Borut Holcman

The article seeks to analyse the phenomenon of Slovenian regionalisation (province) and the names of individual regions, which are still part of the heritage and identity of individuals living in the areas of each region (province). What are the reasons for the formation of the names? Common sense is that province expansion refers to all measures to improve and standardise a specific area's legal and economic structure. Economic and legal reasons dictated the name; the name was only an address for the recipient of economic and legal privileges (rights). In other words, the expansion of the province (region) concerned the "constitution" of a country in the double sense of "being legally ordered" (legal culture) and "actually being composed" (administrative culture).

Geneza institucije notariata na zgodovinskem ozemlju današnje Republike Slovenije skozi dokument Andreja Nabra: Kunst des Notariats v vzporednici s spredstavnikom italijanskega notariata iz Trenta Nikolaja Hontheima kaže, kako pomembna institucija je bil notariat in na kakšen način je na simbolni ravni Magister Artium. Pravna kultura, ki je nedvomno posledica delovanja institucije notariata, je zagotovilo za pravno varnost, izpričano v zgodovinski razsežnosti.

The statute of Ptuj of 1376, containing 195 articles (Bischoff's classification), can be considered as an excellent legal document. It gives an account of legal relations on a narrow space, surrounded by walls. There were certainly various reasons for making this document. The statute itself shows, that it should regulate the relationship between the city and its rulers, between the city and the Seigneurs of Pettau/Ptuj; as well as their mutual relations with respect to the city. It can be said, that the statute reflects the political struggle for the power over the city, as well as the consciousness of the towns people, who are aware of their power and are motivated to take certain matters in their own hands.
Pettau/Ptuj had all the perquisites, that a medieval settlement needed to be called a city, such as: a marketplace, a space, surrounded by walls an own jurisdiction, fixed days of market and days of fair, a Market Court, as well as a Municipal and a Jewish Court. Independence in municipal administrative matters and relative independence in military and taxation matters. All those matters are taken care of by municipal bodies, with an elected City Council. The city rights of Ptuj/Pettau 1376 testify this. Based upon the criminal and civil provisions of the statute and on the proceedings in accordance with these provisions, irrespective whether they have taken place at the Municipal Court, on the "free" days of fair, or in matters, failing within the of by the Jewish Court, it can be concluded, that from the point of comparative law, the statute of Ptuj/Pettau can bi compared to other legal monument of this kind of Europe.

The Istrian Perambulation is one of the most important sources of knowledge about the autonomous rural communes of Istria in 14th (or perhaps even 13th) century. Even thought the document mostly describes proceedings of perambulation in the interior of Istria, a part that is now in Croatia, it touches the borders of three Istrian communes now located in Slovenia: Piran, Koštabona and Topolovec. The latter two of them were autonomous rural communes represented by two perfects (župan) and inhabited by apparently Slavic population. The Istrian Perambulation paints a picture of Istria as an uniform cultural place as there are no notable differences visible between what is now Slovenia or Croatia. The rural communes have similar economic problems, and the perambulation is one of the ways how to deal with disputes and quarrels emerging among them due to the transformation to more intensive animal husbandry. The Istrian Perambulation also shows us what were the usual legal practices employ...

This volume, with its content based on academic tradition and academic awareness, is intended to honor a scientist who is well known far beyond the borders of Austria. The volume is a testimony to the unique friendly and collegial relationship with him and its contributions originate from acknowledged scientists from five European countries – Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Austria. And these are not just colleagues, scientists, who have worked together with him; many of them were his students, who had not only felt his scientific breadth, but also had the opportunity to feel his paternal closeness. Unfortunately, some of his colleagues were not able to participate in this liber amicorum for the reasons well comprehensible, so they asked the editor to wish the Jubilee all the best on their behalf. The given general topic corresponds to the wide range of scientific activities of the Jubilee; the topics range from iconography to private and criminal law and to canon law.

