Anger Expression

People abused by angry discipline as children, may tend to abuse or overly punish other people or themselves for perceived wrongs in their adult life. In some individuals, aggressive personality traits may be genetically inherited. The aggressive personality may feel weakened by having guidelines or boundaries for anger. Anger is a normal human emotion, and these guidelines can help express anger in a healthy way.

Achilles is a complex hero. His brief, brilliant life is sacrificed to avenge the death of his beloved friend. He is a consummate warrior, yet he is childlike in his rage; and outside the Homeric Iliad we learn that he was dressed as a girl to escape being sent to fight at Troy. Marta González González explores the many facets of this fascinating figure, deftly applying insights from modern theories, literary and psychological, to help bring him into focus. It is a pleasure to read. (- Professor David Konstan, New York University, USA)

Achilles is the quintessential Greek hero, but that does not mean that he is a conventional hero. His uniqueness is dictated by his birth, as the son of a sea goddess, and his education at the hands of a centaur. The hero’s exceptional nature also forms part of the tension that both unites and opposes him to Apollo.

Achilles presents the different episodes in the life of this hero conventionally, in chronological order, based primarily on the Greek sources: birth, education, deeds in Troy, death and subsequent destiny as a figure of worship. On the other hand, this study employs the hero Achilles to reflect on various issues, all of them crucial for historians of the Greek world: what it meant to be and become a man in ancient Greece, what a hero’s aretê consisted of, how the Greeks represented the concepts of friendship and camaraderie, what moved them to revenge or reconciliation, what hopes they harboured as they faced their fate, how they imagined something as difficult to conceive of as a human sacrifice, and how they developed their ideas about the afterlife and hero cult..

Anger is a basic human emotion which has a force for constructive or destructive ends. Its expression in any circumstance can be a trigger for a desire to change a prevailing situation. In all cases, anger is a fundamental component of art. This study examines the use of anger in Osborne's Look Back in Anger and Osofisan's The Chattering and the Song. Osborne and Osofisan are two writers who are very anxious to change their societies through their art. In spite of differences in their origin (Osborne was a Briton while Osofisan is a Nigerian), they wrote at a time of certain social and political upheavals in their countries. They also share similar concerns and attitude towards art. My focus in this paper is on the early plays of Osborne and Osofisan where anger is strongest and where their artistic triumph is most poignant. Working within the formalist approach, the paper reveals that in Osborne and Osofisan, extreme anger is both material and style and is what marks their art out. The reification by the intellect provides a potent instrument for investigating society. Anger becomes the point of departure for their art, it is not mere hysterics but a cerebral one and it is the motivating force for their writings.

Britain in the years immediately following World War Two was beginning to move forwards once again. The National Health Service began offering comprehensive health care for all in 1948. The Festival of Britain, held in 1951, celebrated the nation’s heritage and looked ahead to an exciting future. The weariness caused by war was receding, the rationing of food was becoming a thing of the past and financial aid from America was helping the country to rebuild.

The present review summarizes the current research on anger coping and experiencing. We proceeded step by step, starting from the structure of anger coping, covering the influence of anger coping on somatic health, the influence of anger coping on psychic health, and finally we discussed the interpersonal domain of anger coping, including dyadic interactions. The main emphasis was given on the shift in the conceptualization of anger coping from the simple descriptions of coping mechanisms towards the dynamic explanations within the interpersonal context. We discussed contextual factors, such as situational specificity, relative status of the individual within the social group, interpersonal targeting of anger expression, perceived level of injustice in anger elicitors, etc. Further, we also focused on the domain of the nonverbal expression of anger. Since nonverbal expression constitutes the essential part of emotional coping, we surveyed some aspects of this subfield, such as facial expression of anger, energetical costs of nonverbal expression of anger, intrapersonal emotional transfer, and emotional transfer of anger between individuals.

Respond to each numbered item in the short list here as either True or False for you. A “True” response may identify a potential area for training. Reflect on whether an item identifies a problem or issue in the way you manage your anger. Anger requires boundaries, and a moral value (e.g. OK or not OK) can be assigned to ways of expressing anger.

How to offer criticism in a way that is most likely to be accepted, is the subject of this discussion paper. The essential underlying value is the equal worth and dignity of every human being and the belief that everyone deserves to be treated with respect.

