Loraine Kennedy

Ce livre se veut un instrument de travail pour les etudiants et lecteurs desireux d´avoir une presentation claire et actualisee sur la base du recensement de 2001 des enjeux demographiques, sociaux et economiques de l´Inde contemporaine. Avec la participation des specialistes de chaque domaine, la question de l´organisation de l´espace, de la stabilisation demographique, de la croissance du monde urbain, de la specificite sociale de l´Inde, des cles du developpement humain (sante, education, lutte contre la pauvrete, statut des femmes), enfin du developpement rural et economique sont abordes, en souhaitant repondre a une question centrale : comment l´Inde, avec sa structure unique de castes et une diversite extreme de communautes religieuses et linguistiques affronte-t-elle les defis inherents a son developpement et a son ouverture economique ?

La industria del cuero del valle medio del río Palar, al norte de la región tamul, es uno de los principales centros de transformación y de preparación de pieles en la India. Esta industria local elabora cerca de 50% de la producción total de cuero del país y constituye la base productiva de algunos de los más grandes exportadores indios de cuero y de calzado. Fundada en una tradición secular en el sector de la curtiduría, esta industria se diversificó desde hace aproximadamente treinta años,..

May 2010 In India, hardly a day goes by without the media reporting a protest or posting a debate on the country’s Special Economic Zone (SEZ) policy. What is the policy about? Why is it so controversial? What are the main issues of conflict and who are the protagonists? How does the future look for India’s SEZs? Export zones are not a new phenomenon in India, as it was the first Asian country to experiment with them in the 1960s. Until recently, however, they remained limited in number and s..

Since coming to power in 2004, the coalition government of India, led by the Congress Party, has reiterated its commitment to deliver "development with a human face" and to address in particular the needs of the rural poor, largely excluded from the gains of faster growth during the last decade. This political context provides the backdrop for this study of development strategies designed to support rural small-scale industries, and their spatial implications. Using an historical perspective, three major periods are identified, starting with the policies of the 1950s which are considered quite innovative because of their comprehensive approach, notably their attention to balanced regional development, while promoting growth poles. The focus of these policies on inter-sectorial linkages (between agriculture and industry, between large- and small-scale industries, and also between traditional and modern types of small-scale manufacturing), as well as their consideration of b...

The southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh has stood out in recent years due to its bold economic policies, and notably its strategies to develop high-tech industries and services. The state government’s aim has been to restructure the regional economy and facilitate its integration into global markets. The capital city of Hyderabad, the state’s largest urban area, has been the major laboratory for this policy experiment, and large investments in infrastructure have been made, primarily in its suburbs. Using the case of HITEC City, an industrial park dedicated to information technologies and related services situated within the special zone of Cyberabad, the primary aim of this article is to analyse the new policies and their consequences, with special attention to their social and spatial implications. Various types of conflicts, most of which involve the use of public resources and territory, are discussed. Secondly, the authors attempt to situate this case within broader trends,...

Blandine Ripert, Stephanie Tawa Lama-Rewal, Aurelie Varrel, chargees de recherche au CNRS Dynamiques contemporaines en Asie du Sud Destine avant tout aux etudiants de master, ce seminaire a pour objectif d’apporter des elements de comprehension de l’Asie du Sud contemporaine, dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire. Nous avons examine un certain nombre de phenomenes sociaux et politiques contemporains, a differentes echelles. Ce seminaire s’est appuye sur des exemples tires des recherches en ...