Ime kraja, vseeno koliko je le-to staro, je vedno povezano z ljudmi, ki so tam živeli in ljudmi, ki so s tem krajem razpolagali in mu "vladali", z njihovimi usodami in mejniki. Mejnike navadno postavljamo ljudje z namenom, da bi razmejili in prek meje ponovno povezali. Praznovanje devetstoletnega jubileja prav gotovo predstavlja tak mejnik. Na osnovi arhivskega gradiva in poročil sem v zvezi z imenom postavil dva, in sicer se eden nanaša na obdobje do leta 1543 in drugi na obdobje po letu 1543. V prvem obdobju so odločilno vlogo odigrali člani družine  Spanheim in opati benediktinskega samostana v Št. Pavlu v Labodski dolini na Koroškem, predvsem so z imenom povezani prva dva opata Wecelin in Bruno in štajerski deželni knezi, od Otokarjev, Babenberžanov do Habsburžanov, ki so grad in urbar v letu 1492 - cesar Friderik IV. - izročili Jerneju Perneškemu - Bartlma von Perneck- in v drugem člani družine Trautmannsdorf, ki so bili negovski gospodje vse do konca fevdalizma leta 1848 in lastniki posesti do leta 1941. Nič manj pomembna ni zgodovina prebivalcev krajev Negove, Negovskega Vrha in vseh tistih 38-ih vasi, ki so bili povezani z imenom Negova skozi zgodovino.

900 years of Negova
When in the introduction I wrote that Negova is connected with people and with the history of each individual, then after all what has been mentioned, this proves to be true. When we talk about names - names of places or personal names of the inhabitants - there is always a mission behind. Had it not been from the very beginning, we would not celebrate this high anniversary.
It is the family Spanheim and their heritage that are in a way "responsible" for the anniversary. Their estate went from the hands of the Count into the hands of the Church and again into the hands of lords temporal and many historical events are connected with it.
The history itself talks about the ups and downs of the place, of its importance in a specific era and how it formed the path of social development. Many government offices such as the Police Station, the Court and the Forestry Administration, which are all in Gornja Radgona today, used to be in Negova.
However the vineyards of Negova are famous all around Europe. Historical memorials show that each generation, trusting itself has added its own contribution to its tradition and rich history. The laurels of the past however, are not something to rest on - each inhabitant of Negova should build on them and help make Negova become even more renowned.

Wenn ich in der Einleitung geschrieben habe, dass jeder Ort mit Menschen und mit der Geschichte jedes Einzelnen verbunden ist, dann stimmt das nach allem, was hier geschrieben wurde.
Namen, seien es Ortsnamen oder Namen von Personen, haben immer eine bestimmte Charakteristik und auch eine Mission. Und wenn es dies am Anfang nicht gewesen ware, feierten die Bewohner dieses hohe Jubiläum nicht.
Die Familie Spannheim ist maßgeblich für diese Feier. Die Übergabe des Besitzes aus den Händen des Grenzgrafen in die Hände der Kirchobrigkeit und dann wieder in die Hände der weltlichen Reichen, zeigt die ganze Palette der Ereignisse, die mit diesem Besitz verbunden sind.
Die Geschichte selbst und das Archivgut zeigen die Hohen und Tiefen des Ortes, seine Bedeutung in einer gewissen Zeit, seine Rolle in der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung.
In der Vergangenheit war das Wirtschaftsamt in Negova für das Grundbuch zuständig, heute befindet es sich in Gornja Radgona, früher war die Waldverwaltung in Negova, heute ist sie in Gornja Radgona. Auch die Polizeistation, das Gericht und vieles mehr gibt es heute in Negova
nicht mehr.
Die geschichtlichen Gedächtnisstätten sind es, auf die der Ort stolz sein karm. Sie zeigen dass jede Generation zum Reichtum der Geschichte beigetragen hat. Die Lorbeeren der Vergangenheit sind dabei nicht so wichtig. Wichtig ist es, wie jeder Ort und jeder Bewohner des Ortes diese
Lorbeeren weiter tragen kann.

