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This work is aiming at attaining the highest wear abrasion resistance of Hadfield steel, through using ceramic metal matrix approach. The metal matrix composite structure was attained through using honey comb method. Then, microstructure... more
This work is aiming at attaining the highest wear abrasion resistance of Hadfield steel, through using ceramic metal matrix approach. The metal matrix composite structure was attained through using honey comb method. Then, microstructure observations, wear abrasion resistance of the metal matrix composite structure were well tracked by using optical microscope, SEM, XRD, and wear test. Comparing with the reference Hadfield steel, it was found that wear abrasion resistance has been multiplied through using ceramic metal matrix composite structure, adding to the great enhancement of strain hardening property. These results refer to the possibility of using this new technique for producing the crusher components to be applied under severe mining conditions.
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Normalizing is an effective heat treatment in improving the microstructure and developing the mechanical properties of micro-alloyed steel. The normalizing parameters such as temperature and holding time are the main keys to... more
Normalizing is an effective heat treatment in improving the microstructure and developing the mechanical properties of micro-alloyed steel. The normalizing parameters such as temperature and holding time are the main keys to microstructure and mechanical properties controlling. Therefore, obtaining an optimum combination of mechanical properties must be subjected to an ideal combination of these parameters. Furthermore, adjusting the optimum normalizing parameters must be considered for every chemical composition depending on the critical transformation temperatures. In this work, four micro-alloyed steel alloys containing V (0.008-0.1wt %) and Ti (0.002-0.072) were held on different normalizing temperatures for 30 minutes. The first holding temperature was carried out just above the Ac3 temperature and the second was carried out above the Ac3 by 100°C (Ac3+100°C). With the controlled normalizing condition, V-Ti-micro-alloyed steel alloy has produced an ultra-fine structure of grain...
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This article aims at investigation the effect of partial and total replacement of molybdenum by tungsten in ordinary heat resistance steel, in term of constituent phases. Three steel grades of P91 steel were produced in induction furnace... more
This article aims at investigation the effect of partial and total replacement of molybdenum by tungsten in ordinary heat resistance steel, in term of constituent phases. Three steel grades of P91 steel were produced in induction furnace with different molybdenum and tungsten contents. The produced steel were hot forged at 950 °C – 1100 °C, followed by air cooling. The ordinary heat treatment was applied through austenizing at 1050 °C for one hour followed by water quenching and then, they were tempered at 700 °C for 2 hours. Optical microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and EDX were used to investigate the microstructure and precipitated phases after complete heat treatment process. In addition, Thermo-Calc program was used to predict the phases which may be formed. The results showed that replacement of molybdenum by tungsten has an effect on the solubility of different intermetallic phases at high temperature, delaying the deteriorative Z-phase.
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TRIP effect containing steel was well reputed by its high mechanical properties among the 1st generation of Advanced High Strength Steel. High Silicon content was well established as an inhibitor for cementite precipitation at... more
TRIP effect containing steel was well reputed by its high mechanical properties among the 1st generation of Advanced High Strength Steel. High Silicon content was well established as an inhibitor for cementite precipitation at para-equilibrium condition. However, the effect of manganese as a powerful stabilizer for retained austenite was not much studied in TRIP-Steel. Thereby, the effect of high manganese content on the TRIP containing steel is studied in this research. As been observed from OM, and XRD results, it was found that as long as increasing Manganese content, the fraction of retained austenite increases. No doubt that enrichment of retained austenite throughout the matrix, beers a great impact on the plastic deformation character of the investigated steels, which was proved by using a uniaxial tensile test and determining the strain hardening exponent.
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The cleanness, microstructure and mechanical properties of a newly developed CrNiMoWMnV ultrahigh-strength steel with and without electroslag refining (ESR) with 70% CaF2, 15% Al2O3 and 15% CaO have been studied. This steel was designed... more
The cleanness, microstructure and mechanical properties of a newly developed CrNiMoWMnV ultrahigh-strength steel with and without electroslag refining (ESR) with 70% CaF2, 15% Al2O3 and 15% CaO have been studied. This steel was designed and melted in an air induction furnace followed by refining using ESR. Cast ingots with and without ESR were forged at temperatures in the range 1100 - 950 °C. Laser scanning confocal microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy electron back scattering diffraction, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction have been used to investigate the microstructure and non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) of forged ingots produced with and without ESR. Hardness, tensile and Charpy-V impact tests were performed. ESR reduced the total impurity level i.e. O%+ N%+ S% by 26 % and the area fractions and numbers of NMIs by 17% and 7% respectively. The NMIs are classified into four major classes: oxides, sulphides, nitrides and complex multiphase inclusi...
