Anomie

"The Downfall of the Normative Area in the Process of Social Differentiation in Urban Space: A Review on the Movie of Three Monkeys" SineFilozofi Dergisi 4. Uluslararası Sinema ve Felsefe Sempozyumu 10-12 Aralık 2021 s.60-62 (Bildiri Özeti)
Özet
Endüstri Devrimi, üretim araçları ve ilişkilerini rasyonalize ederken kırsal alanlardan büyük kentlere doğru yaşanan göç ile modern kentler kurulmuştur. Daha iyi yaşam koşullarına sahip olmak için kentsel mekânlara yerleşen insanlar, geleneksel toplumdan farklı bir toplumsal yapıyla karşılaşmışlardır. Büyük kentlerin nüfus fazlalığı, heterojenliği ve yoğunluğu toplumsal ilişkilerin farklılaşmasına, geleneksel norm ve değer dizgelerinin yıkılarak yenilerinin yaratılmasına neden olmaktadır. Batı temelli bu mekânsal dönüşüm sürecinde Talcott Parsons’a göre toplumsal ilişkiler, yapı, sistem ve aktör kavramları bağlamında şekillenmektedir. Aktörün davranış kalıpları toplum tarafından belirlenirken bireyler toplumsal rolleri bağlamında rol performansları sergilemektedir. Toplumsal ve kültürel sistemler bireylerin davranışlarını yerleşik norm ve değer dizgeleri üzerinden tanımlarken, toplumsal farklılaşma sürecinde Robert K. Merton’a göre değişen yapı ve işlevler davranış tipolojileriyle telafi edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Kentsel mekânda yaşanan hızlı toplumsal değişme süreci anomi ve sapma davranışlarının görünürlük kazanmasına neden olmaktadır. Batılı toplumlarda endüstriyel ilişkiler temelinde şekillenen kentsel mekânların aksine Türkiye’de kentleşme süreci daha çok iç göç olgusu üzerinden tanımlanmaktadır. Özellikle 1980 sonrası dönemde kentsel mekânlar Cumhuriyet dönemindeki modernleşme paradigmasının bir kenara bırakılmasıyla neoliberal pratiklerin etkisi altına girmeye başlamıştır. Modernist kent planlamasının terkedilmesi sonucunda kentsel mekânlar eklektik ve mevzii planlar üzerinden tanımlanmaya başlamıştır. Neoliberal politikaların fiziki topoğrafya üzerinde uygulanmasıyla İstanbul başta olmak üzere büyük kentlerde banliyöleşme ve gecekondu yaşamı belirginlik kazanmıştır. Mekânsal pratiklerde yaşanan bu dönüşüm süreci aynı zamanda toplumsal alandaki insan ilişkilerini ve normatif yapıyı da dönüştürmüştür. Toplumsal ilişkilerin para ekonomisi üzerinden tanımlandığı bir dönemde İstanbul’un Fatih ilçesinin Samatya semtinde üç kişilik bir çekirdek ailenin yaşamını konu alan Üç Maymun filmi, kentin banliyösünde yaşam mücadelesi veren bir ailenin sinemasal temsilidir. Film, kentsel mekânın kapitalist dönüşüm sürecinde makro düzeyde sosyo-ekonomik ve politik dinamikler ile mikro düzeyde aktörün davranışlarına yön veren norm ve değer dizgelerinde yaşanan krizi birlikte ele almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Nuri Bilge Ceylan’ın “Üç Maymun” adlı filmi kentsel mekânda gerçekleşen toplumsal farklılaşma sürecinde bireysel düzlemde toplumsal eylemleri dönüştüren kalıp değişkenler ve davranış tipolojileri bağlamında eleştirel perspektiften ele alınmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kentsel Mekân, Neoliberalizm, Toplumsal Yapı, Anomi, Sinema.

