David Van Der Linden
University of Groningen, History, Faculty Member
- History, Exile, Cultural History, Early Music, French Studies, Museum Studies, and 23 moreReformation Studies, Soundscape Studies, Early Modern Catholicism, Dutch History, Diaspora and transnationalism, Archives, Cultural Memory, Art History, Huguenots, Migration, Early Modern Sermons, French History, Early Modern History, Reformation History, Seventeenth Century, Memory Studies, History of Archives, French Wars of Religion, Sixteenth Century History, Religious History, History of Religion, Refugee Studies, and 17th Century Dutch Republicedit
- Assistant Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Groningen, managing editor of Early Modern Low Countries.edit
The persecution of the Huguenots in France, followed by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, unleashed one of the largest migration waves of early modern Europe. Focusing on the fate of French Protestants who fled to the Dutch... more
The persecution of the Huguenots in France, followed by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, unleashed one of the largest migration waves of early modern Europe. Focusing on the fate of French Protestants who fled to the Dutch Republic, "Experiencing Exile" examines how Huguenot refugees dealt with the complex realities of living as strangers abroad, and how they seized upon religion and stories of their own past to comfort them in exile. The book widens the scope of scholarship on the Huguenot Refuge, by looking beyond the beliefs and fortunes of high-profile refugees, to explore the lives of ‘ordinary’ exiles. Studies on Huguenots in the Dutch Republic in particular focus almost exclusively on the intellectual achievements of a small group of figures, including Pierre Bayle and the Basnage brothers, whereas the fate of the many refugees who joined them in exile remains unknown. This book puts the masses of Huguenot refugees back into the history of the Refuge, examining how they experienced leaving France and building a new life in the Dutch Republic.
Divided into three sections – ‘The Economy of Exile’, ‘Faith in Exile’ and ‘Memories in Exile’ – the book argues that the Huguenot exile experience was far more complicated than has often been assumed. Scholars have treated Huguenot refugees either as religious heroes, as successful migrants, or as modern philosophers, while ignoring the many challenges that exile presented. As this book demonstrates, Huguenots in the Dutch Republic discovered that being a religious refugee in early modern Europe was above all a complex and profoundly unsettling experience, fraught with socio-economic, religious and political challenges, rather than a clear-cut quest for religious freedom.
Divided into three sections – ‘The Economy of Exile’, ‘Faith in Exile’ and ‘Memories in Exile’ – the book argues that the Huguenot exile experience was far more complicated than has often been assumed. Scholars have treated Huguenot refugees either as religious heroes, as successful migrants, or as modern philosophers, while ignoring the many challenges that exile presented. As this book demonstrates, Huguenots in the Dutch Republic discovered that being a religious refugee in early modern Europe was above all a complex and profoundly unsettling experience, fraught with socio-economic, religious and political challenges, rather than a clear-cut quest for religious freedom.
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Introduction to the co-edited special issue "Remembering the French Wars of Religion"
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The history of the Huguenot Refuge in the Dutch Republic has often been written from a strictly national and confessional perspective, with little attention paid to the connections between French Protestants and other religious... more
The history of the Huguenot Refuge in the Dutch Republic has often been written from a strictly national and confessional perspective, with little attention paid to the connections between French Protestants and other religious communities. In recent years, however, scholars from fields other than religious history have begun to explore the impact of the Huguenot Refuge, while historians of migration have compared the Huguenots to other minorities. Building on these new directions, this special issue seeks to move beyond the traditional boundaries of scholarship on the Dutch Refuge. Focusing on untapped archival sources, the relations between the Huguenots and other religious communities, as well as transnational networks of conflict and solidarity, the articles gathered here propose a more systemic approach towards the Huguenot Refuge in the Dutch Republic.
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This article studies the mission of French Discalced Carmelite friars in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. Established from 1647 onwards in The Hague, Leiden, and Amsterdam, the missionaries' aim was to minister to the... more
This article studies the mission of French Discalced Carmelite friars in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. Established from 1647 onwards in The Hague, Leiden, and Amsterdam, the missionaries' aim was to minister to the French-speaking Catholics of Holland, but they also sought to convert expatriate French Protestants as part of the wider Counter-Reformation campaign to win back souls lost to the Reformation. Despite conflict with the Walloon churches, however, the Carmelite mission was surprisingly successful in converting Huguenots to the Church of Rome, repatriating many of them to France in the wake of the Revocation. As such, this article sheds new light on the relationship between expatriate communities in Holland, arguing that the Dutch Republic was not only a safe haven for refugees, but also the scene of ongoing conflict between French Protestants and Catholics during the reign of Louis xiv.
