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This article tries to present the story of the archaeological excavation carried out by Béla Pósta in the Calvinist church of Tirimia (Hung. Nagyteremi, Germ. Gross-Wachsdorf, Mureș County) in 1904 and to analyze the objects discovered on... more
This article tries to present the story of the archaeological excavation carried out by Béla Pósta in the Calvinist church of Tirimia (Hung. Nagyteremi, Germ. Gross-Wachsdorf, Mureș County) in 1904 and to analyze the objects discovered on that occasion, preserved today in the patrimony of the National Museum of Transylvanian History in Cluj-Napoca. Reconstructing an excavation carried out almost 120 years ago, when the archaeology of medieval and early modern churches was in its infancy, based exclusively on objects kept in museum repositories and on letters/diaries of the period, is a difficult task. From the correspondence between Béla Pósta and the people directly or indirectly involved (the Calvinist priest of the village of Tirimia, Márton Kakasy; the local landowner Baron László Solymosy, etc.) and from the personal diaries of Lajos Kelemen we can partially reconstruct the archaeological excavations, the scandal that followed, and later the fate of the objects discovered during the research.
The present article briefly focuses on written sources and archaeological excavations organized in 2015 in the Rákóczi Fortification. This was located at about 32 de km on the north-eastern side of the town Miercurea-Ciuc, in the village... more
The present article briefly focuses on written sources and archaeological excavations organized in 2015 in the Rákóczi Fortification. This was located at about 32 de km on the north-eastern side of the town Miercurea-Ciuc, in the village Ghimeș-Făget (Bacău County). There was an observation post that functioned since the beginning of the seventeenth century and was connected to the Ciucului Mountains customs (tricesima). During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Blockhaus C or “Cetatea Rákóczi” was part of a very complex system of fortifications consisting of ramparts, ditches, and bastions. These were meant to protect the border between Transylvania and Moldavia. The fortification’s periodization was made on the basis of archaeological researches, on-site observations (the study of the walls’ structure and the composition of the mortars) and finally, by correlating this information with the plans kept in Kriegsarchiv in Vienna.
. This article presents some theoretical aspects related to historical archaeology and mountain landscape archaeology research domains. There were noted various research projects from Transylvania that involved archaeological discoveries... more
. This article presents some theoretical aspects related to historical archaeology and mountain landscape
archaeology research domains. There were noted various research projects from Transylvania that involved
archaeological discoveries found at altitudes above 800 m. Regarding historical archaeology in Romania, the
concept and methodology of approaching the recent past, is a field of research that includes only a few recent
projects. That is why the Contumaz Pricske project was synthetically presented, for researching a quarantine that
operated between 1732-1808 in eastern Transylvania, on the border between the Habsburg Empire and Moldova.
This research involved the exploitation of documentary sources from various archives, the use of cartographic
sources and conducting archaeological excavations.
When we started the archaeological research in the Bronze Age tell settlement and Middle Ages Monastery at Sântion, back in 2015, we paid special attention to landscape research near the site. During the documentary stage we encountered... more
When we started the archaeological research in the Bronze Age tell settlement and Middle Ages Monastery at Sântion, back in 2015, we paid special attention to landscape research near the site. During the documentary stage we encountered some remarks that indicated that the landscape around the site had changed radically over a few decades, which would underline the idea that the archaeological landscape from the Bronze Age it was quite different from what we see today. Subsequently we searched for the maps that allow to determine the extent of the changes in the Crișul Repede river course and to analyze the relation between the tell-settlement and Crișul Repede river. In 2022, after a period marked by financial shortages and the break forced by the COVID-19 epidemic, we managed to resume work on this site.
When the archaeological research of the Pricske quarantine institution started in the summer of 2009, no one expected that quarantine would be such a topical issue due to a pandemic in 2020. Quarantine is not a novelty: in the Middle... more
When the archaeological research of the Pricske quarantine institution started in the summer of 2009, no one expected that quarantine would be such a topical issue due to a pandemic in 2020. Quarantine is not a novelty: in the Middle Ages, the mandatory isolation period was first introduced for maritime transport in the port cities of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia), Marseille, and Venice. In the early eighteenth century, quarantine institutions were established along the borders of the Habsburg Empire as part of a sanitary cordon (cordon sanitaire). They protected the borders for almost 150 years and were meant to stop the spread of contagious diseases (especially the plague). The present paper is focused on the development of the quarantine system at the passes of the Eastern Carpathians. Furthermore, by the example of the excavated quarantine area at Pricske, I demonstrate what has remained of it at an archaeological site in Eastern Transylvania.