Extended Abstract
Modern cities have emerged as a result of the differentiation of means and relations of production in Western societies through the Industrial Revolution. While the traditional social structure includes the feudal mode of production and primary social relations, secondary social relations have become prominent in urban spaces based on factory production in modern societies. Lewis Mumford states that the main factors in the new urban morphology of the industrial society consist of the factories, the railroads and the suburbs (2019: 536). The socio-economic and cultural dynamics of modernity have organized not only social space but also social relations. The interpersonal relationship patterns are reshaped in the urban area concurrently with the spatial differentiation. As the most significant representative of the structural functionalist view, Talcott Parsons underlines the concept of actor by focusing on the relations between structures and functions in the social field. Parsons, emphasizing that social actions have two basic characteristics such as being goal-oriented and being determined by certain social norms, focuses on the relationship between social system, cultural system and personality systems (1962: 6-8).
In developed Western countries, the suburbanization process has begun as urban centers became to be unattractive for residential and industrial settlements. According to Keleş, suburbs in the West originate from the desire of the wealthy classes to escape from the ecological and social pollution of the city towards new and clean neighborhoods. However, in developing countries, areas close to the town borders stand out as spaces where the masses of peasants coming to the city could find affordable land and build squatter's houses without much interference from the public administration (2017: 55-56). Such transformation process experienced in spatial practices also affected social relations. In this process, behaviors of deviation and anomie in urban areas became prominent. Robert K. Merton explains the change experienced in the social field along with the modern period with the concept of anomie by addressing it in the context of the hidden and open functions of social organization (Kongar, 2000: 162).
The industrial and post-industrial urban designs ensuing each other in the historical process in Western societies are experienced asynchronously in Turkey, especially with the effect of neoliberal policies. Through the policies initiated after the 1980 coup in Istanbul, the field of economy is being restructured in accordance with the neoliberal ideology. As industry moves out of the city, creative industries, productive services, finance and real estate sectors strengthen in Istanbul. The reproduction of space goes through a deregulation-based process rather than being holistic and comprehensive (Yalçıntan et al., 2014: 47-49). In this process, Tanıl Bora draws attention to the permeability between the products of urban culture and the provinces. While the provinces, which is in exchange with the products and images of the culture industry, encounters urban life forms, urban areas become more like provinces as a result of the migration phenomenon (2016: 39-41).
The movie named Three Monkeys (Three Monkeys, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, 2008) about the life of a nuclear family of three living in the Samatya neighborhood of the Fatih district in İstanbul at a time when the social relations are defined through the monetary economy in the capitalist transformation process of urban space. In this study, the movie referred to as Three Monkeys has been analyzed from a critical perspective by means of the Qualitative Content Analysis method, through a theoretical framework of the field, at the intersection of the social differentiation process in the urban space and the crisis in the norms and value systems that shape the behavior of the actor at the micro level.
Three Monkeys, directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan is about the events experienced by a nuclear family in the Cankurtaran neighborhood of Samatya district of Istanbul, when viewed through spatial practices. In the neighborhood that has lost its traditional structure, the movie Three Monkeys, with a story on concepts such as crime, betrayal and morality, incorporates pattern variables and behavioral typologies that transform social actions at the individual level. When the behavior patterns of the characters were examined, it is observed that the pattern variables such as emotional and non-emotional, sociability and individuality quoted by Parsons and the deviant behavior typologies of Merton such as innovation, conformity, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion take place together. While the sense of interpersonal alienation is felt through the characters in parallel with the development of the storyline as a result of the loss of the normative framework organizing the social life, anomic events come to the fore in the narrative of the film as a result of the influence of neoliberal economic structure in the social sphere.
Keywords: Urban Space, Neoliberalism, Social Structure, Anomie, Cinema.

Aims: To examine the psychosocial correlates of substance use among adolescents in six European countries. Design: Cross-sectional school population survey (ESPAD) based on standardized methodological procedures. Setting: High schools in six European countries: ...

In this article we consider the nature and implications of barriers to collaborative process learning that may occur in regional clusters. Our approach is rooted in research in interorganizational collaboration and focuses on interview-based research in photonics clusters in: Scotland and the West Midlands in the United Kingdom; Berlin-Brandenburg in Germany; and Arizona in the United States of America. From this research we develop characterizations of the barriers to collaborative process learning in clusters at three levels of analysis—the macro, micro and meso levels. We also develop an integrated conceptualization of these barriers, which reveals a difficult tension between ‘authority’ and ‘anomie’. This tension has implications for the management of process learning, but also connects with recent debate about whether learning is most helpfully understood as an individual or collective process.

Information and communication technologies provide immediate means, motivations and opportunities for cybercrime. However, deeper cultural, social and psychological developments triggered by globalisation are the root causes of such motivations and opportunities. Successful strategies to prevent cybercrime cannot focus only on technological or infrastructural defences but must address these global developments. While scientific understanding and political awareness of such causes are still limited, studies from different disciplines, including sociology, criminology and psychology, allow to detect some global criminogenic patterns and to identify the state responsibilities of national governments for failing to address them adequately. This article integrates the findings of these studies to provide a preliminary interdisciplinary theory of the global causes of cybercrime and assess what national governments can do to mitigate them.