The differences between man and woman can be seen from the way they use language. Simulated situations which can trigger the rise of emotion are powerful tools to investigate this gender-based study. This paper aims to analyze the anger strategies in simulated anger situations and to investigate the swearing words uttered by men and women. The analysis is conducted in the framework of sociolinguistics and pragmatics. The anger strategies are modification strategies of Beebe and Takahashi " s theory on criticism strategies. The data were taken from some university students by asking them to answer an open questionnaire. The results show that from the 28 strategies, Terms of Swearing, Statement of Negative Feelings, and Pause Fillers always appear in simulated anger situation, even for both men and women respondents. Besides, Terms of Swearing is mostly uttered by male rather than female respondents because the females are able to make face saving act better than males.

صديقي القارئ، هل يسيطر الغضب على حياتك؟ هل يسبب لك التعاسة طوال الوقت؟ هل يسبب لك المشاكل في البيت والعمل ومع الجيران والأصدقاء؟ هل يسبب لك الأمراض البدنية والنفسية؟ إذن أنت في حاجة ماسّة لقيادة غضبك قبل أن يفسد حياتك كما أفسد حياة كثير من الناس! قد تكون حاولت سابقاً قيادة غضبك ولم تستطع، لعل المشكلة لا تتعلق بإرادتك وإنما بالطريقة التي تستخدمها! لا تفقد الأمل ولا تظن أنه لا يمكن قيادة الغضب وإلا لما نهانا الله عنه، فكيف ينهانا عن شئ لا نستطيع الانتهاء عنه؟
إن هزيمة الأمس لا تعني هزيمة اليوم
ونجاح الأمس ليس ضماناً لنجاح اليوم
امنح نفسك فرصة جديدة لقيادة حياتك بدلاً أن يقودها الغضب إلى طريق مسدود .. ألا تريد الاستمتاع بهدوئك النفسي مثل تلك الأيام الخوالي التي كنت مبتسماً فيها مسروراً؟ ألا تريد أن تستعيد علاقتك الطيبة مع أقرب الناس لك؟ ألا تريد استعادة سعادتك التي أفسدها عليك الغضب؟
في هذا الكتاب ستتعرف على عدد من الاستراتيجيات العملية التي تستند على نظريات علمية ومراجع شرعية، بالإضافة إلى الخبرة العملية للمؤلف الحاصل على الدكتوراه في نظرية "قيادة الذات"، وبفضل الله ثم هذه الاستراتيجيات طوّر المؤلف من قدرته على قيادة الغضب، وبعدما كان سريع الغضب وشديد الانفعال، أصبح يُوصف بالهدوء والثبات الانفعالي.
في هذا الكتاب ستتعرف على كيفية هزيمة غضبك من خلال استراتيجيات قيادة الغضب، كما ستتعرف على بعض التطبيقات العملية لاستراتيجيات قيادة الغضب مثل مواجهة العنف بدون عنف – الإنتصار للشركاء الأعداء -  الحرب الباردة. كما ستتعرف على العديد من القصص المؤثرة عن قيادة الغضب، وكذلك ستتعرف على المكافأة الربانية لقيادة الغضب، مما سيساعدك على السيطرة على غضبك وعلى حياتك كلها .. لأنك بالفعل ..
يمكنك قيادة الغضب

ÖZ Bu araştırma polislerin kişilerarası problem çözme becerileri ile öfke ve öfke ifade tarzlarının benlik saygısı, cinsiyet ve hizmet süresi değişkenlerine göre incelenmesi amacıyla yapılan betimsel bir çalışmadır. Çalışma grubunu Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü'ne bağlı beş Daire Başkanlığı'nda ve Ankara Çevik Kuvvet Şube Müdürlüğü'nde görevli 503 polis memuru ve rütbeli polis amiri oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada polislerin kişilerarası problem çözme becerilerini belirlemek amacıyla Çam ve Tümkaya (2007) tarafından geliştirilen Kişilerarası Problem Çözme Envanteri, sürekli öfke ve öfke ifade tarzlarını belirlemek amacıyla Spielberger, Jacobs, Russell ve Crane (1983) tarafından geliştirilen ve Özer (1994) tarafından uyarlanan Sürekli Öfke ve Öfke İfade Tarzı Ölçeği, benlik saygısı düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla ise Rosenberg (1965) tarafından geliştirilen ve Çuhadaroğlu (1986) tarafından uyarlanan Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği-Kısa Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada çok değişkenli varyans analizi (MANOVA) kullanılmış, Tukey ve Tamhane çoklu karşılaştırma testlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca bağımsız değişkenin bağımlı değişken üzerinde ne derece etkili olduğunu gösteren etki büyüklüğü (eta kare) değerleri incelenmiştir. Analizlerde hata payının üst sınırı .05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, polislerin kişilerarası problem çözme becerilerinin benlik saygısı ve hizmet süresine göre anlamlı olarak farklı olduğu, cinsiyete göre ise anlamlı düzeyde farklılık göstermediği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca polislerin sürekli öfke ve öfke ifade tarzlarının hizmet süresi ve benlik saygısı değişkenlerine göre anlamlı olarak farklılaştığı, cinsiyete göre ise anlamlı düzeyde farklılık göstermediği tespit edilmiştir. ABSTRACT This descriptive study was conducted to examine interpersonal problem solving skills, anger and anger expression styles of police officers according to their self-esteem levels, gender and period of service. The study group consisted of 503 police officers and a police chief who are working in Ankara Riot Squad Police Department and in five different