Written sources indicate that burials inside churches and within the churchyard enjoyed a special status throughout the Szekler region. For both Catholics and Protestants, burials in the church, mainly around the communion table, had a... more
Written sources indicate that burials inside churches and within the churchyard enjoyed a special status throughout the Szekler region. For both Catholics and Protestants, burials in the church, mainly around the communion table, had a particular status linked to the belief that the chances for resurrection on the day of the Last Judgement were higher for those who were closer to the saints, to the sanctuary. Nobles, donors and benefactors of the church as well as clergymen would normally be buried there. However, the church allowed every social category to have a grave in the church against a certain amount of money. Burials in the church and in the churchyard were regulated by several ecclesiastic decrees that were disregarded most of the times. The austerity measures in the church protocols give us some information about those situations. In the Middle Ages the church was packed with graves, which, at the beginning of the early modern period, led to decisions to confine burials t...
Since 2009, interdisciplinary investigations (wall facing research, geo-radar measurements) have been carried out at the Roman-Catholic church in Joseni, followed by archaeological excavations in order to clarify the building phases of... more
Since 2009, interdisciplinary investigations (wall facing research, geo-radar measurements) have been carried out at the Roman-Catholic church in Joseni, followed by archaeological excavations in order to clarify the building phases of the monument. The archaeological research was performed in two stages (2010 and 2015). The 2010 archaeological excavations evidenced that the framework located within the eastern wall of the tower lay in secondary location. Research in 2015 revealed the nave of the previous (medieval) church and 26 burials from the cemetery in the church vicinity. The burials discovered underneath the foundation of the AMS dated nave place its construction in the second half of the 15th century (possibly the following), while those lying below the tower foundation show that the tower was likely built by late 15th century – early 16th century.
A pricskei vesztegintézet 2009 nyarán elkezdett régészeti kutatásakor senki sem gondolta volna, hogy a karantén téma a 2020-as világjárvány kapcsán ennyire aktuális lesz. A karantén nem új keletű dolog: a középkorban Raguza (ma Dubrovnik,... more
A pricskei vesztegintézet 2009 nyarán elkezdett régészeti kutatásakor senki sem gondolta volna, hogy a karantén téma a 2020-as világjárvány kapcsán ennyire aktuális lesz. A karantén nem új keletű dolog: a középkorban Raguza (ma Dubrovnik, Horvátország), Marseille és Velence kikötővárosokban vezették be először a tengeri közlekedés számára a kötelező elkülönítési időszakot. A 18. század elején a Habsburg Birodalomban a határok mentén létrehozott egészségügyi védőövezet (kordon; cordon sanitaire) részeként alapítottak karanténokat/vesztegintézeteket, amelyek közel 150 évig ellenőrizték a határszéleket és védekeztek a járványos betegségek (főleg a pestis) behurcolása ellen. Jelen írásom azt tárgyalja, hogyan alakult ki a karantén-rendszer a Keleti-Kárpátok átjáróinál, illetve a pricskei vesztegintézet régészeti feltárásán keresztül azt mutatom be, hogy hogyan őrződtek meg egy kelet-erdélyi lelőhelyen ennek maradványai.
