Marjolein 't Hart
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Letteren, Faculty Member
- Marjolein ’t Hart is Professor Emeritus of the History of State Formation in Global Perspective at VU University Amst... moreMarjolein ’t Hart is Professor Emeritus of the History of State Formation in Global Perspective at VU University Amsterdam. Her current research interests focus on the social and economic aspects of warfare, revolution and state formation. She is the author of, among others, The Dutch Wars of Independence. War and commerce in the Netherlands 1570-1680 (2014) and of Is an inclusive history possible? A story about a war (2022).edit
How to write inclusive, multi-perspective history? This lecture tells the story of the Dutch Revolt and the Dutch Golden Age in a new way, by linking the stories of both winners and losers into one framework. The Dutch Revolt resulted in... more
How to write inclusive, multi-perspective history? This lecture tells the story of the Dutch Revolt and the Dutch Golden Age in a new way, by linking the stories of both winners and losers into one framework. The Dutch Revolt resulted in a glorious period for the Netherlands, but at the same time. social inequality increased tremendously, both at home and world-wide.
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Is het mogelijk om geschiedenis inclusief te schrijven? Deze openbare lezing laat zien hoe je dit kan aanpakken voor het verhaal over de Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Een inclusieve geschiedenis brengt de verhaallijnen van de winnaars en... more
Is het mogelijk om geschiedenis inclusief te schrijven? Deze openbare lezing laat zien hoe je dit kan aanpakken voor het verhaal over de Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Een inclusieve geschiedenis brengt de verhaallijnen van de winnaars en verliezers samen.
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Overview of urbanization and the global connections of towns in world history, 3000 BCE-present. Cities have always been components of spatial networks. Some were specialised centres, others simple market towns, while capital cities were... more
Overview of urbanization and the global connections of towns in world history, 3000 BCE-present. Cities have always been components of spatial networks. Some were specialised centres, others simple market towns, while capital cities were often more diversified. The impact of national state policies upon these networks varied, but in the middle ages and the early modern period, Western European citizens had been relatively free in connecting to persons with shared interests elsewhere. At the same time, those citizens developed new forms of citizenship. The national states of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries transformed such concepts and connections to national frameworks. With the coming of the internet and the liberalisation of economic markets at the end of the twentieth century, the growing linkages among the expats and the mobile, flexible workforce in the larger cities tend to loosen the concept of national citizenship again. As a result, the global cities constitute the arena where a new global civil society is being created.
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Overview of the interaction between state power and city power in history. Throughout Eurasia, the power base of cities depended upon a combination of factors, of which in particular the independent control over resource extraction and... more
Overview of the interaction between state power and city power in history. Throughout Eurasia, the power base of cities depended upon a combination of factors, of which in particular the independent control over resource extraction and the balance of powers within the relevant political context stand out. Due to ecological factors European cities were, on a global scale, late to develop and relatively small. In the tenth to thirteenth centuries steady economic and demographic growth facilitated the expansion of ecclesiastical institutions in Europe, as well as that of seigniorial lordships and that of the most successful competitors among them, the territorial princes. It was in this triangular context of partly competing and partly complementary power structures of the Church, the aristocracy and the territorial princes, that towns emerged and grew into a new competitor for power, based on a fundamentally different system of resource extraction. Thanks to the typical European balance of power these urban communes were recognized as legal and political entities which could be represented as a collective in confrontation with monarchical, ecclesiastical, aristocratic, and even external interests. Their voice needed to be taken into account given their control over substantial commercial capital.
At an earlier stage and more rapidly than in Europe, the balance of power in the Islamic and Chinese worlds had gravitated towards the central ruler, which precluded the development of autonomous urban communities. By and large, urban self-governance and the typical urban-based public sphere can be viewed as phenomena that appeared on a variable scale within Europe itself.
At an earlier stage and more rapidly than in Europe, the balance of power in the Islamic and Chinese worlds had gravitated towards the central ruler, which precluded the development of autonomous urban communities. By and large, urban self-governance and the typical urban-based public sphere can be viewed as phenomena that appeared on a variable scale within Europe itself.
