and Chile are included to the “fragile five” countries i.e. Turkey, Brazil, India, Indonesia and South Africa. Central Bank of USA (FED) announced to reduce the bond purchases and applied this issue gradually. Mostly emerging countries but also others suffer damage to their economies because of this argument. In this study the fragile countries that are mentioned above are examined whether their exchange rates behave like one of the determination model in the 1980-2011 periods. Our hypothesis is these countries behave like Flexible...
The aim of this study is to analyze the relation between the institutional quality and economic growth via panel data analysis. The data from 83 countries was analyzed for four income groups by covering the years as 2000-2010. Apart from... more
The aim of this study is to analyze the relation between the institutional quality and economic growth via panel data analysis. The data from 83 countries was analyzed for four income groups by covering the years as 2000-2010. Apart from the previous studies, this application takes into consideration income groups of countries. According to the results, a causality relation for the low income group doesn't exist. On the other hand, one way causality relation exists from institutional quality towards economic growth in middle income groups, and bidirectional causality exists for high income group. In this respect, these results show that institutional quality policies which sustain economic growth could be effective apart from low level income groups
Environmental degradation, which became evident after the Industrial Revolution, is one of the most important problems to be solved in the twenty-first century. The need for energy in the production process has caused the rapid use of... more
Environmental degradation, which became evident after the Industrial Revolution, is one of the most important problems to be solved in the twenty-first century. The need for energy in the production process has caused the rapid use of carbon stores, and global warming has been experienced with the increase in carbon emissions. Due to the fact that global warming has reached a level that threatens human life and negatively affects the quality of life, many studies have been carried out to find ways of preventing the decrease in the life quality caused by environmental degradation. The policies developed by politicians to reduce this degradation have been insufficient, and the increase in environmental degradation has continued. The increase in needs with the increasing population, more consume more happiness and costly access to clean energy sources are the reasons for the failure of these policies. Failures of policies implemented on a macro-scale have led to searches for different policies. In this process, education-oriented policies came to the fore. Education has an important role in production, technological progress, and awareness about the environment, which are determinants of environmental degradation. Although the education is an important policy tool to be used against environmental degradation in the future, studies on the effects of education on the environment are limited and theoretical. Hence, the purpose of this research was to investigate empirically whether education is an important policy tool for addressing environmental quality in developing countries. To this end, the causal relationship between education and CO2 emissions for 14 developing countries from 1990 to 2017 was explored using the de Kónya method (Econ Modell 23(6):978–992, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.04.008). This method uses an augmented panel non-causality procedure that controls cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. The results showed that there is a causality relation of education to CO2 emissions in Chile and Poland, countries with the highest education and income levels among the emerging nations. Also, the corrective effect of income level expressed in EKC on the environment can be realized at lower income levels thanks to education. In this respect, education policy can be seen as an important tool in preventing environmental degradation, particularly in developing countries.
Although there are many studies upon questioning the relation between the economic growth, energy consumption and environmental quality, the relationships between the institutional spheres in which the economic activities realize were not... more
Although there are many studies upon questioning the relation between the economic growth, energy consumption and environmental quality, the relationships between the institutional spheres in which the economic activities realize were not questioned adequately in those studies. To obtain sustainable development, institutions should be added to the analysis. To fill the gap, relationship between institutional quality and CO2 emissions was questioned in this study. The datum for 13 middle income countries which covers the period between the years from 2001 to 2011 was examined by the panel data analysis method. In the realized study, the Pollution Heaven Hypothesis was also examined. Variables which will represent the institutional quality level are taken as the subcomponents of World Governance Index. These variables are the control of corruption, the government effectiveness, political stability and the absence of violence/terrorism, the regulatory quality, the rule of law and voice...