The present paper briefly presents the archaeological excavations and interdisciplinary researches (georadar, dendrochronology, and AMS dates) performed on five churches in Giurgeu Depression, in Gheorgheni, Joseni, Lăzarea, Valea... more
The present paper briefly presents the archaeological excavations and interdisciplinary researches (georadar, dendrochronology, and AMS dates) performed on five churches in Giurgeu Depression, in Gheorgheni, Joseni, Lăzarea, Valea Strâmbă, and Suseni. In the light of the new archaeological researches, the beginnings of ecclesiastic architecture in Giurgeu Depression cannot be dated earlier than the thirteenth century. At the church of St. Nicholas
in Gheorgheni archaeologists were able to note a previous foundation beneath the southern wall of the Gothic
nave, while a grave dated to the second part of the thirteenth century was discovered under the foundation of the wall built together with the north-western corner of the present-day tower. Thus, the first phase of the medieval church in Gheorgheni, together with the tower of the fortification of Both located in the eastern edge of the city can be dated to the thirteenth century. In the case of the Romanesque church discovered in Lăzarea archaeologists noted that the nave disturbed a previous grave. At the church in Joseni, that still preserves Romanesque architectural details, the archaeological researches have not yet attested the existence of a previous church. The data presented above clearly show that the first churches in Giurgeu Depression (Gheorgheni and Lăzarea), a peripheral region of Transylvania with the harshest weather conditions, were already built in the middle of the thirteenth century. Even in the case of main or filial churches believed to date from a later period, the research has proven the fact that their history started much earlier and that previous ecclesiastic buildings must be presumed. A
grave was disturbed during the construction of the Late Gothic choir of the church in Suseni and the medieval pottery fragments collected during systematic field walks performed on the territory of the village of Valea Strâmbă support the earlier dating of the settlement. I believe that the researches performed by our team in 2008-2016 have contributed to a more profound knowledge of the medieval and modern ecclesiastic architecture in Giurgeu Depression.
When the archaeological research of the Pricske quarantine institution started in the summer of 2009, no one expected that quarantine would be such a topical issue due to a pandemic in 2020. Quarantine is not a novelty: in the Middle... more
When the archaeological research of the Pricske quarantine institution started in the summer of 2009, no one expected that quarantine would be such a topical issue due to a pandemic in 2020. Quarantine is not a novelty: in the Middle Ages, the mandatory isolation period was first introduced for maritime transport in the port cities of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia), Marseille, and Venice. In the early eighteenth century, quarantine institutions were established along the borders of the Habsburg Empire as part of a sanitary cordon (cordon sanitaire). They protected the borders for almost 150 years and were meant to stop the spread of contagious diseases (especially the plague). The present paper is focused on the development of the quarantine system at the passes of the Eastern Carpathians. Furthermore, by the example of the excavated quarantine area at Pricske, I demonstrate what has remained of it at an archaeological site in Eastern Transylvania.
This paper discusses the glass artefacts (window panes, drinking glasses, rectangular bottles and apothecary vials) uncovered during the systematic archaeological excavations undertaken at the quarantine facility in Pricske (Harghita... more
This paper discusses the glass artefacts (window panes, drinking glasses, rectangular bottles and apothecary vials) uncovered during the systematic archaeological excavations undertaken at the quarantine facility in Pricske (Harghita County). The chronology of these objects is connected to the period of occupation of the quarantine facility, namely the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the subsequent century.
The article analyzes in detail the stove tiles discovered during the systematic archaeological researches performed in 2009 – 2013 and in 2015 at the quarantine in Pricske (Harghita County). The chronology of the objects is tied to the... more
The article analyzes in detail the stove tiles discovered during the systematic archaeological researches performed in 2009 – 2013 and in 2015 at the quarantine in Pricske (Harghita County). The chronology of the objects is tied to the period when the quarantine was in use, i.e. between 1732 and 1808.
The article analyzes in detail the 107 smoking pipes discovered during systematic archaeological excavations performed in 2009–2013 and 2015 at the quarantine in Pricske (Harghita County). The chronology of the items is connected to the... more
The article analyzes in detail the 107 smoking pipes discovered during systematic archaeological excavations performed in 2009–2013 and 2015 at the quarantine in Pricske (Harghita County). The chronology of the items is connected to the period when the quarantine was in use, i.e. between 1732 and 1808.
The present article briefly focuses on written sources and archaeological excavations organized in 2015 in the Rákóczi Fortification. This was located at about 32 de km on the north-eastern side of the town Miercurea-Ciuc, in the village... more
The present article briefly focuses on written sources and archaeological excavations organized
in 2015 in the Rákóczi Fortification. This was located at about 32 de km on the north-eastern side of the town
Miercurea-Ciuc, in the village Ghimeș-Făget (Bacău County). There was an observation post that functioned
since the beginning of the 17th century and was connected to the Ciucului Mountains customs (tricesima). During
the 18th and 19th centuries Blockhaus C or “Cetatea Rákóczi” was part of a very complex system of fortifications
consisting of ramparts, ditches, and bastions. These were meant to protect the border between Transylvania and
Moldavia. The fortification’s periodization was made on the basis of archaeological researches, on-site observations
(the study of the walls’ structure and the composition of the mortars) and finally, by correlating this information
with the plans kept in Kriegsarchiv in Vienna.