Hiram Crespo shares his reasonings on Philodemus' scroll On Anger, which provides moral and therapeutic guidance regarding issued of anger and indignation, which are not demoralized or seen as vices but treated with compassion, as natural and even potentially creative emotions, within Epicurean discourse.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas del Driver Expression Inventory (DAX) para su uso en Argentina. Se aplicó la escala a 378 conductores (hombres=50.3%) con edades entre 18 y 77 años de la población general de Córdoba, Argentina. Mediante análisis factorial no restricto se identificaron cinco factores, congruentes con los propuestos en la escala original. Los índices de consistencia interna fueron satisfactorios para todos los factores (α=.78-.85). Asimismo, se correlacionaron las dimensiones del DAX con medidas de ira y de comportamiento en la conducción, encontrándose relaciones significativas y coherentes en términos teóricos, obteniéndose así evidencia concurrente. Finalmente, por medio de análisis de regresión jerárquica se obtuvo evidencia de validez incremental del DAX. En conjunto, los resultados avalan la validez y fiabilidad del DAX para su utilización en el contexto Argentino, aunque se requieren de nuevos estudios que analicen propiedades psicométricas adicionales.

L’intérêt pour les émotions qui se manifeste depuis deux décennies dans le champ des sciences humaines et sociales semble pencher plus souvent vers leur naturalisation ou leur moralisation que vers une attention à leur mise en langage. Étudier des poétiques de la colère nous a conduit, à rebours de cette approche, à analyser avant tout l’édifice sémiotique permettant de construire une représentation affective et à interroger les modelages mutuels de l’affect et de son dire.  Ce livre explore pour ce faire, en premier lieu, la façon dont la théorie littéraire tente de saisir, à partir de différents outils, tant les émotions de lecture que l’inscription du sensible dans les textes. Ce cadrage théorique et méthodologique nous permet d’explorer par la suite la stratification des imaginaires et des expressions de la colère marquant différentes époques, afin de mieux comprendre l’ensemble complexe de formes et de valeurs dont nous héritons et de défaire la fixité des définitions taxinomiques d’une passion dont les formes et la valeur morale sont particulièrement mobiles. Le tableau des caractéristiques sémiotiques et poétiques se dégageant de cette traversée de différents « dits » de colère dans le temps nous invite enfin à étudier dans leur singularité deux poétiques où la colère apparaît comme un « sentiment majeur », mais de manière apparemment antinomique. Se manifestant régulièrement sur un mode dénotatif et métapoétique chez Michaux, immersive et perpétuée telle une crampe passionnelle dévidant sans fin ses simulacres dans le roman Féerie pour une autre fois de Céline, cette passion obéit à des mécaniques, des formes et des énonciations très différentes chez les deux auteurs. L’opposition de ces styles permet de mettre en lumière des problématiques communes dans le rapport de l’écriture au temps et au risque de l’épuisement, dans la recherche d’une puissance motrice et figurative comme dans la place cruciale accordée au rythme du sujet de son dire. Enquêter sur la colère en mettant l’accent sur la dynamique de l’expression passionnelle conduit ainsi à questionner sous un angle nouveau la logique de cette passion hostile, de sa force poïétique jusqu’aux objets qu’elle se choisit, et les voies les plus sombres dans lesquelles elle peut s’engager.