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Gunumuzde  sosyal  sermaye  olarak  adlandirilan, is  gucu  ve  isveren  aralarindaki  guvene  dayali sosyal  aglarinin  kuvvetlendirilmesinin  issizlik  ile mucadelede  onemli  bir  politika  oldugu  kabul edilmektedir.  Diger  taraftan ... more
Gunumuzde  sosyal  sermaye  olarak  adlandirilan, is  gucu  ve  isveren  aralarindaki  guvene  dayali sosyal  aglarinin  kuvvetlendirilmesinin  issizlik  ile mucadelede  onemli  bir  politika  oldugu  kabul edilmektedir.  Diger  taraftan  sosyal  sermaye  ile issizlik  arasindaki  nedenselligin  yonu  hakkinda tartismalar  mevcuttur.  Bu  sebeple,  calismanin hedefi  sosyal  sermaye  ile  issizlik  arasindaki nedenselligin  yonunun  panel  veri  analizi  yonte‐miyle  arastirilmasidir.  1981‐2012  donemini kapsayan  verilerle  41  ulke  icin  yapilan  panel nedensellik  analizinde  ulkeler  arasindaki  yatay kesit bagimliligi ve heterojenlik unsurlari dikkate alinmistir.  Analiz  sonuclari  sosyal  sermayeden issizlige  dogru  bir  nedenselligin  bulundugunu ortaya  koymaktadir.  Bulgular  issizlige  yonelik kullanilabilecek  sosyal  sermaye  politikalarinin etkin olabilecegine isaret etmektedir.
Bu çalışmanın hedefi telekomünikasyon yatırımları ile doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları arasındaki ilişkinin panel veri analizi ile araştırılmasıdır. Veriler 7 gelişen ve 14 OECD üyesi ülke için 1975-2009 yıllarını kapsayacak şekilde... more
Bu çalışmanın hedefi telekomünikasyon yatırımları ile doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları arasındaki ilişkinin panel veri analizi ile araştırılmasıdır. Veriler 7 gelişen ve 14 OECD üyesi ülke için 1975-2009 yıllarını kapsayacak şekilde gruplandırılmıştır. Önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak uygulamada yatay kesit bağımlılığı ve heterojenlik göz önünde bulundurulmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular her iki ülke grubu için de telekomünikasyon yatırımlarının ülkeye gelen doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının pozitif ve anlamlı belirleyicisi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca bu etkinin gelişmiş ülkelerde gelişmekte olan ülkelerden daha büyük olduğu görülmektedir. Bu açıdan doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarını telekomünikasyon yatırımları aracılığı ile ülkeye çekmeyi hedefleyen politikaların etkili olacağı söylenebilir. Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between foreign direct investments and telecommunication investments by using panel data analysis. Data’...
Research Interests:
The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between economic growth and economic freedom for different income groups. Therefore, the data were collected from 94 different countries belonging to five different income... more
The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between economic growth and economic freedom for different income groups. Therefore, the data were collected from 94 different countries belonging to five different income groups in order to cover the period from 2000 to 2010. In the study, relationship between the economic growth of the country and the level of freedom index which Fraser Institute measured and its sub-components constituting was questioned through the panel data analysis method. As a result of the analyses, it was found that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the level of economic freedom for all income groups and economic growth. With the inclusion of sub-components of freedom index into the model, the effects of such sub-components vary depending on the income groups.
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between foreign direct investments and telecommunication investments by using panel data analysis. Data’ are classified into 7 developing and 14 OECD countries for during the period... more
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between foreign direct investments and telecommunication investments by using panel data analysis. Data’ are classified into 7 developing and 14 OECD countries for during the period 1975-2009. Different from the previous studies, cross sectional dependency and heterogeneity conditions are considered in the analysis. The results indicate that telecommunication investments are positive and significant determiners of foreign direct investments for both country groups. Additionally, this effect is more prominent in developing countries than developed countries. Accordingly, it may be put forward that the policies which aim to attract foreign direct investment via telecommunication investment will be effective.
Keywords: Telecommunication Investments; FDI; OECD;
Emerging Economies

Abstract (Turkish)
Bu çalışmanın hedefi telekomünikasyon yatırımları ile doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları arasındaki ilişkinin panel veri analizi ile araştırılmasıdır. Veriler 7 gelişen ve 14 OECD üyesi ülke için 1975-2009 yıllarını kapsayacak şekilde gruplandırılmıştır. Önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak uygulamada yatay kesit bağımlılığı ve heterojenlik göz önünde bulundurulmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular her iki ülke grubu için de telekomünikasyon yatırımlarının
ülkeye gelen doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının pozitif
ve anlamlı belirleyicisi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca bu etkinin gelişmiş ülkelerde gelişmekte olan ülkelerden daha büyük olduğu görülmektedir. Bu açıdan doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarını telekomünikasyon yatırımları aracılığı ile ülkeye çekmeyi hedefleyen politikaların etkili olacağı söylenebilir.