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An introduction
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Taxation is accepted as a fact of modern life, despite recurring political conflict over the nature and direction of fiscal policies. Most financiers regard obligations issued by the state as a safe investment option. Neither taxation nor... more
Taxation is accepted as a fact of modern life, despite recurring political conflict over the nature and direction of fiscal policies. Most financiers regard obligations issued by the state as a safe investment option. Neither taxation nor state obligations were taken for granted during much of the history of public finance, however, at least not before the early 1800s. The ‘tax state’ developed in fits and starts, driven by the exigencies of warfare, which provided the main rationale for raising state income. Although wartime fiscal innovations eventually facilitated the rise of an efficient military state, the options available for implementing such improvements and preferences for specific fiscal or financial instruments varied greatly across early modern states. Focusing on the ‘long’ eighteenth century, this introduction presents a framework for assessing these differences and introduces the other articles in this special issue.
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Why and how farmers revolted in the eastern Netherlands, 17th century
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Explanation why Ethiopia was not conquered by European states in a time when they easily invaded almost all other remaining independent countries in Africa. The reason is found in an age-long sound agricultural structure, enabled by... more
Explanation why Ethiopia was not conquered by European states in a time when they easily invaded almost all other remaining independent countries in Africa. The reason is found in an age-long sound agricultural structure, enabled by favorable environmental conditions, and a concomitant age-long process of state-formation.
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Overview on how historians have looked upon the consequences of war upon society and economy. A recent trend is to include also more positive consequences, which results in a more nuanced view
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ABSTRACTBetween 1800 and 1820, Buenos Aires and the former colonial Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata faced an unprecedented fiscal crisis caused by the revolutionary wars, eventually solved by levying forced loans. This paper considers the... more
ABSTRACTBetween 1800 and 1820, Buenos Aires and the former colonial Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata faced an unprecedented fiscal crisis caused by the revolutionary wars, eventually solved by levying forced loans. This paper considers the unintended institutional consequences of these loans. The novel devices allowed (1) the holders of forced-loan coupons to use these bonds to pay off debts incurred in customs duties and (2) the holders of bills of exchange involved in the provisioning of the military to use these bills to pay part of their forced loans. Starting with the conceptualisation of the institutional order as a complex system, this paper examines the interactions among the circulation of financial paper bills, the financing of war and changes in the position of the merchants' guild and the legal framework for Atlantic trade. It thereby contributes to renewing institutional change approaches in the Spanish-American context.
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Conclusion to a volume about state-formation-from-below in the Nordic Countries
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On the exceptional efficiency regarding taxation and public loans in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Age
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Overview of the work of Karel Davids
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for the core-periphery analysis of the land agitation. The second, focusing on the first period ofthe Land War, 1879-82, identifies two phases of the agitation in Mayo. Beginning late in 1878 and lasting until the summer of 1880, the land... more
for the core-periphery analysis of the land agitation. The second, focusing on the first period ofthe Land War, 1879-82, identifies two phases of the agitation in Mayo. Beginning late in 1878 and lasting until the summer of 1880, the land movement experienced substantial solidarity among tenant farmers of allclasses. However, following the general election of April 1880, long simmering disputes within the local leadership and tensions between large and small farmers combined to bring about the dissolution of the movement in Mayo by the winter of 1880-81. The implications of this early collapse of the agitation in Mayo for the study of the Land War are discussed in the conclusion.
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This is the first book to examine the history of the country in a way that connects global processes to local developments. Taking account of social, political and economic dynamics over the last thousand years, the book addresses key... more
This is the first book to examine the history of the country in a way that connects global processes to local developments. Taking account of social, political and economic dynamics over the last thousand years, the book addresses key questions that get to the heart of the Netherlands' role in the world, both historically and in more recent times:
· Why did the 'West' become such a significant actor in the world, and what part did the Netherlands play?
· What were the driving forces in state-formation, and in what respects and why did the Netherlands take a different path to most of Europe?
· How did globalisation impact economic structures and socio-cultural life, and how did the Netherlands react to these new challenges?
· How did this very Christian and bourgeois nation develop into a flagship for liberal tolerance?
The book carefully balances a wider investigation of these issues with close inspections of how ordinary people experienced the changes they prompted. It also provide a convincing, judicious assessment of the ebbs and flows of this small country's global influence over time: prominent as a Golden Age economic powerhouse, colonial power, and bastion of political freedom in some eras, and yet impotent on the world stage at others. Supplemented with 35 images, 10 maps, a wealth of text boxes, charts and tables, as well as a companion website, this book is the definitive history of the Netherlands in a global context.
· Why did the 'West' become such a significant actor in the world, and what part did the Netherlands play?
· What were the driving forces in state-formation, and in what respects and why did the Netherlands take a different path to most of Europe?
