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Fiscal health of local governments and municipalities has remained an important issue since the crises of the 1970’s in places like New York, Philadelphia and Cleveland. More recently, the bankruptcy of Orange County California raised... more
Fiscal health of local governments and municipalities has remained an important issue since the crises of the 1970’s in places like New York, Philadelphia and Cleveland.  More recently, the bankruptcy of Orange County California raised the possibility of a different type of financial failure than earlier ones.  The beginning of the 21st century has witnessed two major economic bubbles including the dotcom and housing bubbles.  These economic cycles combined with increasing health care, pension and other structural costs continue to challenge the fiscal viability of many jurisdictions.  In particular, the economic and financial crisis of 2007-2008 is likely to result in potentially serious fiscal challenges for local jurisdictions.

Local Government Fiscal Health reinvigorates the debates around the monitoring, reporting, assessment and management of local government fiscal stress, bankruptcy, and state takeovers. The book provides both a solid conceptual basis for understanding the sources and causes behind local government fiscal stress and crisis, as well as tools for monitoring, reporting, and addressing such crises.  Based on theoretical frameworks as well as empirical evidence and case studies, it also addresses such issues as the impact of GASB 34 and GASB 45 on the assessment of and policies to address fiscal stress and crisis.

Ideal for students of Public Policy and Public Administration, the book seeks to both advance the state of the field in terms of research and frameworks around fiscal stress in local government as well as provide an assessment of the tools, monitoring practices and state and local policies that are used to address situations of fiscal stress.
Research Interests:
Women in Public Administration illuminates women's past and emerging challenges, in a predominantly male based public sector that are fundamental to practitioners, students, and faculty of public administration and policy. For example,... more
Women in Public Administration illuminates women's past and emerging challenges, in a predominantly male based public sector that are fundamental to practitioners, students, and faculty of public administration and policy. For example, how women administrators have been affected by male dominated labor markets, ethics and law, management, financial institutions, and public service. This book extends beyond the existing works in the field by furthering the discussion and bridging the gender gap in public administration theory and praxis by continuing the efforts of the female public administrators who began to unravel the inequity in our public organizations and the under representation of women in our society.
Research Interests:
U.S. state governments over the years have developed a number of methods for predicting fiscal distress and defaults by their local governments. These systems encompass a range of conceptual understanding and practical approaches, and... more
U.S. state governments over the years have developed a number of methods for predicting fiscal distress and defaults by their local governments. These systems encompass a range of conceptual understanding and practical approaches, and involve varying data requirements and analytic demands. A widespread prediction strategy is to compute indexes of fiscal stress based on financial and other indicators. This chapter assesses the predictive accuracy of three well-documented and carefully argued indicator systems, by computing indicator scores for a sample of three bankrupt general-purpose local governments and six matched jurisdictions that did not declare bankruptcy, over a ten-year period that included the years leading up to the three bankruptcy proceedings. The goal was to answer two primary questions. First, are the indicators all measuring the same thing? How closely do different indicator systems agree in their scoring of a given jurisdiction? Second, to what extent are the indicators predictively valid? How good a job do they do of predicting severe fiscal distress and of distinguishing between cities that did and did not enter bankruptcy? The system developed and currently used by Ohio’s Auditor of State performed well. The system developed in 2002 for Michigan’s State Treasurer (no longer used) and a system subsequently proposed by academic researchers as a potential improvement to it (not implemented) both performed less well.
Rainy day stabilization funds (RDSFs) and local option sales taxes (LOSTs) are two strategies local governments deploy to combat fiscal stress. While the literature on both is robust, it has thus far failed to consider empirically that... more
Rainy day stabilization funds (RDSFs) and local option sales taxes (LOSTs) are two strategies local governments deploy to combat fiscal stress. While the literature on both is robust, it has thus far failed to consider empirically that the two may be connected. One way the marginal LOST dollar could be spent is by saving it for future use. We test the connection with a sample of 414 counties and correct for selection bias with the Heckman correction technique. We find that each $10 increase in LOST revenue per capita is associated with a $0.10 increase in undesignated general fund balance. Though small, the positive effect size supports the theory that LOSTs contribute to a greater propensity to save.