Research Interests:
Archaeological research at the fortifiation and the quarantine area in Pricske
Research Interests:
Archaeological research at Saint Nicholas Church in Gheorgheni
Research Interests:
Archaeological research at Both Fortress
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The present article briefly focuses on archaeological excavations organized between 2009 and 2013 and in 2015 in the city of Gheorgheni (Harghita County) and its surroundings: the fortification of Both (dated to the thirteenth century),... more
The present article briefly focuses on archaeological excavations organized between 2009
and 2013 and in 2015 in the city of Gheorgheni (Harghita County) and its surroundings: the fortification of
Both (dated to the thirteenth century), the medieval St. Nicholas Roman-Catholic church, and the Austrian
quarantine located at about 12 km north of the city of Gheorgheni and north-east from Pricske Peak (1545 m
high).
Research Interests:
Archaeological Excavations at the Reformed Church in Tăuții Măgherăuș, Maramureș District
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies, Vienna, Austria, 3-5 November 2014
Research Interests:
Gheorgheni in the light of archaeological research
Research Interests:
Annak ellenére, hogy a Marosszentanna–Csernyahov kultúrának egyik nevét adó temetőjét (Marosszentanna/Sântana de Mureş, Maros megye) 1903-ban Erdélyben tárták fel, az itteni népvándorláskori kutatás nemhogy kiteljesedett volna az azóta... more
Annak ellenére, hogy a Marosszentanna–Csernyahov kultúrának egyik nevét adó temetőjét
(Marosszentanna/Sântana de Mureş, Maros megye) 1903-ban Erdélyben tárták fel, az itteni népvándorláskori
kutatás nemhogy kiteljesedett volna az azóta eltelt több mint egy évszázad alatt, hanem inkább megtorpant.
Az elkövetkező évtizedekben a dákoromán kontinuitás jegyében zajló romániai kutatások elsősorban
a római, dák és szláv kori emlékeket célozták, a kora népvándorláskori, középkori lelőhelyek tervásatására
pedig ritkán került sor. Amikor véletlenszerűen, vagy leletmentéssel népvándorláskori lelőhelyek kerültek
napvilágra, gyakran értelmezték azokat a továbbélő dákok, vagy a helyben maradt, római lakosság régészeti
hagyatékának. Az aktuálpolitika nyomására a régészet egyik fő feladata a román nép etnogenezisének bizonyítása
lett. Így jöttek létre a népvándorlás korát túlélő dákoromán népesség régészeti kultúrái, mint Erdélyben
a 4. századra keltezett Szentgyörgy- (cultura Sfântu-Gheorghe), a Baráthely- (cultura Bratei, Kr.u. 4-6.
század), a Fiatfalva- (cultura Filiaşi), Baráthely–Fiatfalva-kultúrák (cultura Bratei-Filiaşi), valamint ezek
Kárpátokon kívüli megfelelői, az Ipoteşti-Gândeşti (Kr.u. 6-7. század) és a Dridu-kultúrák (Kr.u. 9. század).
1989 óta a romániai régészeti kutatás kezdi elvetni az említett, prekoncepciókra felépített régészeti
kultúrák létezését, vagy legalábbis nem említi. A népvándorláskori lelőhelyek feltárásának legfőbb akadályát
az elmúlt évtizedekben az erdélyi múzeumok akkut pénzhiánya képezi. Úgy tűnik azonban, hogy az utóbbi
pár évben a meginduló építkezések és a műemléki előírások következetesebb ellenőrzésének köszönhetően
a régészeti kutatásokban pozitív elmozdulás történt. Ezzel egy időben több erdélyi múzeumba fiatal, szakmailag
jól felkészült régész került, akik a megelőző feltárások, leletmentések mellett folyamatosan terepbejárásokat
is végeznek.