· How did globalisation impact economic structures and socio-cultural life, and how did the Netherlands react to these new challenges?
· How did this very Christian and bourgeois nation develop into a flagship for liberal tolerance?
The book carefully balances a wider investigation of these issues with close inspections of how ordinary people experienced the changes they prompted. It also provide a convincing, judicious assessment of the ebbs and flows of this small country's global influence over time: prominent as a Golden Age economic powerhouse, colonial power, and bastion of political freedom in some eras, and yet impotent on the world stage at others. Supplemented with 35 images, 10 maps, a wealth of text boxes, charts and tables, as well as a companion website, this book is the definitive history of the Netherlands in a global context.
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This books examines how this tiny newborn political community emerged from the urgent pressures of warfare and debt in the seventeenth century. The author looks at the characteristics of the European development in a comparative Dutch... more
This books examines how this tiny newborn political community emerged from the urgent pressures of warfare and debt in the seventeenth century. The author looks at the characteristics of the European development in a comparative Dutch perspective, She focuses on two particularly intriguing questions: how did the Dutch Republic absorb the enormous costs of the Dutch revolt and how can we explain the non-bureaucratic, non-centralizing charater of the state?
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In The Dutch Wars of Independence, Marjolein ’t Hart assesses the success of the Dutch in establishing their independence through their eighty years struggle with Spain ‐ one of the most remarkable achievements of the sixteenth and... more
In The Dutch Wars of Independence, Marjolein ’t Hart assesses the success of the Dutch in establishing their independence through their eighty years struggle with Spain ‐ one of the most remarkable achievements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Other rebellions troubled mighty powers of this epoch, but none resulted in the establishment of an independent, republican state. The volume investigates thoroughly the economic profitability of warfare in the early modern period and shows how smaller, commercialized states could sustain prolonged war violence common to that period. It moves beyond traditional explanations of Dutch success in warfare focusing on geography, religion, diplomacy while presenting an up‐to‐date overview and interpretation of the Dutch Revolt, the Anglo‐Dutch Wars and the Guerre de Hollande.
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'Think global, act local,' wordt tegenwoordig vaak gezegd. Maar voor veel Nederlanders is het niet zo eenvoudig om vat te krijgen op wat er in de wereld gaande is. De connecties tussen Nederland en ‘de wereld’ zijn veelvoudig en complex.... more
'Think global, act local,' wordt tegenwoordig vaak gezegd. Maar voor veel Nederlanders is het niet zo eenvoudig om vat te krijgen op wat er in de wereld gaande is. De connecties tussen Nederland en ‘de wereld’ zijn veelvoudig en complex. De toestand in de wereld laat zich niet meer, zoals vroeger, uitleggen in een radiopraatje van een paar minuten op de zondagmiddag.
In De wereld en Nederland wordt de Nederlandse geschiedenis in een wereldwijd kader geplaatst. Dit is het eerste handboek waarin de sociale en economische geschiedenis van de wereld en Nederland vanaf 1000 tot heden als een samenhangend geheel wordt beschreven.
Verbanden en veranderingen in de wereld en Nederland
De veranderingen in de wereld en in Nederland, en de verbanden daartussen, zijn het centrale onderwerp van dit boek. Hoe zijn grote veranderingen als economische groei, staatsvorming, verstedelijking, secularisering en globalisering verlopen? Hoe zijn ze te verklaren? Hoe hebben mensen ze beleefd? Waarom is ‘het Westen’ op een bepaald moment een toonaangevende rol in de wereld gaan spelen? Hoe belangrijk is de Europese eenwording in die globalisering? En ook: in hoeverre is Nederland in al deze ontwikkelingen een speelbal of juist een spelbepaler geweest?
Historisch perspectief
De wereld en Nederland is door een zestal economisch- en sociaal-historici geschreven: Karel Davids, Marjolein ’t Hart, Lex Heerma van Voss, Manon van der Heijden, Leo Lucassen en Jeroen Touwen. Zij beschrijven en analyseren de nieuwste ontwikkelingen en recente debatten op het gebied van de economische, sociaal-politieke en sociaal-culturele geschiedenis. Het boek, dat juist op een moment verschijnt dat de wereld en Nederland opnieuw aan grote veranderingen onderhevig zijn, laat zien hoe belangrijk de geschiedenis is om de plaats van Nederland in ontwikkelingen van nu te kunnen begrijpen.