Résumé. De toutes les émotions, la colère est l’une des plus puissantes. Elle s’accompagne de bien d’autres affects – indignation, culpabilité, amertume, ressentiment, haine, désir de vengeance – dénominateurs communs d’une actualité bouillonnante mais particulièrement confuse. Violences politiques et terrorismes transnationaux, soulèvements populaires et protestations « indignées » à travers le monde, insurrections armées au long cours, montée des populismes et reflux des nationalismes, regains et consolidations autoritaires, haine de l’« autre », interminables guerres civiles et conflits gelés, rancœurs sociétales nouvelles comme plus anciennes, belligérances numériques inédites… Inexorablement, sous nos yeux, c’est bien la colère qui semble dévorer une globalisation que d’aucuns qualifiaient autrefois d’« heureuse ». Se plaçant sur le terrain singulier de la géopolitique, Myriam Benraad analyse ce qu’« être en colère » signifie, comment cette émotion se manifeste à l’échelle planétaire, quels en sont les protagonistes, dynamiques et enjeux. Assistons-nous à un phénomène passager ou cet emportement général, visible partout, a-t-il déjà mué en logique durable laissant craindre un XXIe siècle particulièrement brutal et instable ?

The experiment was designed to test the relationship between self-reported hostility and the capacity of frontal eye field regulatory control over visual smooth pursuit eye movements. Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between hostility, violence-prone aggression, and poorly regulated sympathetic control including traditional measures of cardiovascular risk. Capacity Theory (see Harrison, 2015) specifically predicts diminished reflex regulation , dystonia, or spasticity with conditions which exceed the capacity of the frontal systems involved in the response. For visual smooth pursuit eye movements, the frontal eye fields regulate/inhibit ipsilateral visuomotor reflexes under directional control of the superior colliculi and pontine region. Moreover, directional eye movements reflecting intentional direction of visual smooth pursuit derive from premotor regions at each dorsolateral frontal eye field and with directional intent toward the contralateral hemispace (e.g., right frontal eye field directs intentional eye movements toward the left hemispace and inhibits saccadic movements toward the right hemispace). We tested a total number of 48 college-age men evenly divided between two groups, twenty-four low-hostiles and twenty-four high-hostiles. All subjects were acquired from the undergraduate Psychology pool and the project was approved by the Human Subjects Committee and the Institutional Review Board. In order to continue in the experiment, subjects had to have scored within either the low (0-19) or high (29-50) range of self-reported hostility on the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (CMHS). Due to their relatively heightened cerebral lateralization, only men were used to ensure as much homogeneity as possible within the experiment, so as to draw conclusions based solely on independent variable differences. Hostile men were compared with low hostile men using the electrooculogram (EOG). Smooth pursuit errors were identified in the EOG record as phasic errors in the analogue record. Hostile men produced significantly more smooth pursuit irregularities in comparison with low hostiles, consistent with the predictions of Capacity Theory, supporting the contention of diminished frontal eye field integrity in hostile, violence-prone men. These findings sit collectively among a systematic line of research with accumulating evidence implicating capacity limitations for frontal lobe regulatory control in hostile, violence-prone individuals. The broader research implication is suggestive for remediation and preventative techniques for the amelioration of confrontative and/or coercive stress using these brain systems. Moreover, the theory specifically is predictive of heightened sensitivity for the sensory and emotional analyzers residing at the other end of the longitudinal tracts and within posterior brain regions. Emotional sensitivity reflecting coercive threat analysis, feelings of external control by others, and sensitivity to the emotional array presented by others' facial expressions, tone of voice, and by innuendo may ultimately be a social disability. This effect may be propagated further in any social interaction where others may evaluate the hostile, violence-prone individual as insensitive and callous, perhaps.

Th e purpose of this study was to investigate the anger and anger expression styles with
respect to coping with stress and interpersonal problem-solving. Th e participants were
468 (258 female and 210 male, between 17-30 years old) university students. Pearson
product-moment correlation coeff icients and multiple hierarchical regression analysis
were used. As a results of the study, it was found that there was a negative relationship
between trait anger and problem focused coping (p < .05), a negative relationship between
anger in with problem-focused coping, and seeking for social support (p < .01), a negative
relationship between anger-out with avoiding (p < .01) and problem-focused coping
(p < .05) and a positive relationship between anger control with problem-focused coping
and avoidance (p < .01). However there was a positive relationship among approaching
problems in a negative way, lack of self-confidence, unwillingness to take responsibility
and trait anger, anger in, anger out (p < .01) while a negative relationship between
anger control (p < .01). A negative relationship among constructive problem-solving
and trait anger (p < .05), anger-in (p<.01), and a positive relationship between constructive
problem-solving and anger control (p < .01) were found. And, there was a negative relationship
between insisting-preserving approach and anger-in (p < .05), while there was
a positive relationship between insistent preserving approach and anger-out, anger control
(p < .01). Besides, it was found that coping with stress and interpersonal problem-solving
significantly explain the trait anger and the anger expressing styles.