Anahtar kelimeler:  Telekomünikasyon Yatırımları; FDI; OECD;
Gelişen Ülkeler;
Research Interests:
The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between economic growth and economic freedom for different income groups. Therefore, the data were collected from 94 different countries belonging to five different income... more
The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between economic growth and economic freedom for different income groups. Therefore, the data were collected from 94 different countries belonging to  five different income groups in order to cover the period from 2000 to 2010. In the study, relationship between the economic growth of the country and the level of freedom index
which Fraser Institute measured and its sub-components constituting was questioned through the panel data analysis method. As a result of the analyses, it was found that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the level of economic freedom for all income groups and
economic growth. With the inclusion of sub-components of freedom index into the model, the effects of such sub-components vary depending on the income groups.
Research Interests:
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship among the economic growth, energy consumption, education level and carbon dioxide emissions via the panel cointegration analysis and vector error correction model. The 10 emerging... more
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship among the economic growth, energy consumption, education level and carbon dioxide emissions via the panel cointegration analysis and vector error correction model. The 10 emerging countries' data are analyzed for the period from 1971 to 2010. Unlike the preceding studies, this study investigates the effect of different education levels on carbon dioxide emissions. The results have also proved the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.  The results which belong to education level support this hypothesis as well. According to the results, when the secondary education level is high, the carbon dioxide emissions increase. On the other hand, as the tertiary education level increases carbon dioxide emissions decrease. Eventually, there isn’t causality relationship in the short run, but in the long run the explanatory variables altogether cause the increase of carbon dioxide emissions.

Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı karbondioksit salınımı, ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi ve eğitim düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin eşbütünleşme ve panel vektör hata düzeltme modeli ile araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla gelişmekte olan 10 ülkeye ait veriler 1971-2010 yıllarını kapsayacak şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak uygulama, farklı eğitim seviyelerinin karbondioksit salınımına olan etkisini araştırmaktadır. Sonuçlar çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Eğitim düzeyine ilişkin sonuçlar da bu hipotezi desteklemektedir. Buna göre ortaöğrenim eğitim düzeyi artarken karbondioksit salınımı da artmaktadır.  Yükseköğrenim düzeyinin artmasının ise karbondioksit salınımına azaltıcı etkisi bulunmaktadır. Son olarak seriler arasında kısa dönemli nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmazken uzun dönemde açıklayıcı değişkenler beraberce karbondioksit salınımına neden olmaktadırlar.
Research Interests:
Today, strengthening the social networks based on the trust between the labor force and employer is an important policy to struggle with the unemployment. On the other hand, there are also debates about the direction... more
Today, strengthening the social networks based on the trust between the  labor force and employer  is  an  important policy  to  struggle  with  the unemployment.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are also  debates  about  the  direction  of  causality between  the  social  capital  and  unemployment. The aim of  this  study  is  to  investigate  the direction  of  the  causality  between  the  social  capital and unemployment  through panel data analysis in  which  heterogeneity  and  the  cross  sectional dependency  were  taken  into  consideration. The data  are  from  41  countries  for the period of 1981‐2012. The results of the analysis show that there  exists  a  causality  from  social  capital  to unemployment. Findings  indicate  that  the  social capital policies upon the unemployment could be efficient.

ÖZET
Günümüzde  sosyal  sermaye  olarak  adlandırılan, iş  gücü  ve  işveren  aralarındaki  güvene  dayalı
sosyal  ağlarının  kuvvetlendirilmesinin  işsizlik  ile mücadelede  önemli  bir  politika  olduğu  kabul edilmektedir.  Diğer  taraftan  sosyal  sermaye  ile işsizlik  arasındaki  nedenselliğin  yönü  hakkında tartışmalar  mevcuttur.  Bu  sebeple,  çalışmanın hedefi  sosyal  sermaye  ile  işsizlik  arasındaki nedenselliğin  yönünün  panel  veri  analizi  yöntemiyle  araştırılmasıdır.  1981‐2012  dönemini kapsayan  verilerle  41  ülke  için  yapılan  panel nedensellik  analizinde  ülkeler  arasındaki  yatay kesit bağımlılığı ve heterojenlik unsurları dikkate alınmıştır.  Analiz  sonuçları  sosyal  sermayeden işsizliğe  doğru  bir  nedenselliğin  bulunduğunu ortaya  koymaktadır.  Bulgular  işsizliğe  yönelik kullanılabilecek  sosyal  sermaye  politikalarının etkin olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.