In De wereld en Nederland wordt de Nederlandse geschiedenis in een wereldwijd kader geplaatst. Dit is het eerste handboek waarin de sociale en economische geschiedenis van de wereld en Nederland vanaf 1000 tot heden als een samenhangend geheel wordt beschreven.
Verbanden en veranderingen in de wereld en Nederland
De veranderingen in de wereld en in Nederland, en de verbanden daartussen, zijn het centrale onderwerp van dit boek. Hoe zijn grote veranderingen als economische groei, staatsvorming, verstedelijking, secularisering en globalisering verlopen? Hoe zijn ze te verklaren? Hoe hebben mensen ze beleefd? Waarom is ‘het Westen’ op een bepaald moment een toonaangevende rol in de wereld gaan spelen? Hoe belangrijk is de Europese eenwording in die globalisering? En ook: in hoeverre is Nederland in al deze ontwikkelingen een speelbal of juist een spelbepaler geweest?
Historisch perspectief
De wereld en Nederland is door een zestal economisch- en sociaal-historici geschreven: Karel Davids, Marjolein ’t Hart, Lex Heerma van Voss, Manon van der Heijden, Leo Lucassen en Jeroen Touwen. Zij beschrijven en analyseren de nieuwste ontwikkelingen en recente debatten op het gebied van de economische, sociaal-politieke en sociaal-culturele geschiedenis. Het boek, dat juist op een moment verschijnt dat de wereld en Nederland opnieuw aan grote veranderingen onderhevig zijn, laat zien hoe belangrijk de geschiedenis is om de plaats van Nederland in ontwikkelingen van nu te kunnen begrijpen.
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Throughout the ages, the activities of humankind have weighed considerably upon the environment. In turn, changes in that environment have favoured the rise of certain social groups and limited the actions of others. Nevertheless,... more
Throughout the ages, the activities of humankind have weighed considerably upon the environment. In turn, changes in that environment have favoured the rise of certain social groups and limited the actions of others. Nevertheless, environmental history has remained a ‘‘blind spot’’ for many social and economic historians. This is to be regretted, as changes in ecosystems have always had quite different consequences for different social groups. Indeed, the various and unequal effects of environmental change often explain the strengths and weaknesses of certain social groups, irrespective of their being defined along lines of class, gender, or ethnicity. This Special Issue of the International Review of Social History aims to bring together the expertise of social and environmental historians. In the last few decades of the twentieth century, expanding holes in the ozone layer, global warming, and the accelerated pace of the destruction of the tropical forests have resulted in a worldwide recognition of two closely related processes: globalization and environmental change. The contributions to this volume provide striking case studies of such connections in earlier periods, revealing a fruitful interconnection between social and environmental history. This introduction provides a historiographical context for the essays that follow, focusing on the relevant notions connected
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The rise of democratic institutions has been a rare phenomenon in history. Debates on the levying of taxes was related to the rise of democracy. States that relied strongly upon autonomous sources of revenue (such as oil) circumvented the... more
The rise of democratic institutions has been a rare phenomenon in history. Debates on the levying of taxes was related to the rise of democracy. States that relied strongly upon autonomous sources of revenue (such as oil) circumvented the interaction with its inhabitants, and thus by avoiding the imposition of taxes, its rulers did not need to think about political participation from below. This interrelationship exists throughout history, in all continents of the world.
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The concept of the state as a negative transfer system points to the importance of fiscal institutions in explaining the weakness of the state during times of crises. The French Revolution of 1789 demonstrates this concept; the financial... more
The concept of the state as a negative transfer system points to the importance of fiscal institutions in explaining the weakness of the state during times of crises. The French Revolution of 1789 demonstrates this concept; the financial structure of the state reached its limits as a result of the burden of the expenses connected with the American War of Independence (1776-1783). New taxes, more loans, & reforms were needed, yet these affected property rights so greatly that the financial transactions of the state became a rallying point in mobilizing opposition against the ancien regime. In contrast, it is shown how the British state could finance a war without losing the support of the landowning classes & without overburdening the Lcs. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 42 References. HA
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... Die invloed werkt nog steeds door.1 Ook de publicaties van Jonathan Israel en van Jan de Vries en Ad van der Woude kunnen rekenen op een breed lezerspubliek. Voor de sociaal-MARJOLEIN 'T HART 418 1 Zie bijvoorbeeld Ch. ...