RESUMO A presença maior ou menor do Estado na organização de uma sociedade, assim como sua total ausência, contribui de forma determinante para a fragilização do tecido social, gerando movimentações da população, à margem da lei. A omissão total ou parcial do Estado desconecta-o das aspirações da sociedade, abrindo um abismo entre povo e governo que leva a comportamentos desviantes ou mesmo criminosos, ou ambos, como manifestação, exteriorização do resultado desta rotura social, deste dito abismo. A minoração ou mesmo solução do problema perpassam não pela adoção de medidas isoladas, políticas públicas estanques, mas sim pela ruptura paradigmática da ordem vigente.
SUMMARY
The greater or lesser presence of the State in the organization of a society, as well as its total absence, contributes in a decisive way to the weakening of the social texture, generating movements of the population, outside the law. The total or partial omission of the State disconnects it from the aspirations of society, opening an abyss between people and government that leads to deviant or even criminal behavior, or both, as a manifestation, externalization of the result of this social rupture, of this abyss. The reduction or even solution of the problem pervades not by the adoption of isolated measures and public policies, but by the paradigmatic rupture of the existing order.

Punishment and the law it represents are considered to be sacred in the US. Current understandings of punishment rely on traditional notions of benevolent paternalism which has come to represent hegemonic ideology. By using privatization as a launching point, this paper is meant to address punishment in the United States as a profit making system. By viewing alienation and anomie as foundation for the existence of the criminal justice apparatus this work is meant to challenge boundaries used by many scholars as ways to understand the growth of the prison industrial complex. By beginning our understanding of punishment at the end of feudalism and serfdom, this paper highlights that at each state in its grotesque development, the criminal justice system has never truly been about justice; but instead a way to exploit labor, create anomie and alienation, while embodying the logic of capital. This has resulted in a monstrous machine presenting itself as sanctified.

This paper has the goal of discussing how the political project of Japan, based on its ideology of homogeneity, produces, on the subjectivities of the Japanese Youth, a certain limitation that can be framed as a form of Anomie. Through some narratives examined, the Japanese youth showed to be sensing a lack of possibility to fit in society. When analyzing the societal structure in Japan, the anachronism and rigidity of its job-hunting system; the curriculum of homogeneity and individuality suppression that begin in the school and echoes in society; the rigid gender roles present in the classrooms and companies; the work culture of permanent availability to the company, all become apparent as the sources of the lack of belonging perception among the youth. Due to this anomic feeling, the narratives show what can be framed as ‘politics of escaping’. Since there is a lack of imaginable structural change, the youth produce narratives of escaping this hegemonic Japan, adopting strategies of marginality (NEET, Freeter, and some counter-hegemonic sub-cultures); or even strategies of actual escape (prioritizing non-Japanese firms to work, or seeking for opportunities to live abroad. This paper, thus, argue that this strategies comes from a feeling of alienation and purposelessness within the hegemonic Japanese society, akin to Anomie. However, in this case the path to Anomie is caused not by the individuals pursuing egoistic goals rather than the good of the community. Actually, is the oppression of individuality, in the name of the group mentality and the ideology of harmony that causes this lack between what the youth is made to achieve, and the impossibility of fitting this commodified life with no appeal to individuality. Thus, the Japanese youth cannot fit in the current system and society, which explain the escape strategies adopted.

"Przedmiotem referatu jest analiza społeczeństwa polskiego w kategoriach regulacji społecznej, w tym empiryczne wyjaśnienie form i zaburzeń regulacji w różnych segmentach polskiej struktury społecznej. W warstwie teoretycznej rekonstruuję perspektywę Emila Durkheima oraz przedstawiam teorię anomii  instytucjonalnej Messnera i Rosenfelda.
Posługując się techniką modeli równań strukturalnych wskazuję, że model teorii regulacji społecznej Durkheima stanowi lepsze odzwierciedlenie założeń teoretycznych niż ten odnoszący się do teorii anomii instytucjonalnej.
Analiza wykazała, że zaburzenia regulacji społecznej najsilniej dotykają „najwyższe” i „najniższe” kategorie społeczno-zawodowe. Niskie pozycje w strukturze społecznej sprzyjają wysokiemu poziomowi fatalizmu. Wyraźnie wysoki poziom anomii charakteryzuje brygadzistów i pracowników nadzorujących pracę innych osób oraz właścicieli firm i menadżerów wyższego i średniego szczebla. Legitymizacja systemu politycznego jest pozytywnie związana z poziomem anomii i negatywnie z poziomem fatalizmu."

This study of Volkswagen’s national claim deals with the anomic dimension of globalization. Using Bourdieu’s and Durkheim’s framework of analysis, it examines the paradoxical promotion of national belonging by a transnational company. It makes three contributions: first, successful national narratives show the incompleteness of globalization which engenders anomie, the lasting divergence between people’s habitus and their environment. Second, the national claim can be regarded as a reaction to globalization as well as to its pluralizing effect. Third, in reflexive terms, durable anomie is analyzed as reinforcing the place of the national level and the state in people’s habitus.