Avtor v sestavku razpravlja o strukturi pravosodnega sistema na Štajerskem. Poleg same strukture sistema zaradi specifičnosti obdobja podaja okoliščine, ki so privedle do stanja na strukturalnem nivoju. Ob sliki pravosodnega sistema je v sestavku mogoče najti še drobec v zvezi s sodno oblastjo, delovanjem kazenskopravnega sistema, pregled virov in literature.
In his article the author deals with the structure of the judicial system in Styria and due to the specific characteristics of the period, gives an outline of the circumstances which also strongly influenced the structure. In addition to giving an overview of the judicial system, the article also contains fragments of insight into the workings of the judicial administration and the criminal judicial system. At the end of his article, the author lists the sources and literature on the subject matter.

Avtor v svojem sestavku obravnava pogodbe o reluiciji tlake podložnikov gospoščine Negova v obdobju pravnega absolutizma. Obdobje od 1792 do 1840 je obdobje, ko je veljala jožefinska zakonodaja, v času cesarja Jožefa Il sicer naklonjena kmetu, vendar po njegovi smrti velikokrat interpretirana na njegovo škodo.
Pogodbe pomenijo poskus urejanja odnosov med gospoščino in podložniki. Kažejo na to, da je bil sistem naravnan v trojno korist, in sicer v korist države ter neposredno korist gospoščine in podložnikov.
Prikazana je struktura pogodb in komentirana vsebina glede na zakonodajo, ki kažejo prizadevanja države na tem področju.
This paper describes contractual agreements on the payments made instead of the statute labour on the Negova estate in the period of legal absolutism. The period between 1792 and 1840 gave rise to Emperor Josefs II. legislation. Although farmer-oriented under his rule, the legislation was misused after the monarch's death.
These agreements represent an attempt to set up formal relations between landowners and their serfs. They also point to the system's triple benefit; it was beneficial to the state and directly to landowners and serfs.
This paper explains the structure of the contracts and comments on their contents with regard to the legislation, revealing the state's efforts in this field.

Reintroduction of Notary after 1995 in the Slovenian legal area followed the principles of the Latin notary. Profession independence and freedom to practice were abolished in 1944; all powers were transferred to the courts, the Notary Chamber was also abolished.
The debate on the four-hundredth anniversary of the reintroduction of the Notary does not want to give an inventory, so others are called, it wants to shed light on an institution that many see as obsolete, unnecessarily expensive Etc. There are at least two periods in the history of Notary the  period up to and before 1855. After 1855 the Notaries were organized in the Chamber of Notaries before the Notary was considered as a trustworthy person (persona credibilia, Notarius oder Tabelio ist ein offen person ... zu wellichem man ein trewe zuflucht hat) and acted by the rules of Ars notarii.

Ponovna uvedba notariata leta 1995 v slovenski pravni prostor je sledila principom
latinskega notariata. Samostojnost in svoboda opravljanja poklica je bila ukinjena
1944. leta in vse pristojnosti prenesene na sodišča, ukinjena je bila notarska
zbornica. Predlog zakona iz leta 1992 je vključeval notarje in notarsko zbornico.
Razprava ob četrt-stoletnem jubileju ponovne uvedbe notariata ne želi dati inventure,
zato so poklicani drugi, želi osvetliti institucijo, ki jo mnogi vidijo kot zastarelo,
nepotrebno drago itd., na drugi strani pa predstaviti princip delovanja skozi
tisočletno zgodovino, ki omogoča pravice strank v civilnopravnih postopkih. V
zgodovini notariata ločimo vsaj dve obdobji, in sicer obdobje do leta 1855, ko je
bil vzpostavljen sistem organiziranega delovanja notarjev prek Notarske zbornice,
in po letu 1855, ko je notariat in predvsem notar veljal za zaupanja vredno osebo
(persona credibilia, Notarius oder Tabelio ist ein offen person ... zu wellichem
man ein trewe zuflucht hat) in je deloval skladno s pravili Ars notarii.