Passion propice à la démesure et à l’éclat, nœud d’intensité volontiers opposé au logos, la colère dévoile en réalité nombre de ses caractéristiques lorsqu’on veut la saisir dans la langue et l’interroger en tant que processus de signification passionnelle. Cette étude aborde la colère comme une aire passionnelle complexe, constituée de strates de discours et de représentations dont héritent écritures et lectures dans leur présent. C’est sur ce fond que nous cherchons à caractériser deux styles de colère, celui d’H. Michaux et celui de L.-F. Céline, marqués par une commune forme d’ostentation autant que par des poétiques apparemment antithétiques, complefixiant à leur tour notre appréhension de cette émotion faussement évidente.

Genel tanımı ile öfke; ‚bireyin planları, istek ve gereksinimleri engellendiğinde ya da bir haksızlığa uğradığında ve kendi benliğine yönelik bir tehdit algıladığında yaşadığı bir duygu‛dur. Öfke, genellikle suça ve şiddete yönelik davranışlarla ilgili olarak eş ve çocuklara yönelik eziyetlerde ve toplu şiddet olgularında kendini daha sık göstermektedir. Günlük yaşam içinde sıklıkla yaşanan öfke, duygusal temelde en az iki kişinin mutsuzluğuna neden olmaktadır. Öfke, hem yöneldiği hedefi hem de kaynağını olumsuz bir yaşantı içine sokmaktadır. Burada öfkeyi yaşayan için, öfkenin kontrolü, öfkenin yöneldiği kişi içinse, gelen bu öfkeyle nasıl baş edileceği yani nasıl başa çıkabileceği önemli bir sorundur. Duygusal, fizyolojik, bilişsel ve sosyal boyutlarda yaşanan öfkenin, yoğun ve istenmeyen etkileri göz önüne alındığında ciddi sorunlara kaynaklık ettiği görülmektedir. Kontrolsüz öfke hem birey hem de toplum üzerinde inanılmaz olumsuz etkilere neden olmaktadır. Kişilerarası sorunlu ilişkilere, suç işlemeye, boşanmaya, çalışma yaşamında üretkenliğin ve işlevselliğin bozulmasına, fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlıkta önemli sorunlara neden olabilmektedir. Bireyler, duygularına göre davranıpdavranmayacaklarına kendileri karar verirler. Öfkenin tüm olumsuzluklarına karşın, olumlu sonuçları da bulunmaktadır. Kişiyi uyarıcı, koruyucu ve harekete geçirici olan işlevleri, bu duygusal yaşantının, yaşamın devamı için ne kadar önemli olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Doğada birçok canlının yaşamını sürdürebilmesi için, kendisine yönelik tehditlere karşı uyarılması; kendisini korumak, yaşamda kalabilmek ve türünü sürdürebilmek için saldırgan davranışlar göstermesi gerekir. Dolayısıyla öfke bir taraftan organizmayı bir problem olduğu konusunda uyarırken, diğer taraftan da organizmanın kendisine zarar verici veya saldırgan davranma eğiliminin farkına varması konusunda etkin bir rol oynar. Bazı kimseler başkalarına göre daha öfkeli olabilmektedirler. Bu durumun nedenleri, genetik, fizyolojik ve sosyal-kültürel olabilir. Öfkeli çocukların huysuz, alıngan ve çabuk kızan özelliklerle doğduğuna ve bu işaretlerin çok erken yaşlardan beri mevcut olduğuna dair araştırma bulguları vardır. Öte taraftan öfkeye yol açan sosyal-kültürel etmenler de vardır. Araştırmalar aile yaşantısının da öfke ifadesinde önemli rolü olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna göre çabuk öfkelenen insanların, tipik olarak yıkıcı, karmaşık ve duygusal iletişimi iyi olmayan dengesiz ailelerden geldiği bildirilmiştir. Klinik perspektiften baktığımızda, öfkenin içsel ve yıkıcı dürtülerinin ergenlerde intiharı netice verebildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, öfke olgusu ele alınarak, sosyal psikolojik boyutları ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, literatür taraması yapılmış olup bu alanda yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen veriler paralelinde bir değerlendirme yapılmaya çalışılmış ve öfke yönetimine ilişkin öneriler ortaya konmuştur.
Anahtar sözcükler: Öfke; öfke nedeni; öfke yönetimi; öfke patlamaları; dürtüsellik; öz saygı; ruh sağlığı.
Abstract:
Anger, with a general definition, is; ‚a feeling of individual when his/her desire or needs are blocked or he/she is hard done by something and he/she perceive a threat towards his/her own personality. Anger generally shows itself more, towards children or the partner with some behaviors related to crime and violence and with the facts of violence collectively. Anger that is experienced often in daily life causes at least two individuals’ unhappiness in the emotional basis. It causes an adverse experience for both the target to which it is inclined and the source. Here, it is an important problem to control the anger for the person who experience it, and for the target of the anger how to cope with this anger. Considered as the source of serious problems; anger, experienced in emotional, physiological, cognitive, and social extent, causes intense and adverse effects. Unbounded anger causes unbelievable adverse results for both the individual and for the society. It can cause problematic interpersonal relationships, committing a crime, divorce, failure of productivity and functionality at work, serious problems of physical and mental health. Individuals decide themselves whether they will behave in accordance with their emotions or not. Despite all the negative aspects of anger, there are also positive results. Stimulating, protective and actuator functions of anger for the individual, point that how this emotional experience is important for continuation of life. In nature, in order to survive many spices need to be warned against threats, to sustain their life they also have to demonstrate aggressive behaviors. Therefore, while anger warns the organism about a problem, it also plays an active role in making the organism aware of tendency of harmful or offensive behaviors. Some people may be more furious than others. Genetic, physiological, and social-cultural factors can be the reason of this situation. Research findings show that angry children born with grumpy, touchy and irritable features and these signs have been present from a very early age. On the other hand, socio-cultural factors also cause anger. Studies have shown that family life plays an important role in the expression of anger. Choleric people have typically destructive, complex and emotionally unstable families and these families do not have a good communication. When we look from the clinical perspective, anger is also an important predictor of suicide in adolescents because of the internal and destructive impulses.
In this study, the matter of anger is examined and analyzed with the social psychological dimensions. Literature review is made with the data obtained from the studies in this field. Evaluation was made in line with this data and suggestions for the management of anger were revealed.
Key Words: Anger; cause of anger; outbursts of anger; impulsivity; self esteem; sanity.
Type of study: Literature review.