The concept of the social construction of identities and/or crime has run through a number of the theories considered in the criminology course.  How has it arisen and do you think that the concept is a useful one for understanding the sometimes differential response to (suspected) offenders?

En este artículo se realiza un análisis hermenéutico/estético de la película "Bolívar soy yo" del director Jorge Alí Triana, orientado por la pregunta de investigación: ¿Cómo se pone en evidencia, a través de las expresiones y narraciones del cine colombiano, la presencia de rasgos de anomia social, histórica y subjetiva como elementos propios de la identidad colombiana? Se develan algunos rasgos de la anomia de los colombianos a partir de una figura emblemática como Simón Bolívar. Igualmente se muestra cómo la televisión, especialmente a través de las telenovelas, genera estereotipos y un simulacro de realidad, haciendo una versión acomodada —para incrementar el rating—, de la historia de Colombia. El objetivo que se propone es el de comprender los procesos históricos de construcción, configuración y asunción de una identidad nacional.

The objective of this paper is to explore howthe current interest in Business Ethics can be locatedwithin an analysis of contemporary society which takesinto account the prevalence of moral uncertainty along with the concomitant desire to(re)establish some form of normative order. As such,Business Ethics may be seen as a socially constructed“field” of study which reflects broaderchanges and controversies within society. Yet as a body of knowledge,Business Ethics articulates epistemological doubts. Twodistinctive themes in Business Ethics discourse areconsidered — the modernist/rationalist and thepostmodernist/relativist. It is argued that in different ways, each canbe seen as both an expression of, and a reaction to, theincreasing incidence of anomie in society. Theimplications for organizational practices are thenconsidered through the example of Corporate Codes ofEthics and the problem of establishing consensus wherethe grounds for any claim to moral authority areproblematic.

Emile Durkheim’s work concerning suicide brought forth many theories regarding the role of society in an individual’s choice to take their own life. According to Durkheim, there are several types of suicide some of which are brought about by a person’s over integration into their society and culture, while others are initiated by social isolation. While young adults were one of the groups identified by Durkheim to be at risk for taking their own lives, children and teenagers were one of the groups that had a low suicide rate (Durkheim Kindle PC location 203). This is something that has changed today and there appears to be an unusually rapid proliferation in suicides in children and teenagers over the last few decades (“About Teen”). By identifying the type of suicide that these young people are committing it may be possible to find the cause for such an increase and implement the necessary procedures to help prevent these unnecessary deaths.

“The whole conviction of my life now rests upon the belief that loneliness, far from
being a rare and curious phenomenon, is the central and inevitable fact of human
existence.”
                        Thomas Wolfe

A psychoanalytic look at aspects of Loneliness, with an emphasis on internal factors, further to those described by Melanie Klein, is presented. In particular, importance is given to Paternal Reverie as compared with Bion's concept of Maternal Reverie. Examples from literature and the TV series The West Wing are given, along with a brief clinical example.

An Emile Durkheim anknüpfend, entwickelte Robert K. Merton seit den 1930er Jahren eine Theorie der Anomie, die kulturelle Normlosigkeit und Praktiken abweichenden Verhaltens sozialstrukturell aus einer Diskrepanz kulturell vorgegebener Ziele und sozial strukturierter Mittel zur Zielerreichung erklärt. Ab den 1970er Jahren wurde Mertons Anomietheorie und das daraus entstandene Forschungsfeld der Soziologie abweichenen Verhaltens Brennpunkt innersoziologisher Kontroversen, wobei sich der Strukturfunktioanlismus auf der einen und der symbolische Interaktionismus auf der anderen Seite gegenüberstanden. Insofern übte Mertons Anomietheorie einen bahnbrechenden EInfluß nicht nur auf die Entwicklung dieses Spezialgebiets aus, sondern auf die gesamte soziologische Theoriediskussion.

Within the field of social sciences, many figures have questioned the importance of society and the individual. “Definitions allow us to handle perspectives. Perspectives, on the other hand, allow us to grasp methodologies. So, how we define something is related to how we study it and how we try to grasp it.” (Eren, 2014: 212) Following this point of view, how prominent figures such as Émile Durkheim and Georg Simmel have approached society and the individual becomes more important for the sake of this study, which proposes a theoretical discussion. It should also be noted that these figures have not been chosen randomly. Durkheim, whose sociological insights generally reflect a functionalist view and who is regarded as an advocate of positivism, is known as one of the greatest founding fathers of sociology as a discipline. Many leading figures in sociology and the social sciences derived their theoretical insights from the writings of Durkheim. He has been a pioneering sociologist regarding his contributions to the understanding of social integration, cohesion, social facts, maintenance of integrity between the individuals among societies and pathology as a function of social dynamics. Simmel, best known as a micro-sociologist, on the other hand, presents us with remarkable discussions and analyses by creating brilliant insights into the social, psychological, economic and philosophical aspects of interrelationships, personalities, individual freedom and money economy. He and Max Weber might be considered as ideal-typical founders of sociology. (Vandenberghe, 1999) In addition, “according to his core of enthusiastic devotees, Georg Simmel deserves to be ranked alongside Marx, Weber, and Durkheim in the pantheon of founding fathers. Efforts to elevate his status have been hampered by Simmel’s tendency to avoid systematic theory.” (Smith & Riley, 2009: 18) To summarize, Durkheim’s and Simmel’s substantive contributions to the analysis of society and the individual drew their works into the field of classical sociology. In the light of what is said, this chapter aims to question some of the more significant ideas that have come to form the Durkheimian and Simmelian perspectives of society and the individual with regard to “religion”, “sociability”, “deviance” and “anomie”.