Az erdélyi népvándorláskori lelőhelyek kutatásáról kevés összefoglaló munka vagy tanulmánykötet létezik,
éppen ezért ezt a kötetet a szükség hozta létre. Az itt szereplő tanulmányok témájuk alapján változatosak,
ugyanakkor egymáshoz is kapcsolódnak. A történelmi-földrajzi értelemben vett Erdélyben (nem a mai
használatban lévő Nyugat-Romániát) és Partium-ban (jelenleg Romániai nyugati határsávja) feltárt újabb/
régebbi lelőhelyek közlése mellett, kisebb régiók (Felső-Tisza vidéke, Nagy-Küküllő mente, Csíki-medence)
régészeti kutatásainak összegzése is bekerült kötetünkbe. Bizonyos részproblémák régészeti módszerrel
végzett elemzésével (a Marosszentanna–Csernyahov kultúra és a hun kori szarmata kerámia közti kapcsolat,
a dunántúli karpok kérdése) két tanulmány is, Erdély, szomszédos területekkel való kapcsolatára reflektál.
A kötetbe egyaránt kerültek fél évszázada feltárt, de még közöletlen vagy csak részben közölt (Fiatfalva/
Filiaşi–Disznóhizlaldó/Felhágó, Gyergyószárhegy/Lăzarea–Lázár-kastély, Székelykeresztúr/Cristuru-
Secuiesc–Felsőlok), illetve kisebb, újabban kutatott lelőhelyek (Csikszentimre/Sântimbru, Fiatfalva/Filiaş–
Nagyerdő-földje, Telekfalva/Teleac), amelyek csak rövid ásatási beszámoló formájában jelentek meg ez idáig.
A kötet valósághű bepillantást nyújt az erdélyi népvándorláskori kutatások jelenlegi állapotába, módszereibe
és eredményeibe.
Fontosnak tartok még egy dolgot megemlíteni, éspedig azt, hogy a tanulmányok magyarul jelennek
meg egy olyan témában, amelynek Erdély tekintetében jelenleg a román és a német a hagyományosan használt
szakmai nyelve. Annak érdekében, hogy a más nyelven értő kollégák is forgathassák a kötetet, bővebb,
idegen nyelvű kivonatok kerültek a tanulmányok végére. A táblák kétnyelvűek, a fontosabb lelőhelyek gyorsabb megtalálása érdekében helységnév-azonosítót és hozzá kapcsolódó térképmellékletet is szerkesztettünk.
Ahogy lenni szokott, egy ilyen nagyméretű munka mögött több ember háttérmunkájára, közreműködésére
is szükség volt. Jelen kiadvány egy kis székelyföldi múzeum két évvel ezelőtt létrehozott kiadványsorozatának
harmadik száma. A kötet kiadását a Nemzeti Kulturális Alapprogram, Hargita Megye Régészeti
Programja és Székelykeresztúr Város támogatásával sikerült megvalósítani. A kötet szerkesztésében, ahogyan
a korábbi kiadványok esetében is nagy érdemei Sándor-Zsigmond Ibolyának és Sándor-Zsigmond Dénesnek
vannak.
A kötet tanulmányait szakmailag dr. Istvánovits Eszter (Nyíregyháza) és dr. Vida Tivadar (Budapest)
véleményezte.
Köszönettel tartozom Székely Attilának, Székelykeresztúr és környéke lelőhelyeinek kiváló ismerőjének,
aki az elmúlt négy évtizedben több Nagy-Küküllő-menti népvándorlás kori lelőhely feltárásában
is részt vett, s az azokból előkerült leletanyag feldolgozásában komoly segítséget nyújtott. Az elmúlt öt év
közös munkájáért rendkívül hálás vagyok, önzetlen, soha nem lankadó régészeti munkásságának pedig
csodálója.
Köszönöm Kosza Antalnak, Hargita megye régészfelügyelőjének (Csíkszereda) a segítségét, aki a
térképmellékletek nagy részét készítette. Hálával tartozom még Orbán Lívia (Székelykeresztúr), Szinyéri
Péterné restaurátoroknak és Beleznai Gabriella rajzolónak (Nyíregyháza), akik önzetlen és szép kivitelezésű
munkáikkal járultak a kötethez.
Legutoljára Szász Viktor (Székelyudvarhely) és Burszán Károly (Fiatfalva) neveit szeretném megemlíteni,
akiknek bejelentése nyomán igen fontos népvándorlás kori lelőhelyek felfedezését köszönhetjük.
Kérem, forgassák érdeklődéssel a kötetet.