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Introduction to a volume on the history of public finance (in Dutch)
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Discussiedossier behorende bij de website van het handboek De Wereld En Nederland, red. Karel Davids en Marjolein 't Hart, over de rol van het klimaat in de wereldcrisis van de zeventiende eeuw.
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Discussiebijdrage tijdens een congres waarbij de auteur betoogt dat de term 'financiele revolutie'; wel degelijk van toepassing is voor de ontwikkeling van staatsfinancien in de vroegmoderne Nederlanden, met name in Holland. Het gemak... more
Discussiebijdrage tijdens een congres waarbij de auteur betoogt dat de term 'financiele revolutie'; wel degelijk van toepassing is voor de ontwikkeling van staatsfinancien in de vroegmoderne Nederlanden, met name in Holland. Het gemak waarmee men oorlogen kon financieren was opmerkelijk; de autoriteiten werden duidelijk gesteund door het vertrouwen van Nederlandse geldschieters.
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Discussiedossier behorende bij de website van het handboek De Wereld En Nederland, red. Karel Davids en Marjolein 't Hart, over het debat wanneer de globalisering is begonnnen, in een geupdate versie van de publicatie in 2011.
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In Dutch
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A review of this seminal book for the Journal of Historical Geography
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Disclaimer/Klachtenregeling Meent u dat de digitale beschikbaarstelling van bepaald materiaal inbreuk maakt op enig recht dat u toekomt of uw (privacy)belangen schaadt, dan kunt u dit onderbouwd aan de Universiteitsbibliotheek laten... more
Disclaimer/Klachtenregeling Meent u dat de digitale beschikbaarstelling van bepaald materiaal inbreuk maakt op enig recht dat u toekomt of uw (privacy)belangen schaadt, dan kunt u dit onderbouwd aan de Universiteitsbibliotheek laten weten. Bij een gegronde klacht zal de ...
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Taxation is accepted as a fact of modern life, despite recurring political conflict over the nature and direction of fiscal policies. Most financiers regard obligations issued by the state as a safe investment option. Neither taxation nor... more
Taxation is accepted as a fact of modern life, despite recurring political conflict over the nature and direction of fiscal policies. Most financiers regard obligations issued by the state as a safe investment option. Neither taxation nor state obligations were taken for granted during much of the history of public finance, however, at least not before the early 1800s. The ‘tax state’ developed in fits and starts, driven by the exigencies of warfare, which provided the main rationale for raising state income. Although wartime fiscal innovations eventually facilitated the rise of an efficient military state, the options available for implementing such improvements and preferences for specific fiscal or financial instruments varied greatly across early modern states. Focusing on the ‘long’ eighteenth century, this introduction presents a framework for assessing these differences and introduces the other articles in this special issue.
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Overview of the work of Karel Davids
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Research Interests: Sociology, Political Sociology, Historical Sociology, Gender History, Politics, and 9 moreModernity, Masculinities, Sociological Theory, Social History, Comparative and historical sociology, Comparative Historical Analysis, Historical Studies, Historical and Comparative Sociology, and Global and Transnational Sociology
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for the core-periphery analysis of the land agitation. The second, focusing on the first period ofthe Land War, 1879-82, identifies two phases of the agitation in Mayo. Beginning late in 1878 and lasting until the summer of 1880, the land... more
for the core-periphery analysis of the land agitation. The second, focusing on the first period ofthe Land War, 1879-82, identifies two phases of the agitation in Mayo. Beginning late in 1878 and lasting until the summer of 1880, the land movement experienced substantial solidarity among tenant farmers of allclasses. However, following the general election of April 1880, long simmering disputes within the local leadership and tensions between large and small farmers combined to bring about the dissolution of the movement in Mayo by the winter of 1880-81. The implications of this early collapse of the agitation in Mayo for the study of the Land War are discussed in the conclusion.
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Page 1. Parliaments, Estates and Representation, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 1991 'The Devil or the Dutch': Holland's Impact on the Financial Revolution in England, 1643-1694 MARJOLEIN 'T HART ... 107-12. 40 Page 3. Marjolein... more
Page 1. Parliaments, Estates and Representation, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 1991 'The Devil or the Dutch': Holland's Impact on the Financial Revolution in England, 1643-1694 MARJOLEIN 'T HART ... 107-12. 40 Page 3. Marjolein 't Hart ...