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The effects of applied pressure and running velocity on wear behavior as well as Abbott Firestone zones of low carbon steel (0.16C) were evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). At room temperature, three different pressures... more
The effects of applied pressure and running velocity on wear behavior as well as Abbott Firestone zones of low carbon steel (0.16C) were evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). At room temperature, three different pressures (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 MPa) and three different velocities (1.5, 2.25, and 3 m/s) were used to conduct dry sliding wear trials utilizing the pin-on-disc method according to the experimental design technique (EDT). The experiments were created using central composite design (CCD) as a starting point. The relationship between input factors (pressure and velocity) and responses (wear rate and Abbott Firestone zones) of 0.16C steel was demonstrated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The best models for wear rate as well as Abbott Firestone zones produced accurate data that could be estimated, saving time and cost. The results revealed that pressure had the greatest impact on the alloy’s dry sliding wear behavior of the two variables studied. In general, the ...
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As a result of the depletion of high-grade manganese reserves, it has become necessary to consider the exploitation of low-grade manganese ores. The main problem of low-grade manganese ore is the low Mn/Fe ratio, which makes it unfit for... more
As a result of the depletion of high-grade manganese reserves, it has become necessary to consider the exploitation of low-grade manganese ores. The main problem of low-grade manganese ore is the low Mn/Fe ratio, which makes it unfit for the production of manganese ferroalloys. In this work, a selective reduction technique was used for smelting low-manganese ore in the presence of coke and fluxing material in an electric submerged arc furnace to obtain a rich manganese slag and low-manganese pig iron. The product slag was blended with medium-manganese ore and smelted in an electric submerged arc furnace, in the presence of coke and the fluxing agent, to produce silicomanganese alloy. The influence of reducing agent ratio, charge basicity, and charge Mn/Si ratio on the smelting process was investigated. The optimum conditions were found to be a coke ratio of, 1.35, Mn/Si ratio of 2.0, and charge basicity of 2.5. The silicomanganese alloy produced under these conditions satisfies the ...
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is a promising solution for the energy resources leakage. Ferritic stainless steel becomes a suitable candidate for the SOFCs interconnects due to the recent advancements. Different steel alloys were designed... more
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is a promising solution for the energy resources leakage. Ferritic stainless steel becomes a suitable candidate for the SOFCs interconnects due to the recent advancements. Different steel alloys were designed to satisfy the needed characteristics in SOFCs interconnect as conductivity, thermal expansion and corrosion resistance. Refractory elements were used as alloying elements to satisfy the needed properties. The oxidation behaviour of the developed alloys was studied where the samples were heated for long time period at the maximum operating temperature to simulate the real working conditions. The formed scale and oxidized surface were investigated by SEM. Microstructure examination was carried out for some selected steel grades. The effect of alloying elements on the behaviour of the proposed interconnects material and the performance during the working conditions of the cells are explored and discussed. Refractory metals alloying of chromium steel s...
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The cleanliness of ultrahigh-strength steels (UHSSs) without and with electroslag remelting (ESR) using a slag with the composition of 70% CaF2, 15% Al2O3, and 15% CaO was studied. Three experimental heats of UHSSs with different chemical... more
The cleanliness of ultrahigh-strength steels (UHSSs) without and with electroslag remelting (ESR) using a slag with the composition of 70% CaF2, 15% Al2O3, and 15% CaO was studied. Three experimental heats of UHSSs with different chemical compositions were designed, melted in an induction furnace, and refined using ESR. Cast ingots were forged at temperatures between 1100 and 950?C, air cooled, and their non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Thermodynamic calculations for the expected NMIs formed in the investigated steels with and without ESR were performed using FactSage 7.2 software while HSC Chemistry version 9.6.1 was used to calculate the standard Gibbs free energies (?G?). As a result of ESR the total impurity levels (TIL% = O% + N% + S%) and NMI contents decreased by as much as 46 % and 62 %, respectively. The NMIs were classified into four major classes: oxides, sulphides, ...