The sociological study of the mental health of racial-ethnic minorities addresses issues of core theoretical and empirical concern to the discipline. This review summarizes current knowledge about minority mental health and identifies conceptual and methodological problems that continue to confront research in this field. First, a critique is presented of epidemiological approaches to the definition and measurement of mental health in general, and minority mental health in particular, including an overview of the most frequently used symptom scales and diagnostic protocols. Next, the most important research studies conducted over the past two decades are summarized and discussed, and comparisons of prevalence rates and correlates of depressive symptomatology among Black, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian ethnic groups are provided. Following the overview of descriptive epidemiological findings, some key analytic issues surrounding the study of stress, adaptation and minority mental health are considered. Finally, we propose various recommendations for future research.

Societies in the current postmodern world are challenged by the loss of a transcendent source of values, morality, meaning, and hope.

UPDATE: This is being used to help vulnerable young Muslims in Britain to prevent their radicalization.

The contributors to The Anomie of the Earth explore the convergences and resonances between Autonomist Marxism and decolonial thinking. In discussing and rejecting Carl Schmitt's formulation of the nomos—a conceptualization of world order based on the Western tenets of law and property—the authors question the assumption of universal political subjects and look towards politics of the commons divorced from European notions of sovereignty. They contrast European Autonomism with North and South American decolonial and indigenous conceptions of autonomy, discuss the legacies of each, and examine social movements in the Americas and Europe. Beyond orthodox Marxism, their transatlantic exchanges point to the emerging categories disclosed by the collapse of the colonial and capitalist frameworks of Western modernity.

Esta investigación analiza cómo la trata de personas fue convirtiéndose en un símbolo que representa el deterioro cosificado de los Derechos Humanos en Bolivia. Esto significa que cualquier delincuente relacionado con la venta de personas, el ejercicio del proxenetismo o los hombres que buscan su satisfacción sexual aprovechándose de la trata, han reducido toda consideración humana al estatus de una cosa u objeto que puede ser comerciado en el mercado, no solamente como una mercancía más, sino con el aditamento de evitar que la ley y el accionar del Estado protejan los derechos de las víctimas de este delito. El deterioro cosificado de los Derechos Humanos es una demostración de dominación de los delincuentes que creyéndose fuertes, miran a los débiles como cosas manipulables e inferiores, apareciendo así una tendencia horrenda hacia el ejercicio moderno de la esclavitud. La trata de personas es un delito de discriminación y lesa humanidad, el cual contiene varios aspectos pero, básicamente, se refiere a la comercialización de los seres humanos, ya sean hombres, mujeres o niños donde se evidencia una sistemática crueldad con diferentes tipos de violencia. En varias situaciones, dicha comercialización abre el paso para desbaratar diferentes mecanismos de trata, desde la captación de personas hasta el transporte, acogida o recepción de las víctimas.

In this paper, I argue that Robert King Merton’s Strain theory combined with Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association theory are necessary for explaining why the manosphere is used by some men because of the use of adaptations to anomie, and how the deviant subcultures form through learned behaviour / radicalization. In finding support for their toxic masculinity, some men find themselves in the manosphere where they share their anti-feminist narratives, anger towards women, and lament on how social structures affect their hegemony.