De maniere croissante, les decideurs politiques en Inde percoivent le role crucial des villes dans l’economie nationale et les politiques actuelles menees par les Etats regionaux refletent cette prise de conscience. Basee sur les cas proches, sans etre entierement comparables, d’Hyderabad et de Mumbai, cette recherche montre que les gouvernements des Etats ont adopte des strategies de croissance centree sur la ville, a l’instar des tendances internationales. Cela souleve la question du reechelonnage des instances decisionnelles et de l’essor de l’emergence politique des regions metropolitaines. Apres l'examen detaille des strategies de developpement economique et urbain adoptees a Mumbai et a Hyderabad, cet article defend l’idee que les grandes villes indiennes n’ont pas une position suffisamment solide pour revendiquer un poids politique vis-a-vis de leur gouvernement regional et ne sont pas armees pour s'engager serieusement dans la construction d’une action collective a l’echelle metropolitaine. Il convient de souligner cette deconnexion paroxystique entre les fonctions politiques et economiques, dans la mesure ou cela marque une difference de degre avec l’experience europeenne recente. La subordination politique des collectivites locales urbaines en Inde est aggravee par le caractere traditionnellement centralisateur des institutions politiques, la faiblesse relative des institutions locales de gouvernance (en termes de mandat et de ressources fiscales), l'absence de maires puissants et la quasi-inexistence de statut politique de la plupart des regions metropolitaines. En outre, echafauder un plan strategique qui tienne compte de la croissance economique, de la justice sociale et de l’environnement est une tâche herculeenne, particulierement dans une societe plurielle. Ainsi, dans les deux villes les processus en cours sont conflictuels et empreints de contradictions, offrant un contraste saisissant avec l’image que projettent ces « visions » lisses d’une quete de developpement comme un processus consensuel.

1. The politics of economic restructuring in India 2. Nation building and scale in India's federal polity 3. The politics and scales of economic reforms 4. Reforms and the rescaling of state spaces 5. State spatial strategies via "Special Economic Zones" 6. State spaces and changing urban scales 7. Conclusion-the politics of economic and state restructuring in India

This Pondy Paper has two main objectives: to present an international and interdisciplinary research project and to report on its preliminary workshop which was held at the French Institute of Pondicherry early in September 1996. "Industrial Decentralization and Urban Development" currently involves Indian, Dutch and French researchers and institutions. The project's main objective is to undertake a comparative analysis of the economic and socio-cultural processes that have fostered industrial growth in small and medium towns, and of the impact of this "decentralized industrialization" on urban development. The underlying question is whether decentralized forms of economic and urban growth can provide more balanced development in the long run, both socially and spatially. The project is currently in its beginning phase. The purpose of this booklet therefore is to stimulate interest and to provide a platform for constructive exchange among fellow academics, policy-makers and organizations active in the field.

Since coming to power in 2004, the coalition government of India, led by the Congress Party, has reilerated its commitment to deliver " development with a human face" and to address in particular the needs ofthe rural poor, largelv excluded from the gains 01 l'aster growth during the last décade. This political context provides the backdrop for this study of development stratégies designed to support rural small-scale industries, and their spatial implications. Using an historical perspective, three major periods are identified. starling with the policies ol the 7 950s which are considered quite innovative because of their comprehensive approach, nolably their attention to balanced régional development, while promoting growth pôles. The focus of thèse policies on inter-sectorial lin- kages (between agriculture and industry, between large-and small-scale industries, and also between traditional and modem types of small-scale manufacturing), as well as their considération of broad démographie issues (e. g. migration, urbanisation) justify revisiting the debate on the rôle of small-scale industries within an overall development strategy. The major components of thèse polices are analysed for each period and situated with respect both to major development paradigms and to broad national development goals, taking into considération their spatial répercussions. For instance, starting in the mid-1980s there was a graduai shift in the focus of support measures in favour ofthe more compétitive segments of the small-scale sector, a décision which benefited the " modem" unils, more likely to be located in urban areas, and more integrated into national and international markets than the " traditional" sector. The major relevance ofthis discussion is that it allows new insights into India's current political economy, at a time when it is pursuing market reforms and becoming increasingly integrated into global économie processes. It underscores the challenges facing policy-makers who are committed to promoting compétition in the country, and who recognize at the saine time that current industrial deve ¬ lopment, characterised by spatial polarisation, is increasingly marginalizing many régions and their populations.