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Disclaimer/Klachtenregeling Meent u dat de digitale beschikbaarstelling van bepaald materiaal inbreuk maakt op enig recht dat u toekomt of uw (privacy)belangen schaadt, dan kunt u dit onderbouwd aan de Universiteitsbibliotheek laten... more
Disclaimer/Klachtenregeling Meent u dat de digitale beschikbaarstelling van bepaald materiaal inbreuk maakt op enig recht dat u toekomt of uw (privacy)belangen schaadt, dan kunt u dit onderbouwd aan de Universiteitsbibliotheek laten weten. Bij een gegronde klacht zal de ...
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The recurrent wars of 1795-1815 coincided with numerous regime changes. Like many other port cities, Antwerp and Rotterdam faced unrest and economic insecurity, not least caused by Napoleon’s Continental Blockade in 1806. Historical... more
The recurrent wars of 1795-1815 coincided with numerous regime changes. Like many other port cities, Antwerp and Rotterdam faced unrest and economic insecurity, not least caused by Napoleon’s Continental Blockade in 1806. Historical accounts tend to stress the deteriorating conditions for the business world resulting from the restrictions in maritime trade. This article will focus on how sugar traders and sugar refiners faced difficulties, which strategies they applied to overcome crises, and whether they were successful in their attempts or not. The highly remunerative strategies of redirection, diversification and specialisation were sustained by networks; networks that provided the necessary information, furthered the spreading of risk and enabled merchants to profit from new solutions or opportunities. Resilience was boosted further by the growing domestic market that was willing to pay high prices for a luxury item such as sugar. Above all, the affluent businessmen and larger firms managed to weather the times of crises particularly well. De revolutionaire oorlogsperiode 1795-1815 bracht vergaande politieke verschuivingen. Net als veel andere havensteden kregen Antwerpen en Rotterdam te maken met grote economische onzekerheid, vooral ook door de Continentale Blokkade van Napoleon in 1806. Historici hebben vooral de verslechterende omstandigheden voor het bedrijfsleven benadrukt, als gevolg van de toenemende beperkingen in de maritieme handel. In dit artikel gaan wij na hoe suikerhandelaren en suikerraffinadeurs met de problemen omgingen, welke strategieen ze toepasten om de crisis te overwinnen en of ze al dan niet daarin succesvol waren. Netwerken bleken onmisbaar voor het vinden van nieuwe markten, voor diversificatie en specialisatie. De juiste connecties zorgden voor de nodige informatie, bevorderden het spreiden van risico’s en stelden de ondernemers in staat te profiteren van denieuwe kansen die de nieuwe politieke structuren boden. Een groeiende binnenlandse markt die bereid was hoge prijzen te betalen voor een luxeartikel als suiker versterkte de veerkracht. Vooral de rijkere ondernemers en de grotere bedrijven wisten de tijden van crises vrij goed te doorstaan.
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Overview of urbanization and the global connections of towns in world history, 3000 BCE-present
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This article discusses the development of urban autonomy and the consequences for the process of state-formation in the Low Countries, which was characterized by a paradox between the logic of capital accumulation as opposed to that of... more
This article discusses the development of urban autonomy and the consequences for the process of state-formation in the Low Countries, which was characterized by a paradox between the logic of capital accumulation as opposed to that of state power. The Low Countries were to a certain degree the successor of the Italian city-states in the rising capitalist system, at the same time its cities played an important role on the process of state formation. After a short survey of the historiography on urban autonomy and state formation in the Low Countries we look in particular on Antwerp and Amsterdam, which were prominent commercial centres in the early modern period. The basis of the political autonomy was a strong economic position, which relied partly on its potential to contribute with indirect taxes on consumption and on its incomes from commerce. Rich merchants were attracted to these centres, which contributed to capital accumulation. At the same time they were major financeers of...
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Kritische bespreking van toonaangevende auteur Geoffrey Parker, over de crisis van de zeventiende eeuw
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Bussiere Eric. Marjolein't Hart, Joost Jonker, Jan Luitten Van Zanden (éd.), A financial history of the Netherlands. In: Histoire, économie et société, 1999, 18ᵉ année, n°4. Banques centrales et convergences monétaires en Europe... more
Bussiere Eric. Marjolein't Hart, Joost Jonker, Jan Luitten Van Zanden (éd.), A financial history of the Netherlands. In: Histoire, économie et société, 1999, 18ᵉ année, n°4. Banques centrales et convergences monétaires en Europe (1920-1971) sous la direction de Eric Bussière et Olivier Feiertag. p. 827