(Un)Making Europe: Capitalism, Solidarities, Subjectivities, the 13th European Sociological Association Conference, Hellenic Sociological Society, Athens, Greece; Panteion University of Social & Political Sciences, Athens, Greece and Harokopio University, Athens, Greece, (20170829-20150901). ”(Un)Making Europe: Anomie in Intelligence and Operational Police and Border Guard Work in the Baltic Sea Area”. Available online: https://www.conftool.pro/esa2017/index.php?page=browseSessions&form_session=1090


Émile Durkheim’s sociological term ‘anomie,’ which indicates normlessness or a state of norm resolution, is the theme of this ethnographic study. The purpose is to analyze how intelligence and operational personnel in the various border authorities in Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania describe the category “Russian criminals” and which discursive patterns cooperate with the construction of the category “norm-dissolving Russian.” Multiple forms of empirical material were analyzed in this study: observations and photographs taken during the field work (718 field hours), interviews (73), documents produced by intelligence and operative personnel, and media coverage concerning intelligence and operative actions. This ethnography explains how police and border guards in the Baltic Sea area reinforce in-group bonds, develop a professional identity, and come to understand the moral aims of their work: by contrasting themselves against the constructed threat of Russian criminals, spies, and military invaders.
Intelligence and operational police and border guard work is a practice in which the work from the first moment is characterized by an abstract threat, justified by considering that the stability of society can be transformed into instability if crime is not fought. Police officers and border guards in this study are constructed as key figures in the struggle to prevent the resolution and preserve the current state of society, which is portrayed as stable and better – at least if we speak with intelligence and operative police officers and border guards. From time to time, a “criminal” from Russia has a key role in the performance of law enforcement’s fluctuating morality, with the threat of norm resolution coming from Russia and attenuation of the threat based on the representation of effective law enforcement. The media reporting on intelligence and operations, as well as the documentation that was created by the authorities involved in the fight against crime in the Baltic Sea area, call out the “criminals” from Russia by their absence. The media report on syndicates from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania who commit crimes in Sweden and Finland. In documents created by the intelligence and operational personnel, it is reported that more than 700 individuals had been suspected or convicted of a crime in any of the European countries. Most are citizens of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The picture presented in the interviews is different. Actors in this study produce Russians as the leading criminals in the Baltic region. Russian criminals are represented as organizers and leading figures in various types of crime. An informant’s story is constructing a symbolic reality where law-abiding and conventional actors strive to maintain stability in the normative order, in this case referring to the crime that comes from Russia. This reality is partly an expression of fear and solidarity against norm resolution in the form of crime from Russia, and expressions of social development that raise the need for a contra-group to strengthen feelings of solidarity in the norm-stable societies. The identity-based symbolism that informants are constructing in their stories is based on the current and stable normative state of society.

Nihilism poses grave problems for those who seek directives to lead their lives. In this article, the three most important ways to deal with nihilism are inquired, with an emphasis on their credibility. Both nihilism from a metaphysical perspective and the emphasis on pleasure from nihilistic considerations are given attention. The acceptance of nihilism can have far-reaching consequences, which are evaluated at various points. Nietzsche’s approach must also be considered. He accepts what he calls a sort of nihilism, but as a means to ‘new’ values. This alternative to nihilism is examined no less critically than the other two stances.

This paper critically reviews the current status of the concept of distance in human geography in order to argue that recent experimentally-driven work in construal-level theory offers ample opportunities for recasting distance as a key geographical trope. After analysing the four entangled dimensions of distance revealed by construal-level theory (spatial distance; temporal distance; social distance; and hypothetical distance), the paper articulates this research program from experimental psychology with geographical work on non-representational theory, geographical imaginations/imaginative geographies, learning as a geographical process, TimeSpace theorizing, and ontogenetic understandings of space. It is argued that the subjective understanding of distance afforded by construal-level theory can rescue distance from its entrenched association with positivistic geography and spatial analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018

The novel Rabia (2004)—translated as Rage in 2009—by the Argentinian writer Sergio Bizzio is marked by the protagonist’s significant outbursts of violence. It is a violence that follows, not illogically, from not only being socially and economically marginalized within the social order but also from being humiliated by social subjects in the positions of power to do so. However, this novel is not simply a reflection of circumstances that lead up to violent acts. It is illustrative of the violence inherent in human psycho-ontology but, more importantly, it is emblematic of this violence as determined by the ontological structuring of social life within capitalist modernity. This chapter will explore how modern society isolates and amplifies human violence, specifically in the case of Argentina. In an attempt to comprehend and reveal the dynamic forces at play in the acts of violence represented in Rabia, I will draw primarily from Jungian depth psychology.