India's attempt to spur growth, boost exports, and create jobs by establishing Special Economic Zones (SEZs) is a paradox: the policy represents an intensification of the country's increasingly market-oriented development paradigm, but implementation has required active government involvement. More than a decade after importing the SEZ concept from China, India has hundreds of these walled-off, deregulated, low-tax enclaves. But an industrialization strategy pioneered in authoritarian China has faced huge political resistance in democratic India. Protest movements arose in many localities where SEZs were proposed. Resistance varied in terms of the intensity and sustainability of opposition, the grievances articulated, and the tactics employed. A central issue has been the alienation of privately owned land by business interests, abetted by the state. To date, no systematic study of the politics of India's SEZ experiment has been undertaken. This book remedies this gap, examining variations within and between eleven states. Detailed case studies investigate differences in the nature and extent of SEZ-related political mobilization and the means employed by governments to manage dissent. By covering a broad range of regional contexts, industrial sectors, and political conditions, this volume furnishes a comprehensive picture of the politics surrounding one of India's most controversial reform measures. Available in OSO: Contributors to this volume - Manshi Asher is an independent social activist and researcher working on issues of livelihood and environmental rights; Partha Sarathi Banerjee is an independent social science researcher; Solano Jose Savio Da Silva is Lecturer in the Department of Humanities and Management, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Goa; Avinash Kumar is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi; Benita Menezes is a graduate student in comparative development planning at the University of British Columbia and an executive member of the Collective Research Initiatives Trust (Mumbai);Anjali Mody is a freelance journalist and researcher; Rohit Mujumdar is a doctoral candidate at the Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia, where he also works with the Comparative Urban Studies Network and the Beyond Text Collective; Sudha Pai is Professor at the Centre for Political Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Karli Srinivasulu is Professor of Political Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad; M. Vijayabaskar is Assistant Professor at the Madras Institute of Development Studies.

Chennai is the largest metropolitan city in South India (8.7 million in 2011) and the provincial capital of the large state of Tamil Nadu (population 72 million in 2011). Before that, under British rule, the city was the capital of the Madras Presidency, and was known as Madras until 1996, when the name was officially changed to Chennai. Located on the east coast of India, on the Bay of Bengal, sea trade has been an important aspect of the regional economy since at least the colonial period. Still today, the city combines political functions with economic command functions for both manufacturing and services, reflecting the region’s diversified economy. The Chennai metropolitan area has witnessed strong growth over the last 20 years in automobile manufacturing, software services, hardware manufacturing, healthcare and financial services (CDP 2009). However, it should be noted that only 30% of total employment in the city takes place in the formal sector i.e., is covered by contracts...

In her pathbreaking essay on modes of production of urban space in the global South, anthropologist Teresa Caldeira (2017) deploys the concept of “peripheral urbanization” to conjure “a problem-space that allows us to investigate logics of the production of the urban that differ from those of the North Atlantic … as a means of exploring processes of both socio-spatial formation and theory-making” (p. 4). Along similar lines, in this special issue, we invoke the concept of the periphery to attend to diverse and heterogeneous forms of extended urbanization that are taking shape in India. Instead of considering the periphery as a spatially fixed zone, hinged to the geographies of metropolitan centers, for instance, we mobilize the notion of the periphery as a conceptual and territorial threshold that allows us to explore the urbanisms unfolding across the country. For us, the periphery, or the peri-urban as it is often referred to, may be located on the edges of metropolitan cities and entangled with their regimes of labor, capital, and governance, or it may be further afield, in smaller towns and settlements and enmeshed with agrarian and rural rhythms and dynamics that propel such peripheral urbanization. Irrespective of their location, amid intense competition for land and other resources, peripheries have not only become key sites of contestation, social exclusion, and speculation but they have also come to embody hope and aspirations for diverse social groups. They are attractive to investors seeking to capture gains from rapidly rising land value, to migrants who come from rural areas to live and work in the peripheries, as well as to upwardly mobile city-dwellers who have placed their bets on materializing their middle-class dreams and aspirations in these urbanizing frontiers. Located materially and symbolically at the intersection of multiple modalities of rural, urban, and agrarian; of desire and displacement; of loss and possibilities, the peripheries fully embody and give expression to Doreen Massey’s (2005) conception of space as “the sphere of the possibility of the existence of multiplicity in the sense of contemporaneous plurality; as the sphere in which distinct trajectories coexist; as the sphere therefore of coexisting heterogeneity” (p. 9).

Dans ce chapitre comme dans le précédent, nous envisageons la production de la ville, entendue comme ensemble de processus de fabrication matérielle et de gestion des espaces urbanisés. Nous l’examinons ici à travers ses dispositifs sociotechniques, c’est-à-dire des combinaisons d’objets techniques, juridiques et cognitifs, toujours composites et conjoncturelles, saisies dans et par des jeux de pouvoir et d’intérêts situés. À travers cette notion, nous nous intéressons à des instruments de l’..