Ely and Meyerson’s gendered organizations framework reconceptualizes traditional gender differences defined by biology and lack of structural opportunities, to a complex set of social relations in the workplace. We apply this framework to... more
Ely and Meyerson’s gendered organizations framework reconceptualizes traditional gender differences defined by biology and lack of structural opportunities, to a complex set of social relations in the workplace. We apply this framework to second-generation gender bias to further understand impediments to women's career progression in the public sector workplace. In-depth interviews of state-level administrators in U.S. public sector agencies indicate that “narratives” perpetuate second-generation gender bias that is deeply ingrained in organizational practices and policies, especially for women and women of color. This framework can be applied to future studies examining the gendered nature of organizations in different workplace settings. Moving beyond already identified barriers, this study offers a comprehensive framework to understand how second-generation gender bias is central to long-standing workplace inequities.
Diversity is an important facet of public administration, thus it is important to take stock and examine how the discipline has evolved in response to questions of representative democracy, social equity, and diversity. This article... more
Diversity is an important facet of public administration, thus it is important to take stock and examine how the discipline has evolved in response to questions of representative democracy, social equity, and diversity. This article assesses the state-of-the-field by addressing the following question: How has research on diversity in the field of public administration progressed over time? Specifically, we seek to examine how the focus of diversity has transformed over time and the way the field has responded to half a century of legislation and policies aimed at both promoting equality and embracing difference. We utilize a conceptual content analysis approach to examine articles published on diversity in seven key public administration journals since 1940. The implications of this study are of great importance given that diversity in the workplace is a central issue for modern public management.
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship across race/ethnicity relative to reported subjective physical symptoms and clinically assessed medical conditions among the aging minority population using the Health and... more
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship across race/ethnicity relative to reported subjective physical symptoms and clinically assessed medical conditions among the aging minority population using the Health and Retirement Study data for years 1998-2000. Poisson and negative binomial regressions were used to estimate three count dependent variables: physical symptom, chronic, and life-threatening medical conditions. Results indicate that while Black respondents were 18% more likely to report physical symptoms when compared to White respondents (B = .171, p < .01, e(.171) = 1.18) and 1.06 times more likely to report life-threatening medical conditions (B = .058, p < .01, e(.058) = 1.06), when SES variables were added being Black was no longer significantly associated with physical symptoms and chronic conditions. However, being Black did remain statistically significant and positively associated with life-threatening conditions, even after controlling for SES...
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship across race/ethnicity relative to reported subjective physical symptoms and clinically assessed medical conditions among the aging minority population using the Health and... more
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship across race/ethnicity relative to reported subjective physical symptoms and clinically assessed medical conditions among the aging minority population using the Health and Retirement Study data for years 1998-2000. Poisson and negative binomial regressions were used to estimate three count dependent variables: physical symptom, chronic, and life-threatening medical conditions. Results indicate that while Black respondents were 18% more likely to report physical symptoms when compared to White respondents (B = .171, p < .01, e(.171) = 1.18) and 1.06 times more likely to report life-threatening medical conditions (B = .058, p < .01, e(.058) = 1.06), when SES variables were added being Black was no longer significantly associated with physical symptoms and chronic conditions. However, being Black did remain statistically significant and positively associated with life-threatening conditions, even after controlling for SES...
Public administration is fundamentally a discipline closely linked to management. Scholars and practitioners alike have argued that government, nonprofit, and health organizations should use public resources in the most efficient manner... more
Public administration is fundamentally a discipline closely linked to management. Scholars and practitioners alike have argued that government, nonprofit, and health organizations should use public resources in the most efficient manner possible, and calls to “run government like a business” are frequent. At the same time, scholars and practitioners have also argued that public organizations should also provide an equal opportunity for all, and administrators have faced public pressure and mandates, for example, to ensure that “no child [is] left behind.” This chapter reviews literature regarding efficiency and equity in public administration, and uses examples from both government and healthcare to illustrate the inherent tradeoff between efficiency and equity in practice.