Rakstā aplūkots būtisks Latvijas 19. gadsimta vēstures fenomens – jaunlatvieši un viņu loma modernā laikmeta tapšanas procesos. Secināts, ka jaunlatviešiem bija ievērojama nozīme latviešu nacionālās identitātes radīšanā. Tās tapšana risināja sociālo krīzi, ko radīja sociālo un saimniecisko pārmaiņu izraisītā anomija, un ļāva latviešiem iemantot modernajam laikmetam atbilstīgas kolektīvās un individuālās identitātes. Rakstā iztirzāta jaunlatviešu radītā latviešu nācijas teorētiskā koncepcija, nacionālie simboli un rituāli, kā arī latviešu nacionālās dzīves norises 19. gadsimta 50.–80. gados. Atslēgvārdi: jaunlatvieši, latvieši, nacionālā identitāte, anomija, nacionālie simboli, nacionālie rituāli

Today, no sense of legitimacy sustains Iraq as a state; no sovereignty controls the people within the country. This study introduces and develops the concept of “sociocide” in order to account for why the current social system in Iraq cannot establish social order. Sociocide is the killing of the social encompassing all matters pertaining to society, e.g., group solidarity, ethnic, racial, and gender identity, state institutions, and the self-consciousness of the individual when taking the role of another or the generalized other. Since sociocide may not describe something that empirically exists in history, this study develops the notion as a Weberian ideal type. Has the society of Iraq been fatally wounded? While we are skeptical as to whether sociocide has truly taken place, we use the concept to describe the war in Iraq and analyze the sociological significance of its character.

Many horror films of the 1960s played upon themes of societal collapse and anomie. These narratives resonated with audiences who had experienced a social collapse of extraordinary proportions, as Japan had rapidly transitioned from an imperial giant into a devastated wasteland in the space of a few short years. Exemplary of this trend is Matango (1963), which was released in the United States under the title Attack of the Mushroom People. The American title gives one the sense that the film is yet another campy B movie in the atomic horror sub-genre, rather than a biting commentary on contemporary Japan and the crushing rhythms of Japanese capitalism.

Though Durkheim argued that strong social relationships protect individuals from suicide, we posit that these relationships have the potential to increase individuals’ vulnerability when they expose them to suicidality. Using three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we evaluate whether new suicidal thoughts and attempts are in part responses to exposure to the suicide attempts of role models, specifically friends and family. We find that the suicide attempts of role models do in fact trigger new suicidal thoughts and in some cases attempts, even after significant controls are introduced.  Moreover, we find that these effects fade with time, that girls are more vulnerable to them than boys, and that the relationship to the role model—for teenagers at least—matters. Friends appear to be more salient role models for both boys and girls. Our findings suggest that exposure to suicidal behaviors in significant others may teach individuals new ways to deal with emotional distress, namely by becoming suicidal. This reinforces the idea that the structure – and content – of social networks conditions their role in preventing suicidality. Specifically, social ties can be conduits of not just social support, but also anti-social behaviors, like suicidality.

This review examines the most frequently cited sociological theories of crime and delinquency. The major theoretical perspectives are presented, beginning with anomie theory and the theories associated with the Chicago School of Sociology. They are followed by theories of strain, social control, opportunity, conflict, and developmental life course. The review concludes with a conceptual map featuring the inter-relationships and contexts of the major theoretical perspectives.

إن محور الاهتمام الرئيسي لهذه الدراسة هو البحث في عمليتي التغير والتحول اللتين شهدهما الخطاب الوطني الفلسطيني منذ سنة 1948 حتى السنوات الأخيرة (الإطار الزمني لهذه الدراسة هو 1948-2010) كما تجلتا في الأعمال الأدبية، ولا سيما في الروايات، وذلك في محاولة لفهمهما. بعبارة أُخرى: إن هذا الكتاب محاولة لفهم القوى الأساسية التي طورت خطاب الفلسطينيين، من خطاب تحرري استقلالي إلى خطاب مدني في سياق المواطنة الإسرائيلية. ولا يوفر علم الاجتماع المتعلق بالفلسطينيين المواطنين في إسرائيل فهماً كافياً فيما يتعلق بالتحولات الداخلية للمجتمع الفلسطيني، لأنه يركز في مجمله (في العقود الأخيرة تحديداً) على بنيوية العلاقة بين إسرائيل والمواطنين الفلسطينيين. فدراسة بنية هذه العلاقة تطلعنا على طبيعة إسرائيل أكثر مما تطلعنا على الهوية الفلسطينية والتحولات التي طرأت عليها. لذا نحن بحاجة إلى مؤشر داخلي، أو إلى نظرة من الداخل، فيما خص دراسة المجتمع الفلسطيني. وتأتي هذه الدراسة لتشكل خطوة في اتجاه ملء هذا الفراغ، ذلك بأنها ستتعامل مع الهوية الفلسطينية من وجهة نظر فلسطينية. ويشكل التحليل الأدبي وسيلة ناجعة لتحقيق هذا الهدف، لأنه يمكننا من الكشف عن جوانب في الهوية الوطنية والتطلعات التي يصعب الوصول إليها من خلال أساليب أو مناهج بحثية أُخرى. وبكلمات أُخرى: تأخذ هذه الدراسة بعين الاعتبار العلاقات المعقدة والترابط بين مجمل التحولات الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية والثقافية في السلوك البشري، وبالتالي في تشكيل الهوية.