Like in other traditional manufacturing activities in India, the structure of the leather industry in Tamil Nadu is dominated by small-scale enterprises. This is a direct result of policies aimed at protecting employment and ensuring balanced regional development, within the broad framework of an import substitution strategy. However, the liberalisation of India's economy in the 1990s has exposed its manufacturers to the stringent demands of increasingly global markets, while enhancing competition among firms and territories within the country. Within this difficult context, this article examines the restructuring of the leather industry of the Palar Valley, which produces largely for export markets, with an emphasis on local capacities to adapt to the increasingly stringent demands of globalised markets for leather and footwear. This analysis underscores the importance of local partnerships and territorial embeddedness for achieving competitiveness in this century-old industry ...

This paper deals broadly with urbanisation processes and urban governance in contemporary India, in connection with economic growth strategies. It examines some keytendencies of urban development in the largest cities and analyses the multiscalar politics that are in play, focusing primarily on state actors situated at various spatial scales (central, state, local). In particular, it engages with the tension between efforts to promote economic growth in urban spaces and parallel efforts to enhance the capacity of municipal corporations and make them more accountable and more effective in delivering basic services and ‘development’. It reflects on the consequences of these developments in terms of (more macro processes of) state restructuring, on one hand, and urban governance and citizenship, on the other.

The policy environment in India has undergone radical change in the last 20 years as a result of economic reforms, and not surprisingly the approach to urban development has also been affected. There is growing recognition on the part of policy-makers that cities play a crucial role in the national economy, and current policies mark a significant rupture from those followed over the years, some dating back to the 1960s. Of particular interest here is the rehabilitation of large cities in the overall approach to urban development, as exemplified by the JNNURM. Based on two compelling, though not fully comparable case studies, Hyderabad and Mumbai, this article argues that both the Union and state governments are adopting city-centric growth strategies, following international trends, and that these have far-reaching social and spatial implications and in terms of governance. The policy shift calls for a serious re-examination of intergovernmental responsibilities, functions and finan...

Engaging with theory from the field of internation al political economy and political geography, this paper undertakes to critically exam ine the strategies of increasingly powerful subnati onal political actors in India and to discuss their emer ging role in the territorial restructuring process. The analysis focuses on the politics and policies of the re-scal ing process underway within the national political economy, which are being played out in the framework of Indi a’s distinct federal system. Taking large-scale eco nomic and infrastructure projects as emblematic examples, I xamine the policies of the State of Haryana, wh ich are shaping the metropolitan region of Delhi.

Greenfield urban development can be seen as an enduring idiom of politics in India, with state initiative from precolonial times to the present day responsible for establishing iconic capital cities such as Jaipur, Kolkata, or Chandigarh. However, a renewed interest in building new cities, variously labelled “smart,” “green” or “integrated,” is now accompanied by an increasing tendency to instrumentalise the urban in pursuit of economic growth and a competitive drive to attract global financial flows. Situated at the intersection of several recent literatures from speculative urbanism to theorisations of rescaling and bypass, the papers in this special issue foreground the struggles over land that animate debates about these greenfield sites while looking beyond these concerns to question the urban futures they presage. Synthesising the insights from these papers, this essay flags critical issues for the politics of urban development and sketches pathways for future research.

ABSTRACT Focusing on the industrial area local authority (IALA), a governance regime widely applied in the south Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, this paper examines pathways to illiberal governance within ostensibly liberal democratic contexts. The history of the IALA exemplifies the modes by which the movement towards representative government at the local level in India was subverted at its very origins by the insertion of exceptions into the legislation that purported to establish and empower urban government. Applied to demarcated territories, both established industrial areas and spaces dedicated to globalized information technology and financial services, the IALA instrument devolves the powers and functions of the municipality to an agency controlled by the state government. The career of the IALA thus demonstrates how neoliberal agendas are enacted in enclave settings through the interplay of discursive logics of participatory governance and strategies of entrepreneurial governance in practice. Using Hyderabad as an empirical case, the paper argues that special purpose enclaves, subject to regimes of exceptional urban governance, represent vectors both of neoliberalism and neo-illiberalism in avowedly liberal democratic contexts in the Global South.