Rainy day stabilization funds (RDSFs) and local option sales taxes (LOSTs) are two strategies local governments deploy to combat fiscal stress. While the literature on both is robust, it has thus far failed to consider empirically that... more
Rainy day stabilization funds (RDSFs) and local option sales taxes (LOSTs) are two strategies local governments deploy to combat fiscal stress. While the literature on both is robust, it has thus far failed to consider empirically that the two may be connected. One way the marginal LOST dollar could be spent is by saving it for future use. We test the connection with a sample of 414 counties and correct for selection bias with the Heckman correction technique. We find that each $10 increase in LOST revenue per capita is associated with a $0.10 increase in undesignated general fund balance. Though small, the positive effect size supports the theory that LOSTs contribute to a greater propensity to save.
"Fiscal health of local governments and municipalities has remained an important issue since the crises of the 1970’s in places like New York, Philadelphia and Cleveland. More recently, the bankruptcy of Orange County California... more
"Fiscal health of local governments and municipalities has remained an important issue since the crises of the 1970’s in places like New York, Philadelphia and Cleveland. More recently, the bankruptcy of Orange County California raised the possibility of a different type of financial failure than earlier ones. The beginning of the 21st century has witnessed two major economic bubbles including the dotcom and housing bubbles. These economic cycles combined with increasing health care, pension and other structural costs continue to challenge the fiscal viability of many jurisdictions. In particular, the economic and financial crisis of 2007-2008 is likely to result in potentially serious fiscal challenges for local jurisdictions. Local Government Fiscal Health reinvigorates the debates around the monitoring, reporting, assessment and management of local government fiscal stress, bankruptcy, and state takeovers. The book provides both a solid conceptual basis for understanding the sources and causes behind local government fiscal stress and crisis, as well as tools for monitoring, reporting, and addressing such crises. Based on theoretical frameworks as well as empirical evidence and case studies, it also addresses such issues as the impact of GASB 34 and GASB 45 on the assessment of and policies to address fiscal stress and crisis. Ideal for students of Public Policy and Public Administration, the book seeks to both advance the state of the field in terms of research and frameworks around fiscal stress in local government as well as provide an assessment of the tools, monitoring practices and state and local policies that are used to address situations of fiscal stress. "
Research Interests:
The federal government lags behind in progressive civil rights policies in regard to universal workplace antidiscrimination laws for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Americans. The slow progress matters to inclusionary... more
The federal government lags behind in progressive civil rights policies in regard to universal workplace antidiscrimination laws for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Americans. The slow progress matters to inclusionary workplace practices and the theory and practice of public administration generally, as recognition of LGBT rights and protection are constitutive of representative bureaucracy and promoting social equity. This study examines the turnover intention rates of self-identified LGBT employees in the U.S. federal government. Using the Office of Personnel Management’s inclusion quotient (IQ), and 2015 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS), we identify links in the relationships between workplace inclusion and turnover outcomes among LGBT individuals. We also examine the impact of agency type on LGBT turnover rates based on Lowi’s agency classification type. Key findings suggest that LGBT employees express higher turnover intentions than those that identify as...
Rainy day stabilization funds (RDSFs) and local option sales taxes (LOSTs) are two strategies local governments deploy to combat fiscal stress. While the literature on both is robust, it has thus far failed to consider empirically that... more
Rainy day stabilization funds (RDSFs) and local option sales taxes (LOSTs) are two strategies local governments deploy to combat fiscal stress. While the literature on both is robust, it has thus far failed to consider empirically that the two may be connected. One way the marginal LOST dollar could be spent is by saving it for future use. We test the connection with a sample of 414 counties and correct for selection bias with the Heckman correction technique. We find that each $10 increase in LOST revenue per capita is associated with a $0.10 increase in undesignated general fund balance. Though small, the positive effect size supports the theory that LOSTs contribute to a greater propensity to save.
Rainy day stabilization funds (RDSFs) and local option sales taxes (LOSTs) are two strategies local governments deploy to combat fiscal stress. While the literature on both is robust, it has thus far failed to consider empirically that... more
Rainy day stabilization funds (RDSFs) and local option sales taxes (LOSTs) are two strategies local governments deploy to combat fiscal stress. While the literature on both is robust, it has thus far failed to consider empirically that the two may be connected. One way the marginal LOST dollar could be spent is by saving it for future use. We test the connection with a sample of 414 counties and correct for selection bias with the Heckman correction technique. We find that each $10 increase in LOST revenue per capita is associated with a $0.10 increase in undesignated general fund balance. Though small, the positive effect size supports the theory that LOSTs contribute to a greater propensity to save.