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Le spedizioni archeologiche del xix e dell’inizio del xx secolo si ponevano come scopo fondamentale la raccolta di materiali con cui completare la documentazione esposta nei musei. Le missioni attuali, invece, anche a prescindere dalle... more
Le spedizioni archeologiche del xix e dell’inizio del xx secolo si ponevano come scopo fondamentale la raccolta di materiali con cui completare la documentazione esposta nei musei. Le missioni attuali, invece, anche a prescindere dalle leggi di tutela di cui nel frattempo l’Egitto si è venuto dotando, si propongono un obiettivo del tutto differente: la ricerca orientata all’indagine di momenti o di situazioni particolari e all’approfondimento delle conoscenze storiche su determinati siti o pe..
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Microalloyed steels are characterised by their mechanical properties. Nowadays, they are used in a wide range of applications. The convenience and simplicity of hardness tests permit to obtain economically and rapidly information on the... more
Microalloyed steels are characterised by their mechanical properties. Nowadays, they are used in a wide range of applications. The convenience and simplicity of hardness tests permit to obtain economically and rapidly information on the structure of steels and control their treatments. This study has been carried out to derive equations for prediction of the mechanical properties of microalloyed steels by hardness measurement. With this objective, V‐ and Ti‐microalloyed plain carbon steel bars were melted, hot rolled, heat treated and machined for the measurement of their mechanical properties and to reach a correlation between both ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and uniform elongation and Vickers hardness. The obtained data were treated using different mathematical fittings. They are mathematically treated as groups according to the heat treatment processes and as one group. The derived equations show good agreement with each other and with most of the little relations f...
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ABSTRACT Energy, environmental and economic requirements caused the majority of steelmakers to adopt technologies using scrap as the main constituent of the charge, where electric arc furnace (EAF) charge is commonly based on 100% steel... more
ABSTRACT Energy, environmental and economic requirements caused the majority of steelmakers to adopt technologies using scrap as the main constituent of the charge, where electric arc furnace (EAF) charge is commonly based on 100% steel scrap, nowadays. The increased use of scrap charge in the steel making process results in rising amounts of some residual elements, the presence of which contribute largely to continuous casting and hot rolling defects. Therefore, the effect of tramp elements in the steel has been intensively studied in this work. It was found that, under normal cooling conditions, the solubility of tramp elements will decrease as the temperature decreases, where the tramp elements (Cu, Pb, Sn) will diffuse toward the grain boundaries and form intermetallic compounds or rich phases which have low melting points causing reduction in ductility and failure during the bending test. Re-bars with increased Cu content that were left to air cool after the last step showed drop in elongation%, up to 32%. On the other hand, the samples with high percentage of tramp elements as (Cu, Pb, Sn) in the billet that have been rolled and subjected to tempcore process, did not show drop in elongation or failure in bending test (especially for re-bar sizes less than 32 mm), however the copper must be less than 0.35 wt.% to prevent the precipitation of Cu rich zones of critical size in size 32 mm produced by tempcore process. When quenching is applied the tramp elements will remain in the interstitial super saturated solid solution positions inside the grains and will not have the chance to diffuse and form precipitates, hindering the copper precipitates from reaching the critical size necessary for impairing the properties. This will hinder the occurrence of the harmful effect of the tramp elements on the elongation or the hot shortness after rolling.
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ABSTRACT Nitrogen was considered for long period to be in the same category as certain undesirable residual elements in steel, which are generally harmful for its properties. This was believed as high nitrogen contained steel is subject... more
ABSTRACT Nitrogen was considered for long period to be in the same category as certain undesirable residual elements in steel, which are generally harmful for its properties. This was believed as high nitrogen contained steel is subject to ageing with deterioration of its plasticity with time. Recently, it was noticed that nitrogen has significant effect on mechanical properties, phase stability, corrosion behavior and oxidation resistance. Therefore, the technologies have developed to produce nitrogen and high nitrogen steels. The technologies for production of nitrogen steel including arc furnace , induction furnace, electro slag remelting, pressurised induction furnace, pressurised electroslag remelting, powder metallurgy and mechanical alloying - in addition to- the surface technologies such as gaseous solution nitriding, plasma furnaces, laser technology. Nitrogen became promising alloying element in steel, where nitrogen alloyed different steel grades such as Mn – steel, HSLA steel, duplex stainless steel, austenitic, ferritic and martensitic stainless steels which have applications in different fields. Steel Technology Department in Central Metallurgical R & D Institute (CMRDI) has significant contribution in development nitrogen steels using different techniques.