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This article explores the long-term memory of record destructions committed during the French Wars of Religion. Although the 1598 Edict of Nantes ordered Protestants and Catholics to forget about the wars, in Montpellier the memory of... more
This article explores the long-term memory of record destructions committed during the French Wars of Religion. Although the 1598 Edict of Nantes ordered Protestants and Catholics to forget about the wars, in Montpellier the memory of archival loss continued to fuel tensions between the two communities and undermine religious coexistence throughout the seventeenth century. In the aftermath of the wars, Montpellier’s priests and friars initiated multiple court cases against the Huguenot community to claim reparations and seek retribu-tion for the loss of their records. Yet the archival destructions also functioned as a catalyst for new record-keeping practices, as both Huguenots and Catholics appointed specialists to retrieve acts, inventory records, and use archival documents as legal evidence against the other community. As such, this essay high- lights the importance of record destruction and the emergence of contested memories for prolonging religious conflict in the early modern world.
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This article explores the commemorative meaning of sound in early modern Montpellier, focusing on the use of processional music and church bells to remember the French Wars of Religion. Scholarship has demonstrated that music in... more
This article explores the commemorative meaning of sound in early modern Montpellier, focusing on the use of processional music and church bells to remember the French Wars of Religion. Scholarship has demonstrated that music in post-Reformation Europe often served to consolidate confessional identities, but this article argues that in religiously mixed communities like Montpellier, sound also served as a memory vector. In the wake of the French religious wars, Protestants and Catholics developed competing soundscapes that revived painful memories about the wars and sustained religious tension throughout the seventeenth century. Catholics relied on frequent processions to recall the destruction of their churches and monasteries at the hands of the Protestants, and chose specific songs to underline their triumph in re-establishing Catholic worship. The memory of losing their church bells also prompted them to fight Protestant attempts at installing their own bells after the wars. On the basis of untapped archival sources, this article also reconstructs the musical culture of Catholics in seventeenth-century Montpellier, paying particular attention to the cathedral chapel and the confraternity of White Penitents.
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Winner of the 2018 Nancy L. Roelker Prize for best article on sixteenth-century French history and the 2018 Harold J. Grimm Prize for best article on the legacy of the Reformation. The article examines how Protestant and Catholic... more
Winner of the 2018 Nancy L. Roelker Prize for best article on sixteenth-century French history and the 2018 Harold J. Grimm Prize for best article on the legacy of the Reformation. The article examines how Protestant and Catholic elites in early seventeenth-century France memorialized the Wars of Religion in purpose-built picture galleries. Postwar France remained a divided nation, and portrait galleries offered a sectarian memory of the conflict, glorifying party heroes. Historical picture galleries, on the other hand, promoted a shared memory of the wars, focusing on King Henry IV’s successful campaign against the Catholic League to unite the kingdom. This article argues that postwar elites made a sincere effort to manage religious tensions by allowing partisan memories to circulate in private while promoting a consensual memory in public.
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This article explores how painters responded to the crisis on the Antwerp art market in the 1580s. Although scholarship has stressed the profound crisis and subsequent emigration wave, prosopographical analysis shows that only a minority... more
This article explores how painters responded to the crisis on the Antwerp art market in the 1580s. Although scholarship has stressed the profound crisis and subsequent emigration wave, prosopographical analysis shows that only a minority of painters left the city. Demand for Counter-Reformation artworks allowed many to pursue their career in Antwerp, while others managed to survive the crisis by relying on cheap apprentices and the export of mass-produced paintings. Emigrant painters, on the other hand, minimised the risk of migration by settling in destinations that already had close artistic ties to Antwerp, such as Middelburg. Prosopographical analysis thus allows for a more nuanced understanding of artistic careers in the Low Countries.