The article analyzes the relationship between medieval theories of anger and representations of this emotion through manual and facial gestures. The medieval theory of emotions drew a distinction between two kinds of anger, sinful and righteous. The first was interpreted as an uncontrollable emotion that could not be hidden: it necessarily manifests itself in gestures and facial expressions, the catalogues of which were created by Seneca and some medieval authors. Hugo of Saint-Victor, who singled out six modes of gestures associated with vices, defined the mode of anger as “turbulent” (turbidus). Anger not only distorts the face, but also causes the hands to move, making them “restless” (Martin of Braga). In sinful anger, thus, facial expressions fully correspond with manual gestures. This “harmony” of facial and manual gestures makes it possible to denote this gesture system as a natural one. The concept of righteous anger incorporates some ideas which by their very essence are opposite to the “natural” notion of anger. Thus, Lactantius associated the anger with the idea of mercy, Augustine associated it with the idea of tranquility and Thomas Aquinas – with the idea of meekness. The Christian theory of righteous anger turned out to be a kind of emotional oxymoron; the gesture system of such anger can also be interpreted as oxymoron: at the level of manual gestures righteous anger retains aggressiveness, but facial expression of this anger is peaceful and calm, in complete contradiction to manual gestures. This oxymoronic gesture system had dominated (with some exceptions) until the end of Middle Ages. In more recent times even the righteous personages (Archangel Michael, Jesus Christ) increasingly began to show their anger not only in manual gestures, but also in facial expression.

В статье анализируется связь между средневековыми теориями гнева и репрезентациями этой эмоции в жестово-мимических системах. Средневековая теория эмоций различает два вида гнева, греховный и праведный. Первый трактуется как неконтролируемая эмоция, которую нельзя скрыть: она обязательно находит выражение во внешних признаках, каталоги которых создавались, вслед за Сенекой, средневековыми авторами. Гуго Сен-Викторский, выделивший шесть модусов жестов, связанных с пороками, определил модус гневливости как «бурный» (turbidus). Гнев не только искажает лицо, но и заставляет руки блуждать, делая их «беспокойными» (Мартин Бражский). Таким образом, в греховном гневе мимика полностью соответствует жестике; их «гармония» позволяет условно обозначить эту жестово-мимическую систему как естественную.
Концепция праведного гнева включает моменты, по сути своей противоположные естественному представлению о гневе. Так, Лактанций внедряет в состав гнева идею милости; Августин – идею спокойствия; Фома Аквинский – идею кротости. Христианская теория праведного гнева оказывается своего рода эмоциональным оксюмороном, а его жестово-мимическую систему также можно трактовать как оксюморон: на уровне жестики праведный гнев сохраняет агрессивность, однако его мимика миролюбива и спокойна, в полном противоречии жестике. Эта оксюморонная жестово-мимическая система доминирует (с некоторыми исключениями) при изображении праведного гнева до Нового времени, когда и праведные персонажи (архангел Михаил, Иисус Христос) начинают всё чаще проявлять свой гнев не только в жестике, но и в соответствующей мимике.