A notary is an official, who writes, under the command of authorities or by private call, what he sees and hears and written has a character of the intstrumentum publicum.
Tabellio and “men of the King” took care »ex industria« of the Charter. Prothonotary and Apostolic prothonotary, namely the concept close to the concept of notary, they only organized a royal or papal office. Finally, was the concept and role of the modern type of Notary public defined by the Emperor Maximilian I. in his legacy the Notary order in 1512. The Notarial practica were the measure of the reputation of a notary.
One of it is in the Library of the Order of Friars Minor Conventuals in Ptuj. Legal certainty and confidence in the rule of law in the State have been the primary task of notaries after 1848. In Slovenia worked till 1944 239 notaries. After war politics and abuse of legal certainty, have been the reason for cancellation, notaries re-run since 1995.

Cicero is still the undisputed authority in law. Through his writings and quotations, he still influences the formation of law and the understanding  of identity. Legal maxims include the rule What is forbidden by nature cannot be endorsed by any law and should not be a matter of abuse in the classroom. The maxim in the De legibus speaks of two places of origin, one is the place where he was born, the other is the place whose rules he adopted for his life.
The discussion seeks to set out the starting points for the right to education, and seeks to identify responsible's for the educational process and the possible dangers.
The right to education is enshrined in national and international documents, and the responsibility for securing the right is shared by the international community, the state, teachers, parents and children.

Cicero je še danes nesporna in nepresežena avtoriteta. S svojimi spisi in citati vpliva na oblikovanje prava in razumevanje identitete. Med pravne maksime spada pravilo »Kar je po naravi stvari prepovedano, ne more potrditi noben zakon« in ne bi smelo biti stvar zlorabe v učilnici. V pravilu iz dela De legibus govori o dveh izvornih krajih, eden je kraj, kjer se je rodil, drugo je kraj, katerega pravila je sprejel za svoje življenje. Razprava skuša podati izhodišča za pravico do izobrazbe, skuša opredeliti odgovorne za izobraževalni proces ter možne nevarnosti.
Pravica do izobrazbe je vsebovana v državnih in mednarodnih dokumentih, odgovornost za zagotavljanje pravice se deli na mednarodno skupnost, državo, učitelje, starše in otroke.

V upravni zgodovini zadnjih šeststo let so pri nastajanju uradov na srednji stopnji odigrali svojo vlogo različni dejavniki in različni vplivi. Razlog za ene in druge je bil v obvladovanju. Deželni stanovi so z delitvijo dežel na četrti sredi petnajstega stoletja predvsem želeli zavarovati svoje premoženje pred turškimi vpadi. Deželni knez oziroma državna oblast je sredi osemnajstega stoletja z ustanovitvijo kresij oblikovala podaljšano roko centralne državne uprave, ki naj bi nadzirala zemljiška gospostva, izvrševanje predpisov in zavarovala podložnika. Ustava iz Kromeřiža je s kresijami želela rešiti problem nacionalnosti v jezikovno mešanih deželah. Okrajna glavarstva, nastala po letu 1868, so bila ponovno podaljšana roka centralne oblasti in posledica stoletnega razvoja državne uprave. Zgodovina uradov na srednji stopnji razodeva interese posameznih skupin oziroma posameznikov, ki so bile v določenem času na oblasti. Z razliko od ostalih evropskih dežel, kjer so bili relativno avtonomni, so v avstrijskem cesarstvu bili vedno podaljšana roka centralnih državnih organov ali so jim vsaj služili. Registraturni načrt odslikava njihovo pristojnost, ki je obsegala vse zadeve prebivalcev določenega okraja od osebnih, občinskih, vojaških, šolskih, cerkvenih pa vse do davčnih zadev, posledica česa je bila identifikacija prebivalcev z okrajem oziroma četrtjo oziroma kresijo. Eden izmed razlogov je bilo tudi ime, ki ga je posamezno oblastvo na srednji stopnji nosilo.