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Si de nombreuses manifestations scientifiques se proposent déjà d’étudier la mise en place de la justice militaire à partir du XIVe siècle, l’étude des juridictions ordinaires en temps de guerre est souvent délaissée alors même que ces... more
Si de nombreuses manifestations scientifiques se proposent déjà d’étudier la mise en place de la justice militaire à partir du XIVe siècle, l’étude des juridictions ordinaires en temps de guerre est souvent délaissée alors même que ces institutions sont des interlocuteurs essentiels pour les administrés. Ce colloque ambitionne de mieux comprendre l’attitude des juges et de l’État lorsque les troubles apparaissent : s’efforce-t-on de maintenir les juridictions ordinaires afin de garantir la bonne marche de la société et de renforcer l’adhésion des populations au pouvoir en place ou, au contraire, sont-elles abandonnées car leurs procédures se révèlent trop complexes pour faire face à l’urgence des situations qui apparaissent alors ? Il s’agira donc de mieux analyser la place de la justice dans la stratégie déployée par l’État et ses rivaux (bandes armées rebelles, État concurrent, etc.).
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The French Protestant pastor and polemical author Jean Claude was one of the most prominent Huguenot leaders of the second half of the seventeenth century, who gained notoriety because of his unrelenting defense of the Calvinist faith in... more
The French Protestant pastor and polemical author Jean Claude was one of the most prominent Huguenot leaders of the second half of the seventeenth century, who gained notoriety because of his unrelenting defense of the Calvinist faith in France. This EMLO catalogue offers the metadata for 115 of his letters. The vast majority are kept at Leiden University Library, and are mostly addressed to his son Isaac, who served as refugee pastor in the Walloon church of The Hague. The weekly and intimate correspondence between father and son during the years 1684–1685 covers a wide variety of topics, including finances, family life, theological issues, news on the deteriorating position of the Huguenots in France, and detailed advice on sermons and biblical passages. Also of interest are a series of letters Claude sent to Abraham Tessereau, a former lawyer from La Rochelle who had settled in London, and to Louis Tronchin, a Huguenot minister and professor of theology in Geneva.
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2,600 recently rediscovered early modern letters to be analyzed in groundbreaking international digital humanities project.
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How to reconcile former enemies in the wake of civil conflict and prevent a return to violence? Transitional justice has become a ubiquitous concept for answering this question – it typically include mechanisms such as prosecution,... more
How to reconcile former enemies in the wake of civil conflict and prevent a return to violence? Transitional justice has become a ubiquitous concept for answering this question – it typically include mechanisms such as prosecution, reparations, restitution, amnesty, the purging of state officials, truth and reconciliation commissions, and communal remembrance. Most scholarship has focused on recent theaters of conflict, such as the former Yugoslavia, South Africa, and countries affected by the Arab Spring.
Mechanisms associated with transitional justice have a much older history, however, stretching at least as far back as the early modern period. Because the Reformation had split Christendom into competing Protestant and Catholic communities, early modern Europe experienced civil conflict on an unprecedented scale – yet the Wars of Religion at the same time forced societies to develop new peacebuilding strategies. Healing the scars of civil conflict also became a key objective after the Atlantic revolutions, as political opponents had to be reintegrated into the emerging nation state. Nor were peacebuilding efforts exclusive to Europe: post-war societies in Asia and Africa also relied on formal strategies to reconcile former opponents.
This conference thus approaches the early modern period as a particularly productive field for the wider study of peacebuilding and transitional justice. How exactly did post-war societies before the modern age deal with the challenge of peacebuilding? What particular transitional justice strategies did they develop? And how effective were they in achieving peace and reconciliation, either on a local or national level? As such, this conference aims to evaluate how the study of transitional justice can reshape our understanding of the early modern world – not just as a period of incessant conflict, but also a laboratory for peacebuilding efforts.
Mechanisms associated with transitional justice have a much older history, however, stretching at least as far back as the early modern period. Because the Reformation had split Christendom into competing Protestant and Catholic communities, early modern Europe experienced civil conflict on an unprecedented scale – yet the Wars of Religion at the same time forced societies to develop new peacebuilding strategies. Healing the scars of civil conflict also became a key objective after the Atlantic revolutions, as political opponents had to be reintegrated into the emerging nation state. Nor were peacebuilding efforts exclusive to Europe: post-war societies in Asia and Africa also relied on formal strategies to reconcile former opponents.