Itikaf (seclusion in a mosque) is prayer maintained with deep hunger during Ramadan, the month of fasting.
Hunger has a positive psychological impact on people. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect
of itikaf on spirituality and mental health by examining its effects on anger control and subjective well-being.
This experimenal study investigates the effects and changes on trait anger, intrinsic religiousness, and subjective
well-being during the period of itikaf on healthy adults practicing itikaf worship. While a statistically significant
difference exists between the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and Subjective Well-Being Inventory scores
collected before and after the itikaf (p < 0.05), no statistically significant difference has been found for the scores
from the Intrinsic Religiousness Scale before and after the itikaf (p > 0.05). At the end of itikaf, anger-control
scores were observed to increase as anger scores decreased. A significant difference has been observed in the
Subjective Well-Being Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory posttests in terms of the duration of
the fast. Itikaf has been found to have positive psychological effects due to being an intensive worship program.
Keywords
Itikaf, Subjective well-being • Intrinsic religiousness • State-trait anger expression
Öz
Itikaf (camide yapılan bir tür inziva) Ramazan ayında oruç ayı boyunca derin bir açlıkla sürdürülen bir ibadet
biçimidir. Açlığın insanlar üzerinde olumlu bir psikolojik etkisi vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, itikafın maneviyat ve
ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkisini, öfke kontrolü ve öznel iyi oluş üzerine olan etkilerini inceleyerek araştırmaktır. Bu
deneysel araştırma, itikaf ibadetlerini yapan sağlıklı yetişkinlerde, itikaf sürecinin sürekli öfke, içsel dindarlık ve
öznel iyi oluş düzeyleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. İtikaftan önce ve sonra alınan Durumluk-Sürekli Öfke
Dışavurumu Envanteri ve Öznel İyi Olma Ölçeği puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunurken
(p <0.05), İçsel Dindarlık Ölçeğinden alınan itikaf öncesi ve sonrası puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı
bir fark bulunmamıştır (p> 0.05). İtikafın sonunda öfke puanlarının azaldığı, öfke kontrol puanlarının arttığı
gözlenmiştir. Öznel İyi Oluş Envanteri ve Durumluk-Sürekli Öfke Dışa vurumu Envanteri son testlerinde, oruç süresi açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Itikaf’ın yoğun bir ibadet programı olması nedeniyle olumlu
psikolojik etkileri olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
İtikaf • Öznel iyi oluş • İçsel dindarlık • Durumluk-sürekli öfke dışa vurumu

Is anger like energy, forever changing form but never dissipating, or part of our repertoire of desires, the cry of a need unmet?
A psychoanalytic consulting room is a crucible for a rich array of emotions. But perhaps none appears more insistently as anger, nor in so many guises. For example, a woman finds her apparently inexplicable rage against her partner manifesting in asthmatic attacks so severe she becomes fearful of being in the same room with him. In the first weeks of psychotherapy, a man expresses his fury over a professional betrayal by withholding from me almost all relevant information about himself. Again, a man with a respiratory illness is so angry at the doctors policing his behaviours – and at my imagined finger-wagging complicity – that he smokes heavily in supposed retaliation. The morning after Donald Trump’s election as president of the United States, a woman begins to cry furiously as soon as she sits down. When I wonder aloud if this revives memories of her own bullying, bigoted father, she shouts that she is crying about one thing and one thing only and doesn’t want to hear my boring shrink bullshit.

The present study examined if high levels of religious attendance (ORG), private religious activity (NOR), or intrinsic religiosity (SUB) buffer cardiovascular responses to active speech and anger recall lab stressors alone and by John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC) and educational attainment. A sample of 74 healthy African American males, aged 23 to 47 years, completed psychosocial surveys and a lab reactivity protocol involving active speech and anger recall with a 5-minute baseline and ensuing recovery periods. Measures of religiosity, JHAC, and education were related to continuous measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), for each task and rest period with repeated measures ANOVA tests. The period by education by JHAC interaction effect was significant for diastolic BP responses at low but not higher NOR. At low education and low NOR, diastolic BP levels increased significantly during anger recall and ensuing recovery for high but not low JHAC persons. Thus, being d...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the State Anger Subscale of Spielberger using a sample of Turkish undergraduate students aged 18 to 31 years. The scale's reliability and validity were assessed by examining its internal consistency, factor analytic structure, concurrent, and construct validity. Supporting the validity of the scale, one factor structure underlying the original form was replicated. A statistically significant relation between the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory and the Novaco Anger Scale was also found. Regarding construct validity, an experimental manipulation using anger induction and imagination revealed a significant difference between experimental and control group. Overall, the findings indicate that the State Anger Subscale is a reliable and valid assessment tool for research and clinical practice to identify angry people in Turkey.