In administrative history of the last six hundred years, different factors and influences had played their role in the formation of middle-level offices. The reason was in management. By dividing provinces into quarters, the provincial estates primarily wanted to protect their property from Turkish raids in the middle of the 15th century. In the middle of the 18th century, the provincial prince or national authority established kresije (state administrative units) that were a prolonged hand of the central state administration. It was supposed to control landowners, enforcement of rules and to protect serfs. By establishing kresije, the Kremsier Constitution wanted to solve nationality problems in multilingual provinces. The district boards, established after 1868, were also a prolonged hand of the central authority and the result of the hundred-year development of the state administration. The history of middle-level offices shows interests of some groups or individuals that were in power during a certain period of time. Unlike other European countries where these offices were relatively autonomous, they were always a prolonged hand of the central state bodies or at least they served them in the Austrian Empire. The Registry Office plan reflects their competence that comprised all the matters of the population in a certain district from personal to municipal, military, education, ecclesiastical and taxation matters, the result of which was that the population identified itself with a district or quarter or kresija (state administrative unit). The middle-level government name was also one of the reasons for population identification.

In der Verwaltungsgeschichte der letzten sechshundert Jahre haben bei der Bildung von Behörden verschiedene Faktoren und Einflüsse eine Rolle gespielt. Die Landstände verfolgten seit Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts ihre eigenen Interessen, die mit denen der Landesfürste nicht immer konform gingen. Der Landesfürst, bzw. die staatliche Hoheit hat deswegen zu Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts mit Einrichtung der Kreise einen verlängerten Arm für die Zentralbehörden geschaffen und damit die Aufsicht über die Grundherrschaften und Gesetzesvollziehung, nicht zuletzt auch zum Schutze der Untertanen, intensiviert. Der Kremsierer Verfassungsentwurf versuchte die Nationalitätenprobleme in gemischtsprachigen Ländern durch Kreisämter zu lösen. Die Bezirkshauptmannschaften, die nach 1868 entstanden sind, wurden zu einem verlängerten Arm der Zentralbehörden und setzten die hundertjährige Entwicklung der Staatsverwaltung fort. Die Geschichte der Behördenentwicklung spricht von einer Interessenskumulierung verschiedener Gruppen und einzelner Herrschaftsträger der jeweiligen Zeit. Im Unterschied zu Behördentradition in Europa mit ihrer relativen Autonomie waren österreichische Behörden zentralstaatlich organisiert. Aus Aktenplänen ergibt sich, dass sprengelmäßige Zuständigkeitsgebiete unter anderem die Personal-, Gemeinde-, Militär- und Stellung-, Schul-kirchlichen und steuerlichen Angelegenheiten umfasst haben. Wegen dieser breit angelegten Kompetenzen waren die Untertanen sehr eng an den jeweiligen Verwaltungssprengel gebunden.

Nella storia dell'amministrazione pubblica degli ultimi seicento anni sono stati molti i fattori e svariati gli interessi che hanno portato alla creazione dei soggetti intermedi. I motivi erano spesso legati al desiderio di potere. Con la suddivisione delle province in rioni nella metà del XV secolo, gli Stati provinciali vollero in primo luogo difendere il proprio patrimonio dalle invasioni ottomane. Il principe, vale a dire la massima autorità provinciale, con la fondazione dei distretti a metà del XVIII secolo creò la mano lunga dell’amministrazione statale centralizzata, che avrebbe dovuto controllare i proprietari terrieri, vigilare sull’attuazione delle norme e difendere i sudditi. Con l’istituzione dei distretti, la Costituzione di Kromeřiţ intendeva risolvere la questione della nazionalità nelle regioni linguisticamente miste. Le sottoprefetture, nate dopo il 1868, rappresentarono nuovamente la mano lunga dell’autorità centrale e la conseguenza dello sviluppo secolare dell’amministrazione statale. La storia degli soggetti a livello intermedio svela gli interessi di alcune categorie ovvero dei singoli individui al potere in un determinato periodo storico. A differenza delle altre regioni europee, in cui tali soggetti godevano di una certa autonomia, nell’Impero Asburgico rappresentavano sempre la mano lunga degli organi statali centrali o erano, quanto meno, al loro servizio. Il piano di registrazione ne illustra le competenze che riguardavano tutte le questioni relative alla popolazione di una determinata circoscrizione e che andavano dalle questioni personali, a quelle comunali, militari, scolastiche, clericali fino a quelle fiscali. Conseguenza di ciò era l’identificazione della popolazione con una determinata circoscrizione, con un rione o con un distretto. Uno dei motivi era legato anche al nome attribuito alle singole autorità a livello intermedio.