This conference thus approaches the early modern period as a particularly productive field for the wider study of peacebuilding and transitional justice. How exactly did post-war societies before the modern age deal with the challenge of peacebuilding? What particular transitional justice strategies did they develop? And how effective were they in achieving peace and reconciliation, either on a local or national level? As such, this conference aims to evaluate how the study of transitional justice can reshape our understanding of the early modern world – not just as a period of incessant conflict, but also a laboratory for peacebuilding efforts.
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L'histoire du Refuge huguenot se lise encore trop souvent comme une histoire close, qui isole les réfugiés du monde qui les entoure, et qui ne déborde pas le cadre de la grande histoire protestante. Souhaitant rompre avec cette approche... more
L'histoire du Refuge huguenot se lise encore trop souvent comme une histoire close, qui isole les réfugiés du monde qui les entoure, et qui ne déborde pas le cadre de la grande histoire protestante. Souhaitant rompre avec cette approche segmentée, ce colloque invite à repenser le Refuge aux Provinces-Unies de manière systémique, c’est-à-dire non plus de façon sectorisée mais au contact de tierces communautés, de milieux dissociés, et de ses préoccupations disparates. Il importe d’interroger les liens et la façon dont les migrants protestants dialoguent avec d’autres acteurs du Refuge, et de les saisir hors du seul monde des exilés. En d’autres termes, il s’agit d’extraire l’histoire du Refuge huguenot du monde franco-français et d’une lecture protestanto-centrée. Ce colloque encourage les chercheurs à considérer une histoire du Refuge néerlandais hors les murs, fondée sur des sources inédites, et privilégiant des domaines peu explorés dans l’optique d’une histoire résolument transnationale.
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The French Wars of Religion have fascinated historians ever since the opening shots were fired in a barn in Vassy in 1562. Over the centuries, scholars have explored the myriad political, religious, military, and social aspects of these... more
The French Wars of Religion have fascinated historians ever since the opening shots were fired in a barn in Vassy in 1562. Over the centuries, scholars have explored the myriad political, religious, military, and social aspects of these devastating civil wars. In recent years, however, researchers have also started to examine the memory of the Wars of Religion. They have asked how Catholics and Protestants looked back on the events they had experienced during the wars, how they recorded their memories, and what impact these memories had on post-war society. Most of the scholarship in this nascent field has focused on printed histories and elite memories, but we still know very little about the distinctions between local, national, and transnational memory practices; how memories varied throughout the social hierarchy, among individuals and groups, or within and between confessions; and what long-term impact traumatic memories had on early modern society. This conference aims to evaluate how the study of memory can reshape our understanding of the Wars of Religion.
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L'histoire du Refuge huguenot se lise encore trop souvent comme une histoire close, qui isole les réfugiés du monde qui les entoure, et qui ne déborde pas le cadre de la grande histoire protestante. Souhaitant rompre avec cette approche... more
L'histoire du Refuge huguenot se lise encore trop souvent comme une histoire close, qui isole les réfugiés du monde qui les entoure, et qui ne déborde pas le cadre de la grande histoire protestante. Souhaitant rompre avec cette approche segmentée, ce colloque invite à repenser le Refuge aux Provinces-Unies de manière systémique, c’est-à-dire non plus de façon sectorisée mais au contact de tierces communautés, de milieux dissociés, et de ses préoccupations disparates. Il importe d’interroger les liens et la façon dont les migrants protestants dialoguent avec d’autres acteurs du Refuge, et de les saisir hors du seul monde des exilés. En d’autres termes, il s’agit d’extraire l’histoire du Refuge huguenot du monde franco-français et d’une lecture protestanto-centrée. Ce colloque encourage les chercheurs à considérer une histoire du Refuge néerlandais hors les murs, fondée sur des sources inédites, et privilégiant des domaines peu explorés dans l’optique d’une histoire résolument transnationale.