... Maria D'Agostino, Department of Public Management, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City College of New York, New York, New York ... the exploratory nature of the study, and research objective, a purposive non-probability... more
... Maria D'Agostino, Department of Public Management, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City College of New York, New York, New York ... the exploratory nature of the study, and research objective, a purposive non-probability sampling method was used (Singleton and Straits ...
... Cover Printing: Malloy, Inc. ... Why has it taken so long? No less a source than the mother of the second wave of feminism may give us a clue. The introduction of Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex (1949) reads as follows: For a... more
... Cover Printing: Malloy, Inc. ... Why has it taken so long? No less a source than the mother of the second wave of feminism may give us a clue. The introduction of Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex (1949) reads as follows: For a long time I hesitated to write a book on woman. ...
... Cover Printing: Malloy, Inc. ... Why has it taken so long? No less a source than the mother of the second wave of feminism may give us a clue. The introduction of Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex (1949) reads as follows: For a... more
... Cover Printing: Malloy, Inc. ... Why has it taken so long? No less a source than the mother of the second wave of feminism may give us a clue. The introduction of Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex (1949) reads as follows: For a long time I hesitated to write a book on woman. ...
Women were 30% of the labor force in 1950 and 54.6% of the workforce as of January 2018 (Bean-Mellinger, 2018). Women are also currently outpacing men in attaining college degrees-36% of women between the ages of 25 and 29 years old have... more
Women were 30% of the labor force in 1950 and 54.6% of the workforce as of January 2018 (Bean-Mellinger, 2018). Women are also currently outpacing men in attaining college degrees-36% of women between the ages of 25 and 29 years old have a bach-elor's degree compared to 28% of males in the same age group. Women have also surpassed men in college graduation rates. Despite these growing numbers, women have yet to reach a critical mass in leadership positions. Women represent less than 5% of CEOs in Fortune 500 companies. Out of 195 state heads around the world, only 15 are currently women. Less than 20% of the members of the US Congress are women, and women hold only 21% of US Senate seats. Even in the nonprofit world where more than 75% of all workers and volunteers are women, only 45% of the top positions are held by women and only 21% of women CEOs will have access to budgets of $25 million or more (Renock,
The federal government lags behind in progressive civil rights policies in regard to universal workplace antidiscrimination laws for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Americans. The slow progress matters to inclusionary... more
The federal government lags behind in progressive civil rights policies in regard to universal workplace antidiscrimination laws for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Americans. The slow progress matters to inclusionary workplace practices and the theory and practice of public administration generally, as recognition of LGBT rights and protection are constitutive of representative bureaucracy and promoting social equity. This study examines the turnover intention rates of self-identified LGBT employees in the U.S. federal government. Using the Office of Personnel Management’s inclusion quotient (IQ), and 2015 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS), we identify links in the relationships between workplace inclusion and turnover outcomes among LGBT individuals. We also examine the impact of agency type on LGBT turnover rates based on Lowi’s agency classification type. Key findings suggest that LGBT employees express higher turnover intentions than those that identify as heterosexuals/straight, and LGBT employees who perceive their agencies as redistributive or communal are less likely to experience turnover intentions. However, an open and supportive workplace environment had a positive impact on turnover, suggesting that to implement effective structural change in an organization’s culture of inclusion, public sector managers must do more than merely “talk the talk.” This finding is also suggestive of LGBT employees’ desire to avoid the stigma of being LGBT and hide their identities. Institutions must heed the invisible and visible identities of their employees to be truly inclusive. Workplace practices that acknowledge the invisible and visible identities of their employees are a positive step toward real workplace inclusion.