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Alloying elements in steel are greatly affected by the melti ng and refining technology. In this study the effect of electric arc furnace (EAF) smelting and electro-slag refining (ESR) of selected three grades of tool steels (cold work,... more
Alloying elements in steel are greatly affected by the melti ng and refining technology. In this study the effect of electric arc furnace (EAF) smelting and electro-slag refining (ESR) of selected three grades of tool steels (cold work, hot work and high-speed steels) on the yield of alloying elements is studied. The effect of EAF technology on the yield of alloying elements was studied by melting these graded of tool steels under both carbide and white reducing slag producing consumable electrodes. The produced consumable electrodes were electro-slag remelted under three different CaF2 based fluxes. The effect of physical properties and chemical composition of used EAF reducing slag and ESR used fluxes on the yield of alloying elements were stud ied. This study showed that refining of tool steels under carbide slag i n EAF reduces the losses of alloying elements in ESR process. In ESR process, the much strong oxidizable elements such as Si and V are oxidized with atmospheric oxygen...
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Stainless steel AISI 304 was laser treated to enhance corrosion resistance and improve surface properties. . This alloy has many applications in auto industry (car body,) as well as oil and gas industry. Different conditions were applied... more
Stainless steel AISI 304 was laser treated to enhance corrosion resistance and improve surface properties. . This alloy has many applications in auto industry (car body,) as well as oil and gas industry. Different conditions were applied in the laser surface treatment, namely: laser power density, scan speed, distance between paths, medium gas (air, argon and nitrogen). After laser treatment, the samples microstructures were investigated using optical microscope to examine micro structural changes due to laser irradiation. Specimen surfaces were investigated using XRD, SEM and EDAX before and after laser treatment to examine the surface composition changes brought by laser irradiation. Results showed that laser irradiation enhances the corrosion resistance of AISI 304 Stainless steel to a large extent. Corrosion rates as low as 0.011 mpy for laser treated samples were obtained in comparison to 0.952 mpy obtained for the untreated samples. Superior pitting corrosion resistance was ob...
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AISI M41 high-speed steel (HSS) is considered as a super-hard tool steel due to high hardness level (6570 HRC). Nitrogen alloying of AISI M41 HSS produces marked solid solution hardening and precipitation strengthening in addition to an... more
AISI M41 high-speed steel (HSS) is considered as a super-hard tool steel due to high hardness level (6570 HRC). Nitrogen alloying of AISI M41 HSS produces marked solid solution hardening and precipitation strengthening in addition to an improvement in pitting resistance. The ...
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Phase transformation in medium and high carbon vanadium microalloyed steel. T Mattar, A Fathy, W Bleck 2002 International Symposium on Microalloyed Steels(held in conjunction with the ASM Materials Solutions Conference), 71-77, 2002. ...
The effect of electroslag remelting (ESR) with CaF2-based synthetic slag on the microstructure and mechanical properties of three as-quenched martensitic/martensitic-bainitic ultrahigh-strength steels with tensile strengths in the range... more
The effect of electroslag remelting (ESR) with CaF2-based synthetic slag on the microstructure and mechanical properties of three as-quenched martensitic/martensitic-bainitic ultrahigh-strength steels with tensile strengths in the range of 1250–2000 MPa was investigated. Ingots were produced both without ESR, using induction furnace melting and casting, and with subsequent ESR. The cast ingots were forged at temperatures between 1100 and 950 °C and air cooled. Final microstructures were investigated using laser scanning confocal microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, color etching, and micro-hardness measurements. Mechanical properties were investigated through measurement of hardness, tensile properties and Charpy-V impact toughness. The microstructures of the investigated steels were mainly auto-tempered martensite in addition to small fractions of retained austenite and bainite. D...
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The properties of high‐speed tool steels can be improved by modifying their chemical composition or the technology of production. Nitrogen alloying is an attractive technology to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of tool... more
The properties of high‐speed tool steels can be improved by modifying their chemical composition or the technology of production. Nitrogen alloying is an attractive technology to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of tool steels. In this work, modified super hard high‐speed tool steel was produced through nitrogen alloying and decreasing the level of cobalt content in investigated steels. This work aims to study the effect of nitrogen as alloying element on carbides and carbo‐nitrides precipitates type, shape, and size for investigated steels. From the results obtained from Thermo‐Calc, it was concluded that nitrogen alloying produced large amount of stable austenite, also eutectic carbides precipitates (M6C and M7C3) were stable at room temperature. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images for traditional grade showed that the as cast structure contains beside the carbides network other single carbides precipitates. While on the other hand the selected area diffrac...