This study examines language preferences to express anger and happiness among 15 Russian Australians belonging to the 1.5 generation, who acquired Russian as first language (L1) and English as second language (L2), after migration during childhood. While most research into these topics has focused on L1-dominant bilinguals, this study offers a novel perspective, as 1.5-generation migrants are generally L2-dominant or multidominant (L1+L2-dominant), and possibly L1 attriters. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and underwent qualitative thematic analyses. From the results it emerges that these speakers mostly express emotions in the L2 or both languages, in line with their language dominance, but their choices do not seem to relate to language emotionality, as the L1 maintains the highest emotional resonance for them. While research on multilinguals' expression of emotions has mainly focused on anger, this study calls attention to the expression of happiness, and points to the importance of L2-dominant and multidominant multilinguals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anger and anger expression styles with respect to coping with stress and interpersonal problem-solving. The participants were 468 (258 female and 210 male, between 17-30 years old) university students. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients and multiple hierarchical regression analysis were used. As a results of the study, it was found that there was a negative relationship between trait anger and problem focused coping (p Key Words Trait Anger, Anger Expression, Coping with Stress, Interpersonal Problem Solving. In daily life, individuals face different situations based on their personal relationships with others. While some of these situations express positive feelings such as happiness, smiling and laughing, some others may cause the expression of negative and undesired feelings such as anxiety, sadness, and frustration due to conflict and problems they create. These negative feelings tend to have a negative impact on an i...

Her name is Mafalda the West and she’s a converted Westfalia van, equipped with a mobile radio studio. She just got to Saint-Anne des Monts, on the Gaspé Peninsula, the first stop of a travelling survey of young people and their social anger.

For a whole year—pandemic permitting—she’ll travel throughout rural and urban Quebec and Ontario to hear the voices of young people away from education and employment.

Покрасневшее лицо, дрожащие руки, и речь, переполненная злобой и оскорблениями.
Гнев — это свойство личности более экстравертного состава ума, связанное с демонстрацией (внешней экспрессией). Когда мы говорим о гневе, то преимущественно речь идет об особенностях поведения человека, который визуально выглядит как взрывной, эмоционально неуравновешенный. Кроме того, у такого человека наблюдается низкий порог эмоциональной чувствительности. Он должен любить и хотеть проявлять свои эмоции, влиять этими эмоциями на других. А вспышка гнева — именно один из способов это делать.

Если мы говорим о вспышках гнева, то понимаем, что задействована эмоционально-волевая сфера, сфера торможения своих эмоций. При этом человек неконтролированно проявляет эмоции, которые ранее им контролировались, но по какой-то причине стали проявляться спонтанно. Произошли некие изменения в поведении, и они проявляются как вспышки, поскольку человек не может с собой совладать.

Причины гнева
Если взрослый человек теряет контроль и поэтому проявляет вспышки гнева, мы прежде всего должны понять, что именно повлияло на поведение человека, что вызвало проявления гнева, которые раньше его волевая сфера могла контролировать, а теперь нет.

Часто это связано с тем, что в детстве это был самый простой способ проявлять недовольство, со временем вошедший в привычку. У такого человека повышенный эмоциональный фон. Вообще, ему было свойственно проявлять, например, вербальную агрессию. Он любил кричать, если ему что-то не нравилось, и это воспринималось как нормальное поведение. Мой отец называет это явление "расшатанными нервами". То есть у лимбической системы человека (если уж говорить о физиологии) низкий порог чувствительности, и человек легче через него переступает, скорее склоняется к агрессивным проявлениям.

Чаще всего изменение поведения, нарастание экспрессии и эмоционального фона и неспособность себя контролировать связаны с такими четырьмя причинами.
1. Хронический бытовой стресс.
2. Боевой стресс, травматические события.
3. Воспитание, которое предполагало или поддерживало психологическую разгрузку не очень продуктивным способом для копинга.
4. Насилие в семье.