The naming and naming right are two concepts that one
can count to the creative tasks of humanity. How this is comparable
in the European tradition with biblical narratives, the author is trying
it to present through some narrations and illustrations. The cultural
heritage of Europe spans an arc on the benefits of the right of naming
through the roll-up to the misuse of names by the state and religious
institutions through history.

Namengebung und Namensrecht sind zwei
Begriffe, die man zur schöpferischen Aufgabe der Menschheit
zählen kann. Wie diese mit der europäischen Tradition und
biblischen Erzählungen vergleichbar sind, versucht dieser Beitrag
an Hand einiger Erzählungen und Abbildungen zu schildern. Das
kulturelle Erbe Europas umschließt die Benefizien des
Namensrechts genauso wie das historische Rollenspiel beim
Namensmissbrauch durch staatliche und religiöse Institutionen.

Das steirische Weinbergrecht oder das Bergrecht (jus montanum) mit seiner Kodifizierung im Jahre 1543 ("Bergrechtsbüchel") ist das Resultat wirtschaftlicher Bestrebungen der Landstände als Grundherren und des Landesfürsten (siehe! Im Artikel angeführten rechtsquellen und Archivmaterial).
Das Weingartenrecht ist ein Recht, das die wirtschaftlichen Bestrebungen im Land Steiermark widerspiegelt. Die Verhältnisse, die das Territorium (Weinberg), die Institution (Bergtaiding) und das Rechtsverhältnis (normiertes Recht) umfassen, können auch als ein Ansatz zur sozialen Gleichheit verstanden werden. Dies ist zwar schwer vorstellbar und daher umso außergewöhnlicher, dass in einer Gesellschaft, die in allen anderen Rechtsbereichen sozial differenziert funktioniert, so etwas möglich wurde.
Zuerst zum Territorium: Weingartenrecht entstand nicht nur aus Gewohnheit, sondern durch das Diktat einzelner Bergherren und auf der Basis einer Kodifikation des Bergrechtes ganz bewusst für eine Region, in der überwiegend Reben angepflanzt wurden. Das Recht des Bergrechtsbuches bildete ausdrücklich die Basis ordentlicher Gerichtsbarkeit vor eigens dafür zuständigen Gerichten.
Zur Institution: Das standesorientierte Rechtssystem hat in dieser Zeit für jeden der Stände sein ordentliches Gericht (Schrannengericht, Kirchengericht, Stadtgericht, grundherrschaftliches Gericht) samt den entsprechenden Instanzen vorgesehen. Im Falle des Bergrechts wurde der Instanzenzug sehr klar dargelegt, speziell nach der Kodifizierung des Bergrechtes in den §§ 5 und 28. Die erste Instanz war der Berg Herr, die zweite der landesfürstliche Kellermeister und die dritte der Landeshauptmann, Landesverweser oder der Vizedom. Die Gerichtsorganisation war also lange vor Joseph II. und vor 1848 in diesem Spezialbereich für alle gleich.
Zum Rechtsverhältnis: Obwohl die Bürger und Untertanen in der Präambel des Bergrechtsbuches nicht genannt sind, hatten sie eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung der Kodifikation. Es kann nur eine Antwort auf dieses Phänomen geben: das Ziel war nämlich wirtschaftlicher Erfolg. Das ist nicht verwunderlich, denn die Wirtschaft war in der Vergangenheit und ist in der Gegenwart häufig treibende Kraft für Rechtsveränderungen.