A growing body of literature has documented leadership styles by gender. This study examines if directors of Master of Public Administration (MPA) programs accredited by the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration... more
A growing body of literature has documented leadership styles by gender. This study examines if directors of Master of Public Administration (MPA) programs accredited by the Network of
Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration exhibit gender differences in leadership styles. Such differences may affect the implementation of public administration and how effective MPA
directors are in achieving positive outcomes. Using a mixed methods approach—specifically, exploratory sequential design utilizing qualitative data and analysis, followed by a quantitative survey—we find that there are some gendered differences among public administration directors.
In particular, we find that women directors are significantly more likely than their male counterparts to exhibit traits that resemble transformational leaders. However, we also find that male and female
directors converge in terms of other styles of leadership.
Research Interests:
A growing body of literature has documented leadership styles by gender. This study examines if directors of Master of Public Administration (MPA) programs accredited by the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration... more
A growing body of literature has documented leadership styles by gender. This study examines if directors of Master of Public Administration (MPA) programs accredited by the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration exhibit gender differences in leadership styles. Such differences may affect the implementation of public administration and how effective MPA directors are in achieving positive outcomes. Using a mixed methods approach—speci cally, exploratory sequential design utilizing qualitative data and analysis, followed by a quantitative survey—we  nd that there are some gendered differences among public administration directors. In particular, we  nd that women directors are signi cantly more likely than their male counterparts to exhibit traits that resemble transformational leaders. However, we also  nd that male and female directors converge in terms of other styles of leadership.
Diversity is an important facet of public administration, thus it is important to take stock and examine how the discipline has evolved in response to questions of representative democracy, social equity, and diversity. This article... more
Diversity is an important facet of public administration, thus it is important to take stock and examine how the discipline has evolved in response to questions of representative democracy, social equity, and diversity. This article assesses the state-of-the-field by addressing the following question: How has research on diversity in the field of public administration progressed over time? Specifically, we seek to examine how the focus of diversity has transformed over time and the way the field has responded to half a century of legislation and policies aimed at both promoting equality and embracing difference. We utilize a conceptual content analysis approach to examine articles published on diversity in seven key public administration journals since 1940. The implications of this study are of great importance given that diversity in the workplace is a central issue for modern public management.
Research Interests:
Diversity is an important facet of public administration, thus it is important to take stock and examine how the discipline has evolved in response to questions of representative democracy, social equity, and diversity. This article... more
Diversity is an important facet of public administration, thus it is important to take stock and examine how the discipline has evolved in response to questions of representative democracy, social equity, and diversity. This article assesses the state-of-the-field by addressing the following question: How has research on diversity in the field of public administration progressed over time? Specifically, we seek to examine how the focus of diversity has transformed over time and the way the field has responded to half a century of legislation and policies aimed at both promoting equality and embracing difference. We utilize a conceptual content analysis approach to examine articles published on diversity in seven key public administration journals since 1940. The implications of this study are of great importance given that diversity in the workplace is a central issue for modern public management.
Research Interests:
... edu *Corresponding author Maria J. D'Agostino John Jay College of Criminal Justice/CUNY, 445 West 59th Street, New York, New York, 10019, USA Fax: 212-237-8068 E-mail: mdagostino@jjay.cuny.edu Abstract: As a result ...
ABSTRACT
Although immigration policy is a key component of public administration scholarship in the United States, research into Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) for both documented and particularly undocumented immigrants has been tangential in... more
Although immigration policy is a key component of public administration scholarship in the United States, research into Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) for both documented and particularly undocumented immigrants has been tangential in focus. This exploratory study questions1. the effect of immigration reform on U.S. undocumented immigrant women of IPV and2. how changes in the number of undocumented immigrants affect IPV
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship across race/ethnicity relative to reported subjective physical symptoms and clinically assessed medical conditions among the aging minority population using the Health and... more
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship across race/ethnicity relative to reported subjective physical symptoms and clinically assessed medical conditions among the aging minority population using the Health and Retirement Study data for years 1998-2000. Poisson and negative binomial regressions were used to estimate three count dependent variables: physical symptom, chronic, and life-threatening medical conditions. Results indicate that while Black respondents were 18% more likely to report physical symptoms when compared to White respondents (B = .171, p < .01, e(.171) = 1.18) and 1.06 times more likely to report life-threatening medical conditions (B = .058, p < .01, e(.058) = 1.06), when SES variables were added being Black was no longer significantly associated with physical symptoms and chronic conditions. However, being Black did remain statistically significant and positively associated with life-threatening conditions, even after controlling for SES...