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The French Wars of Religion have fascinated historians ever since the opening shots were fired in a barn in Vassy in 1562. Over the centuries, scholars have explored the myriad political, religious, military, and social aspects of these... more
The French Wars of Religion have fascinated historians ever since the opening shots were fired in a barn in Vassy in 1562. Over the centuries, scholars have explored the myriad political, religious, military, and social aspects of these devastating civil wars. In recent years, however, researchers have also started to examine the memory of the Wars of Religion. They have asked how Catholics and Protestants looked back on the events they had experienced during the wars, how they recorded their memories, and what impact these memories had on post-war society. Most of the scholarship in this nascent field has focused on printed histories and elite memories, but we still know very little about the distinctions between local, national, and transnational memory practices; how memories varied throughout the social hierarchy, among individuals and groups, or within and between confessions; and what long-term impact traumatic memories had on early modern society. This conference aims to evaluate how the study of memory can reshape our understanding of the Wars of Religion.
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Music was a crucial battleground in the Wars of Religion. In spite of this, historians and musicologists have rarely combined their approaches to understand the full significance that music had in the civil wars. Historians have primarily... more
Music was a crucial battleground in the Wars of Religion. In spite of this, historians and musicologists have rarely combined their approaches to understand the full significance that music had in the civil wars. Historians have primarily studied how music shaped confessional identities, for example, as Protestants sang the Psalms together in worship or on the battlefield, to express their solidarity and take comfort in their faith despite persecution. Musicologists, on the other hand, have tended to concentrate on the most important composers from this time (such as Eustache Du Caurroy or Pierre Guédron), the genres in which they wrote (like ballets or airs de cour), or issues associated with the performance of this repertoire.
This conference brings together historians and musicologists with the aim of overcoming the boundaries that still remain between these scholarly disciplines. It focuses on the various contexts within which music was used and considers its impact in the Wars of Religion. Who sang music and for what aims? What was the relationship (if any) between the performance of music in elite circles versus the use of this art form among the wider public? Did music solidify or traverse confessional divisions? Lastly, how far can modern performers recreate the soundscapes of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Treating the age of the Wars of Religion across a whole century and using France as a focal point for making wider comparisons, the papers in this conference will explore the role of music from all sectors of society, from the royal courts to the city streets, and from both Protestant and Catholic perspectives.
This conference brings together historians and musicologists with the aim of overcoming the boundaries that still remain between these scholarly disciplines. It focuses on the various contexts within which music was used and considers its impact in the Wars of Religion. Who sang music and for what aims? What was the relationship (if any) between the performance of music in elite circles versus the use of this art form among the wider public? Did music solidify or traverse confessional divisions? Lastly, how far can modern performers recreate the soundscapes of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Treating the age of the Wars of Religion across a whole century and using France as a focal point for making wider comparisons, the papers in this conference will explore the role of music from all sectors of society, from the royal courts to the city streets, and from both Protestant and Catholic perspectives.
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The latest issue of the multidisciplinary Open Access journal Early Modern Low Countries (EMLC) is now available online! EMLC is dedicated to the study of the history and culture of the Low Countries between 1500 and 1830. It is published... more
The latest issue of the multidisciplinary Open Access journal Early Modern Low Countries (EMLC) is now available online! EMLC is dedicated to the study of the history and culture of the Low Countries between 1500 and 1830. It is published by Uopen Journals and appears twice a year. We will consider new contributions in the fields of history, literary studies, art history, and related areas of study.
Research Interests: History, Art History, Early Modern History, History of Religion, Literature, and 11 moreRenaissance Studies, Eighteenth Century History, Seventeenth Century, Religious History, 17th Century Dutch Republic, Dutch History, Colonial History, History of the Low Countries, 16th and 17th century Dutch and Flemish Art, Sixteenth Century History, and Early Modern Low Countries
The latest issue of the multidisciplinary Open Access journal Early Modern Low Countries (EMLC) is now available online! EMLC is dedicated to the study of the history and culture of the Low Countries between 1500 and 1830. It is published... more
The latest issue of the multidisciplinary Open Access journal Early Modern Low Countries (EMLC) is now available online! EMLC is dedicated to the study of the history and culture of the Low Countries between 1500 and 1830. It is published by Uopen Journals and appears twice a year. We will consider new contributions in the fields of history, literary studies, art history, and related areas of study.