Das Minoritenkloster wurde im Jahre 1239 gegründet, hunderdreißig Jahre vor dem ersten Stadtrecht von Pettau/Ptuj, in welchem die Bürger der Stadt zu ihrem eigenen Schutz und auch im Interesse von sonstigen Einwohnern und fremden Handels- und Gewerbetreibenden das bisher nur mündliche überlieferte („daz wir von unsern eltern gehort haben") Recht schriftlich fixierten. So wie die Bürger der Stadt, so wurden sich
ganz bestimmt auch die Klosterbrüder bewusst, dass nur Geschriebenes zählt - in diesem Zusammenhang ist wohl auch die Errichtung von Archiv und Bibliothek im Kloster zu sehen.

Die Institution der Grundherrschaft mit ihren Ämtern (Orstgericht, Wirtschaftsamt, Bezirksobrigkeit) bildet in ihrem jahrhunderterlangen Bestehen das Rückgrat für fast alle Bereiche des Staatswesens auf unterster Ebene. Das Thema des vorliegenden Beitrages ist der Wandel dieser Institution im 18. Jahrhundert. Den Ausgangspunkt bilden die Beckmnn'sche "Idea iuris" mit ihren Ausführungen über Grundherrschaft, Grundherren und Untertanen und der bei Beckmann sehr oft zitierte "Tractatus de iuribus incorporalibus" aus dem Jahre 1679. Den Gegenpol des Vergleiches stellen die Handbücher von Lindenbichel, Schopf und Tschinkowitz und ausgewähltes Archivmaterial der Grundherrschaft Negova (Negau) in der Untersteiermark dar. Die wichtigsten behandelten Themen sind somit die Ämter, die sich im Zuge der Änderungen in der Verwaltung durch den Aufgeklärten Absolutismus ("Rechtsabsolutismus") aus den Befugnissen der Grundherrschaft entwickelten oder überhaupt neu eingeführt wurden.

The jubilee of the reconvening of the Carniola Landtag is directly linked to the jubilee of the pedagogue, researcher and person of the professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Ljubljana. He devoted his life to the discovery of legal archetypes. Two hundred years of reissue of constitutionality in Carniola is from the constitutionality perspective also an archetype.
The constitutional charter is at one view the continuity of regulation, at the other a new understanding of constitutional relations. Monarch restores the old order with new element, retains all power, and at the same time transfers part of the powers with the strong supervisory function of Gubernium to the States (nobility). He recognizes States’ (nobility) autonomy and builds on it the relationships that can be valued both from the perspective of the monarch and from the viewpoint of the nobles. The archive of the nobility register provides a sample understanding of one and the other moment, but only as a predecessor and a challenge to the researchers of the Carniolan nobility organization after 1818.

Author through historical experience discusses, that the legalhistorical
facts indicate the necessity of the provinces. Without provinces,
it is not possible to effectively ensure that segment of the constitutionally
guaranteed state competence in planning and active support of spatial,
urban, agricultural, forestry, hydrological, meteorological, cultural,
demographic, ethnic, economic, infrastructural, social and ecological
planning. Historical lands have emerged over the centuries. The
experience of development testifies to the fact that it does not matter what
correlation the individual levels of government are with each other, it is
necessary to be aware that everything is for the benefit of the user - the
citizen.

The Istrian Perambulation is one of the most important sources of knowledge about the autonomous rural communes of Istria in 14 th (or perhaps even 13 th) century. Even thought the document mostly describes proceedings of perambulation in the interior of Istria, a part that is now in Croatia, it touches the borders of three Istrian communes now located in Slovenia: Piran, Koštabona and Topolovec. The latter two of them were autonomous rural communes represented by two perfects (župan) and inhabited by apparently Slavic population. The Istrian Perambulation paints a picture of Istria as an uniform cultural place as there are no notable differences visible between what is now Slovenia or Croatia. The rural communes have similar economic problems, and the perambulation is one of the ways how to deal with disputes and quarrels emerging among them due to the transformation to more intensive animal husbandry. The Istrian Perambulation also shows us what were the usual legal practices employed in the process of delimitation among rural (as well as urban) communes.