ABSTRACT Interest in public sector employee benefits and compensation has resurfaced due to the economic downturn spurring a wave of actions that may threaten a once secure future of millions of public workers. The purpose of this article... more
ABSTRACT Interest in public sector employee benefits and compensation has resurfaced due to the economic downturn spurring a wave of actions that may threaten a once secure future of millions of public workers. The purpose of this article is to explore the ramifications of compensation and benefit changes on the fiscal health of state and local governments. This article reviews the evolution of labor relations in the public sector, recent institutional changes in employment and compensation, and implications on the fiscal health of state and local governments and their employees. The authors argue that these changes or threat of such changes, including restructuring collective rights, unionization, union dues collection, and the issues that can be bargained, are shifting the playing field for public sector employees and employers. Not since the passage of the right to unionization and collective bargaining in the 1960s have such major changes been on the horizon. These institutional changes will have longstanding effects including cost of government, types of workers attracted to government and even type and quality of services provided. Given also that employee compensation typically represents a major portion of the overall cost of state and local governments, it is not unexpected that political officials will continue to seek to rethink the employment relationship in order to ensure the fiscal health of their governments and those who serve in the public sector.
The combination of social, political, and economic changes causing simultaneously decreasing funding and increasing demand for services is driving nonprofit managers to engage in proactive marketing in a for-profit model, including the... more
The combination of social, political, and economic changes causing simultaneously decreasing funding and increasing demand for services is driving nonprofit managers to engage in proactive marketing in a for-profit model, including the use of online media. This research extends the MARKOR model of market orientation to examine the relationship between market orientation practices, as reflected in the utilization of online
Although immigration policy is a key component of public administration scholarship in the United States, research into Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) for both documented and particularly undocumented immigrants has been tangential in... more
Although immigration policy is a key component of public administration scholarship in the United States, research into Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) for both documented and particularly undocumented immigrants has been tangential in focus. This exploratory study questions1. the effect of immigration reform on U.S. undocumented immigrant women of IPV and2. how changes in the number of undocumented immigrants affect IPV
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the impact of the utilization of organizational practices on the career progression of women to executive positions in state-level government organizations in the USA.... more
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the impact of the utilization of organizational practices on the career progression of women to executive positions in state-level government organizations in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach – The design included an online survey instrument sent to a purposive sample of 600 female administrative agency executives in 50 states. A standard multilinear regression model tests the predictive power of three composite explanatory utilization variables on the dependent variable, career progression of women to upper level management.

The composite predictor variables are: utilization of work/family practices; utilization of diversity practices; and utilization of
promotional practices.

Findings – Contrary to expectations, the relationship between career progression of women and family-friendly utilization does not appear to be statistically significant. However, the time it takes respondents who utilized family-friendly practices in their organizations to reach upper-level management decreased by 0.037 years. And contrary to expectations, women who utilize promotion practices are more likely to achieve executive-level status, even though it does not necessarily take them less time to do so.

Originality/value – This research is distinct from previous studies in that it considers the relationship between the utilization of practices and women’s attainment of executive-level positions.
Keywords Organizational processes, Career development, Women, Public administration, United States of America

Paper type Research paper
Ely and Meyerson's gendered organizations framework reconceptualizes traditional gender differences defined by biology and lack of structural opportunities, to a complex set of social relations in the workplace. We apply this framework to... more
Ely and Meyerson's gendered organizations framework reconceptualizes traditional gender differences defined by biology and lack of structural opportunities, to a complex set of social relations in the workplace. We apply this framework to secondgeneration gender bias to further understand impediments to women's career progression in the public sector workplace. Indepth interviews of state-level administrators in U.S. public sector agencies indicate that "narratives" perpetuate second-generation gender bias that is deeply ingrained in organizational practices and policies, especially for women and women of color. This framework can be applied to future studies examining the gendered nature of organizations in different workplace settings. Moving beyond already identified barriers, this study offers a comprehensive framework to understand how second-generation gender bias is central to long-standing workplace inequities.