Research Interests:
The aim of this study is to determine the direction of causality between the telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth in OECD countries. The empirical model is estimated for the panel of 21 OECD countries during the period... more
The aim of this study is to determine the direction of causality between the telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth in OECD countries. The empirical model is estimated for the panel of 21 OECD countries during the period 1975–2012. Apart from the previous studies, this study utilizes the advanced panel causality approach, which allows both cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity across countries. The findings show that there is bi-directional causality between telecommunications infrastructure and economic growth. In addition to the casual relationship between telecommunications infrastructure and economic growth, this situation also gives way to the feedback effect. Thus, with the interactive impact of the economic growth on telecommunications infrastructure, policies will be much more effective. This seems to suggest that policies aimed at stimulating the OECD economies by accelerating investment in the telecommunications sector may be successful.
Research Interests:
Business cycles are one of the best sources to understand current situation of a country’s economy. Michal Kalecki denotes investment as the best explanatory for the dimension and reason of cycles; on the other hand Schumpeter considers... more
Business cycles are one of the best sources to understand current situation of a country’s economy. Michal Kalecki denotes investment as the best explanatory for the dimension and reason of cycles; on the other hand Schumpeter considers that innovation should be placed in a different position in this regard. In addition, both Kalecki and Schumpeter verify that investment and innovation are
related with each other because innovation is also an important subject for investment. It is expected that  investment and innovation have the effect in the same direction on output.  In this study, business cycles have analyzed for 1971-2009 period by using the yearly data in Turkey and Greece and it has been dealt effects of investment and innovation on cyclical fluctuation. In this paper which growth rates have been discussed, ordinary least square estimation method has been used. In this respect firstly, it has been examined that the effect of innovation on investment  and  income.  After that  examined that  effect of  investment  on output and finally innovation and investment have been evaluated by considering
the effects on the output.  It has been found that the obtained results support the views of Kalecki for both of the countries.
Research Interests:
Bir toplumun enerji elde etme tarzı o toplumun kültürel değerlerini belirleyebilir mi? Tarıma geçiş, avcı toplayıcıların içine düşüp çıkamadıkları bir tuzak mıydı? Toplumsal eşitsizliğin kaynağı enerjiyi tahıllar aracılığıyla... more
Bir toplumun enerji elde etme tarzı o toplumun kültürel değerlerini belirleyebilir mi? Tarıma geçiş, avcı toplayıcıların içine düşüp çıkamadıkları bir tuzak mıydı? Toplumsal eşitsizliğin kaynağı enerjiyi tahıllar aracılığıyla depolayabilmemiz miydi? Neden toplumların yükselişi yavaş olurken çöküşü hızlı olur? Çevreye verdiğimiz zararın simgesi olan Antroposen ne zaman başladı? Modern sorunlarımıza ürettiğimiz karmaşık çözümler gelecekteki çöküşümüzün nedeni olabilir mi? Batı Roma ve Osmanlı İmparatorluklarını çöküşe taşıyan ortak sorun neydi? Çöküşü algılamak ve tedbir almakta niçin yetersiz kalıyoruz? Modern dünyayı bekleyen çöküşün ana sebebi ne olacak? İktisat bilimi sürdürülebilir büyüme adı altında, çevresel tahribatı mı meşrulaştırıyor? Mitolojik bir iktisat biliminden ekolojik bir iktisat bilimine geçebilecek miyiz? Fosil enerjiye geçiş, modern toplumların içine düşüp çıkamadıkları bir tuzak mıdır? Yol ayrımındaki Homo Sapiens doğaya verdiği zararın farkına varıp yeni bir insanlık bilincine ulaşabilecek mi? Cengiz Aytun bu çalışmada karmaşıklaşmanın tarihini, enerji kavramını merkeze alarak sorguluyor. Kitap kozmik ve biyolojik karmaşıklaşmanın tarihi ile başlıyor. Ardından, yarattığımız karmaşık toplumların yükseliş ve çöküş sebeplerinin izini sürüyor. Astronomi, fizik, biyoloji, tarih, iktisat, antropoloji ve ekoloji gibi pek çok bilim alanının sınırlarının üzerinden yol alarak, farklı disiplinlerden edindiği bilgileri sentezliyor. Prof. Dr. Cengiz Aytun Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesinde öğretim üyesidir.