In this discussion the authors present the issue of the law against the increasing globalisation and the issue of the theology in liturgy, where individual reformers wish for a return to the archaic forms of divine worship. The meaning of both presented cases is unifying, that is, directed to the national and liturgical communion. Both presented systems must lead to misuse and semblance-to a Placebo effect. When conscientiously considering cultural properties and its emanations, it may seem possible to avoid the danger of the Placebo effect.

In dem Beitrag stelIt der Autor die Entwicklung des Erbrechts im ehemaligen Königreich beziehungsweise in der sozialistischen Republik Jugoslawien nach dem Ende der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie im Jahre 1918 dar. Von 1918 bis 1955 mit der Verabschiedung eines nationalen Erbrechtsgesetzes waren verschiedene erbrechtliche Partikulärvorschriften in Geltung. Auch das Gesetz von 1955 ist als vorubergehende Lösung anzusehen, denn die Verfassungsänderungen in den Siebzigerjahren haben diese Materie wiederum den Republiken und autonomen Einheiten übertragen. Damit ist der Weg zur Feststellung offen, dass auch nach fast 150 Jahren die Behauptung Franz von Zeillers , das Recht sei in Abhängigkeit von Raum und Bevolkerung zu sehen, noch Gültigkeit hat.

Standard of studies at the law faculty have for certain always been professors. No lesser factor is society, its expectations and possibilities that professors and students have at the faculty. This gives them a substantive, personal and intangible scope. A faculty of law as well as university should not be a breakwater of formal social events but is responsible, due to historical circumstances for which is a legal history perfect scope of research, to question ever and ever again about the society where it lives and conditions that have created and to treat them with social accoutability.

20. avgusta 1514 je cesar Maksimilijan prvi Ljubljančanom podelil privilegij, katerega preambula kaže na smoter funkcionalne organiziranosti države in na zagotavljanja življenja ljudi v miru, varnosti in svobodi. Nastanek privilegija spada v značilno vseevropsko dogajanje, in sicer v obdobje recepcije in humanizma. Recepcija je prav na področju kazenskega prava najprej privedla do posega države, čeprav
se vedno ostaja v veljavi običajno pravna norma, ki pa jo država sprejme v svoj red.
Primerjava z istodobnimi kazenskopravnimi privilegiji (z Malefičnim redom za Tirolsko iz leta 1499, Malefičnim redom za Radolfzel iz leta 1506 in Deželnim sodnim redom za Avstrijo pod Anižo iz leta 1514) kaže, da gre za vseevropsko dogajanje na področju kazenskega prava. Prav tako pa moremo reči, da humanizem 15. in 16. stoletja preko nosilcev humanistične misli, dejavnih v politiki, omogoča razumevanje države kot nosilke oblasti. Oblast je namreč po njihovem prepričanju tista, ki s svojim instrumentarijem zagotavlja reševanje sporov po mirni poti.
Instanca, ki je sposobna urejati in regulirati področja individuuma in skupnosti ter je hkrati garant za to, omogoča, da se uresničujejo temeljni življenjski smotri ljudi: zunanji mir, varnost življenja in prava, svoboda, socialna blaginja in kultura. Evropa zadnje polovice 15. in prve polovice 16. stoletja je krščansko obarvana Evropa, saj so vodilni humanisti te dobe - filozofi in teologi (Kuzanski, More, Reuchlin, Erazem, Melanchton) - dejavni tudi v politični ureditvi svojega časa.
V preambuli privilegija cesar izrecno pravi, da je v mestu sicer bilo pravo, vendar povezano z visokimi stroški in vezano na vest posameznika brez regulirane avtoritete, zato podvrženo zlorabi. Da ne bi prišlo do zlorab, je cesar zapisal red in zakon v dobrobit vseh meščanov. S tem je nastopi[a državna avtoriteta, meščanom je zmanjšal stroške in se izognil pravnim zlorabam.