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Iron based high entropy alloy containing aluminum is facing a challenge in the liquid-solid transition regime due to its high affinity to segregation. In this research, the segregation of alloying elements in the designed high entropy... more
Iron based high entropy alloy containing aluminum is facing a challenge in the liquid-solid transition regime due to its high affinity to segregation. In this research, the segregation of alloying elements in the designed high entropy alloy has been tracked after pouring in special investment mold that possesses different modulus with fluctuated solidification time. Different compositions of the targeted alloy were developed through melting of pure metals in induction furnace. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), optical microscope, and SEM have been used for monitoring the chemical, and phase constituents among the different regions of solidification. In addition, the mechanical properties of the designed alloy have been determined using uni-axis tensile test, and impact toughness. It was well proved that the solidification time has a significant effect on promoting the characteristic properties of iron based high entropy alloy containing aluminum. Aluminum shows high percentage with increasi...
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Nano sized crystallites of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) which is a promising cobaltite cathode material for intermediate temperature-solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) was synthesized by sol-gel technique and modified sol-gel technique... more
Nano sized crystallites of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) which is a promising cobaltite cathode material for intermediate temperature-solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) was synthesized by sol-gel technique and modified sol-gel technique by Gamma irradiation methods. The structure, morphology, elemental analyses and surface area were determined by X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscope and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. Results showed that LSCF cobaltite cathode material has single phase perovskite product with porous structure. The morphology of the sample synthesized by irradiation method was more porous structure and higher surface area as compared to sample prepared by sol gel method. So, irradiation method has a pronounced effective role in improvement of microstructure of LSCF Cobaltite cathode material.
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Medium-carbon, silicon-rich steels are commonly suggested to obtain a very fine bainitic microstructure at a low temperature slightly above Ms. Thereby, the resulted microstructure consists of slender bainitic-ferritic plates interwoven... more
Medium-carbon, silicon-rich steels are commonly suggested to obtain a very fine bainitic microstructure at a low temperature slightly above Ms. Thereby, the resulted microstructure consists of slender bainitic-ferritic plates interwoven with retained austenite. The advanced strength and ductility package of this steel is much dependent on the fineness of bainitic ferrite, as well as the retained austenite phase. In this article, the aluminum to silicon ratio, and the isothermal transformation temperature have been adopted to obtain ultra-high strength high carbon steel. Optical and SEM investigation of the produced steels have been performed. XRD has been used to track the retained austenite development as a result of the change in the chemical composition of developed steels and heat treatment process. Mechanical properties in terms of hardness and microhardness of obtained phases and structure were investigated. Results show that the increment of aluminum to silicon ratio has a gr...
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Despite that the conventional CSiMn TRIP steel has a promissing mechanical attributes, it has a limitations on the galvanizability of such grades of steel due to Silicon. Thus, aluminum as a strong candidate for substituting silicon has... more
Despite that the conventional CSiMn TRIP steel has a promissing mechanical attributes, it has a limitations on the galvanizability of such grades of steel due to Silicon. Thus, aluminum as a strong candidate for substituting silicon has been introduced in this study accompanied by vanadium as a microalloying element. Microstructure of the studied steel was observed by using OM, and SEM. X-ray diffraction analysis, and tent-etching technique carried out on the studied steel to identify the fractions of the retained Austenite after thermal mechanical process, as well as its morphology. In addition, the mechanical properties in term of strength, ductility, strain hardening, and the rate of strain hardening were studied to define the influenced parameters throughout this alteration. The results refer to the possibility of complete replacement of silicon in TRIP steel with aluminum at the presence of vanadium as a micro alloying element.
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Secondary phase carbides in term of type and morphology are considered as the most challenge facing the applications of hot work tool steel. AISI H13 tool steel is one of the most applicable hot work tool steel grades. M23C6, M6C and MC... more
Secondary phase carbides in term of type and morphology are considered as the most challenge facing the applications of hot work tool steel. AISI H13 tool steel is one of the most applicable hot work tool steel grades. M23C6, M6C and MC are the common secondary carbides that are forming throughout the martensite matrix of H13 tool steel. In this research, nanoinoculant silicon nitride was added to the molten H13 tool steel to act as an inoculant for the secondary carbide categories through ladle treatment process. By using OM and SEM, it was observed that nanoinoculant has the great impact in the nucleation of secondary carbides into fine shape, in particular M23C6 type. In addition, mechanical tests proved that the nucleation of secondary carbides promotes the mechanical properties of hot work H13 tool steel to its ultimate. Impact toughness of the inoculated H13 tool steel was observed with higher value than that was done at the ordinary H13 tool steel. At the meantime, wear resis...