Research Interests: Intellectual History, Cultural History, Early Modern History, Eighteenth Century History, Seventeenth Century, and 15 morePolitical History, History of The Netherlands, Medieval Low Countries, Social History, Renaissance literature, Republic of Letters (Early Modern History), The Age of Revolutions in the Atlantic World, Belgian History, Religious History, History of the Spanish-Habsburg Netherlands, Dutch History, Literary studies, 16th and 17th century Dutch and Flemish Art, Sixteenth Century History, and History of the Theater
The third issue of the multidisciplinary Open Access journal Early Modern Low Countries (EMLC) is now available online! EMLC is dedicated to the study of the history and culture of the Low Countries between 1500 and 1830. It is published... more
The third issue of the multidisciplinary Open Access journal Early Modern Low Countries (EMLC) is now available online! EMLC is dedicated to the study of the history and culture of the Low Countries between 1500 and 1830. It is published by Uopen Journals and appears twice a year. If you want to stay informed about new issues or other developments please take a few moments to register. EMLC is a peer-reviewed journal. We will consider new contributions in the fields of history, literary studies, art history, and related areas of study. We also welcome suggestions for book reviews or notes. If you want to contribute to EMLC please visit our website.
Research Interests: Cultural History, Art History, Early Modern History, Political History, Social History, and 12 moreHistory of Communication, Literary History, Newspaper History, Belgian History, 17th Century Dutch Republic, History of the Southern Netherlands, Austrian Netherlands, Dutch History, Information Culture, History of the Low Countries, Dutch Brazil, and Dutch Golden Age
We leven onder een verschroeiende tijdsdruk. Elke dag moeten we rennen, springen, vliegen, duiken, vallen, opstaan en weer doorgaan om werk en vrije tijd te combineren, de kinderen naar school te brengen, ons potje te koken en-als het... more
We leven onder een verschroeiende tijdsdruk. Elke dag moeten we rennen, springen, vliegen, duiken, vallen, opstaan en weer doorgaan om werk en vrije tijd te combineren, de kinderen naar school te brengen, ons potje te koken en-als het even kan-ook nog voldoende te slapen. Nieuwe en alsmaar snellere transport-en communicatiemiddelen versterken het gevoel van een tomeloze acceleratie van het dagelijkse leven. Elke minuut-elke seconde-wordt afgemeten met polshorloges, mobiele telefoons, chronometers, prik-en stationsklokken, schoolbellen, kookwekkers en andere tijdsmeters. Yoga, meditatie en mindfulness, workshops voor slow cooking, wellnessweekendjes en tal van andere middeltjes moeten ons helpen om stoom af te blazen en een beetje te onthaasten. Die wurgende tijdsdruk wordt door tal van psychologen aangevinkt als de kwaal van onze eeuw. Dat roept uiteraard allerlei vragen op over het verleden. Hoe belangrijk waren kerk-en torenklokken, zakhorloges, zandlopers en zonnewijzers in de zeventiende eeuw? Welk effect hadden nieuwe transport-en communicatiemiddelen-van trekschuiten en jaagkoetsen tot brieven en kranten-op het tijdsbesef? Hoe beïnvloedde technologie het tijdsbewustzijn van mannen en vrouwen, arm en rijk, jong en oud, stads-en plattelandsbewoners, locals, migranten en reizigers? Naast evoluties in tijdsbewustzijn wil dit themadossier ook op zoek naar breuken in het dagelijkse tijdsgebruik. Hoeveel tijd besteedden zeventiende-eeuwers aan werk, huishoudelijke klusjes, vrije tijd, religie, sociale participatie, persoonlijke hygiëne of slaap? Hoe beïnvloedden maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen zoals de Vries' industrious revolution of Burkes invention of leisure de balans tussen al die activiteiten? Welke morele normen, beelden en discoursen bestonden er rond ijver en luiheid? Tenslotte wil dit themanummer ook op zoek naar tijdsgebonden emoties. Kampten zeventiende-eeuwers ook met moordende tijdsdruk of eerder met tomeloze verveling? Hadden ze het gevoel dat ze in een tijd van ongeziene acceleratie leefden? Of ging het leven zijn gezapige gangetje? O