In what theoretical framework could collective commitment be explained and analysed? What encouraged committed participation in recent Romanian social movements? In this paper I claim that certain moral forms of understanding civic life are preconditions for manifesting responsible, willed social actions. Minimal consensus of value is indispensable. Spontaneous solidarity is, of course, possible and probable, but often as an indicator of anomie. I suggest that in urban Romania recent protesting contexts (2015-2019) are far more complex than thought and may need a broader and denser set of theoretical frames. I will show that anomic societies become more vulnerable precisely in the areas where consensual values appear more prominently, and I will make an attempt to explain why. I will conclude that, although most of us assume that anomie breaks communality, it is not necessarily the communality that anomie breaks; what anomie destroys is the relevant shared knowledge on the situations people engage in, particularly, genuine consensus. When social and health crisis arise, the impact on already frail communities is tremendous at all levels asking for urgent anxiety buffers and firing up a new kind of sentimentalised consensus rooted in a mystical and mystifying Rousseauian General Will rather than in authentic solidarity.

Deviance and anomie have a special place in my heart. When I was in my mid-twenties, I had developed a severe case of agoraphobia and dissociation to the point of catatonia. Overwhelmed by series of traumatic events came a tipping point where there was no room to compartmentalize a single thing. Involuntarily, I plunged into unknown territory with no sign of safety in sight. Is this pathology or is it a series of deception and blindness coming to light?

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich theoretisch mit der Wechselwirkung zwischen Desintegration und psychischer Belastung geflüchteter Menschen in der Schweiz. Flucht als globales Phänomen prägt gegenwärtige Gesellschaften und individuelle Lebenslagen. Die Biografien geflüchteter Menschen weisen prä-, peri- und postmigratorische Stressoren auf: Belastungsfaktoren, die vor, während oder nach der Flucht auftreten. Die Arbeit fokussiert postmigratorische Stressoren, da zahlreiche Studien auf die Vernachlässigung psychisch belastender Verhältnisse in den Aufnahmegesellschaften hinweisen und
diese Perspektive gehaltvoll für die sozialarbeiterische Praxis ist. Sozialarbeiterisches Handeln ist sowohl dem Individuum in der Bewältigung negativer Auswirkungen psychischer Belastung, als auch
der Förderung gesellschaftlicher Verhältnisse, welche zur psychischen Gesundheit beitragen, verpflichtet. Dieser Anspruch wird in der Arbeit durch die Bearbeitung der Wechselwirkung zwischen Desintegration und psychischer Belastung verfolgt. Es wird der Forschungsfrage nachgegangen, welche Handlungsmöglichkeiten für die Soziale Arbeit aus einer Analyse der Wechselwirkung zwischen Desintegration und psychischer Belastung geflüchteter Menschen durch postmigratorische Stressoren entstehen. Die Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns nach Jürgen Habermas und der Bielefelder Desintegrationsansatz nach Heitmeyer et al. dienen je als Analyse-Modelle. Grundlagen zum Fluchtphänomen, zur Situation geflüchteter Menschen in der Schweiz und zu relevanten Faktoren psychischer Gesundheit werden aufgezeigt. Die
kommunikationstheoretische Analyse ermöglicht, Desintegrationserscheinungen in den Lebenswelten geflüchteter Menschen als Folge von Störungen im verständigungsorientierten Handeln zu begreifen. Entlang des Modells wird klar, wie sich diese Störungen (Krisen) auf das subjektive Erleben und die gesellschaftliche Stellung geflüchteter Menschen auswirken und so auf verschiedenen Ebenen psychisch belastend für das betroffene Individuum sein können.
Mit der thematisch angepassten Bielefelder Analyse wird Desintegration als Modernisierungsphänomen auf geflüchtete Menschen bezogen, um deren Betroffenheit von Desintegration auf mehreren Ebenen zu beschreiben. Die Analyse weist auf, dass die Krisenerscheinungen zu psychischer Belastung führen, die wiederum durch kognitive Verarbeitung des Individuums, in Abhängigkeit der Faktoren psychischer Gesundheit, desintegrationsverstärkende Verhaltensweisen bewirken kann. Die beiden Analysen bringen unterschiedliche Zusammenhänge in Bezug auf Aspekte der untersuchten Wechselwirkung hervor. Die Auseinandersetzung mit den entsprechenden Analyseergebnissen lassen
auf der Handlungsebene in unterschiedlichem Masse Ansätze wie der transkulturellen Kompetenz, Gefässe der Verständigungsorientierung, Sozialpsychiatrie, Sensibilisierung- und Projektarbeit, partizipative Möglichkeitsräume sowie gesellschaftspolitisches Engagement durch die Soziale Arbeit ableiten.