Apples

This paper analyzes the LL in the city of Bautzen / Budyšin in Germany, a town which is frequently considered the “capital” of the Slavonic minority of the Sorbs. It focuses on the societal role of Sorbian in relation to practices and ideologies of mainstream German society. The vast majority of signs in Bautzen / Budyšin are in German only. Sorbian is essentially restricted to explicitly Sorbian institutions and to local and regional administration. Interviews conducted in shops and on the streets reveal that paternalistic attitudes common to perceptions of language policies and minority languages in Germany dominate; practices maintain the common monolingual habitus in German society. Members of the majority population show little awareness of Sorbian issues, and Sorbian signage is seen as a generous gesture but considered essentially unnecessary. Only in most recent times, a reaction by the Sorbian community has challenged these practices and attitudes.

Since 2007, an orchard of old fruit varieties has been developed at the village of Kojsko in the Goriška Brda region, designed by Gregor Božič, a young film director. It is conceived as a genetic bank, which enables preservation and dissemination of indigenous fruit varieties. It currently comprises about a hundred and fifty standard-size trees of various ages (from seventy to three years) and over a hundred varieties of cherries, apricots, figs, peaches, plums, pears and apples. Deliberately selected old varieties that are fairly resistant to diseases and have commercially interesting characteristics have been planted. The orchard, where all the trees have identifying labels, has been developed with the encouragement of two international projects: with the financial support of the Swiss contribution to the enlarged European Union and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. The results of the project are two publications: the brochure Stare sadne sorte na Goriškem (Old fruit varieties in the Goriško region, in two parts) and the illustrated book Sadje sonca: bogastvo starih briških sadnih sort (The Fruits of the Sun: the Wealth of Old Fruit Varieties in Goriška Brda).

The apple (Malus domestica [Suckow] Borkh.) is one of the most economically and culturally significant fruits in the world today, and it is grown in all temperate zones. With over a thousand landraces recognized, the modern apple provides a unique case study for understanding plant evolution under human cultivation. Recent genomic and archaeobotanical studies have illuminated parts of the process of domestication in the Rosaceae family. Interestingly, these data seem to suggest that rosaceous arboreal crops did not follow the same pathway toward domestication as other domesticated, especially annual, plants. Unlike in cereal crops, tree domestication appears to have been rapid and driven by hybridization. Apple domestication also calls into question the concept of centers of domestication and human intentionality. Studies of arboreal domestication also illustrate the importance of fully understanding the seed dispersal processes in the wild progenitors when studying crop origins. Large fruits in Rosaceae evolved as a seed-dispersal adaptation recruiting megafaunal mammals of the late Miocene. Genetic studies illustrate that the increase in fruit size and changes in morphology during evolution in the wild resulted from hybridization events and were selected for by large seed dispersers. Humans over the past three millennia have fixed larger-fruiting hybrids through grafting and cloning. Ultimately, the process of evolution under human cultivation parallels the natural evolution of larger fruits in the clade as an adaptive strategy, which resulted in mutualism with large mammalian seed dispersers (disperser recruitment).

Antioxidant activities of extract obtained from Malus pumila (Granny smith Apples) was investigated. Invitro antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by five methods: scavenging effect on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical), scavenging effect on ABTS•+  (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation), ability to reduce ferric tripyridyltriazine complex [Fe3+-TPTZ] to coloured ferrous tripyridyltriazine [Fe2+-TPTZ] complex, scavenging effect on hydrogen peroxide radical and ascorbic acid content of the sample. The extract possessed significant antioxidant activity when compared with antioxidant standard, ascorbic acid used in the assay, at lower concentrations (10µl/ml and 20µl/ml). It was however not able to scavenge hydrogen peroxide as efficiently as the standard, ascorbic acid, used. The high antioxidant activity of the apple extract at low concentration shows that it could be very useful for the treatment of ailments resulting from oxidative stress.

Human migrations often lead phytonyms to be repurposed over time to suit differences in local plant communities. This is particularly true of plants that have great cultural importance. In this article evidence from several Indo-European branches is marshalled to reconstruct a basic Early PIE phytonym *meh₂l-, from which a range of derived stems diverged in the descendant languages to refer to plants as diverse as the apple, mallow, pomegranate, mango, ivy, and grapevine. Internal reconstruction of *meh₂l- is undertaken to hypothesise its origin in a cryptonym *móh₂-l-s (genitive *méh₂-l-s) 'growing or fruitful one', one of a very small class of Early PIE l-stems.

The four living Kartvelian languages preserve a rich, largely inherited suite of terms for cultivated fruit trees. But many identifiable Indo-European loans are present even at the level of Kartvelian unity, which leads one to wonder to what extent intercultural exchanges may be responsible for this rich Kartvelian fruit-tree terminology. Here I propose an etymological connection between Proto-Kartvelian names for the medlar and the domestic pear, and suggest that both arise from a borrowing of Late PIE *(s)h₂éml- ‘apple, tree fruit’. I close by discussing this etymology’s implications for the chronology of IE-Kartvelian contact, and for the phonetics of the PIE laryngeal *h₂.

The present article is a sequel to a previous paper studying the circulation and possible borrowings of a literary (some would say "mythical") motif around the ancient Mediterranean world: that of the marvellous fruits growing in a magical garden, out of the reach of mere mortals. This paper follows up on the construction and reuses of this motif of heavenly "apples" in the Latin and Christian world, from the Late Antiquity up until during the Middle Ages, with a focus on its presence in the description of otherworldly islands  and particularly in the Irish  stories concerning travels (immrama) and adventures (echtrai) in the Otherworld.

Starting April 2016, this article is access-free and downloadable throught the University of Geneva's Open archive website (see the link under the article's title).

Since 2007, an orchard of old fruit varieties has been developed at the village of Kojsko in the Goriška Brda region, designed by Gregor Božič, a young film director. It is conceived as a genetic bank, which enables preservation and dissemination of indigenous fruit varieties. It currently comprises about a hundred and fifty standard-size trees of various ages (from seventy to three years) and over a hundred varieties of cherries, apricots, figs, peaches, plums, pears and apples. Deliberately selected old varieties that are fairly resistant to diseases and have commercially interesting characteristics have been planted. The orchard, where all the trees have identifying labels, has been developed with the encouragement of two international projects: with the financial support of the Swiss contribution to the enlarged European Union and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. The results of the project are two publications: the brochure Stare sadne sorte na Goriškem (Old fruit varieties in the Goriško region, in two parts) and the illustrated book Sadje sonca: bogastvo starih briških sadnih sort (The Fruits of the Sun: the Wealth of Old Fruit Varieties in Goriška Brda).

Apple varieties boom and bust as the vogue for new flavors cycle through the market. Dwarfing rootstocks, an old but freshly blossoming orchard technology, allows growers to intervene in trees in new ways and keep up with shifts in consumer demand. They cultivate customization in apple orchards and facilitate emerging neoliberal trends in food systems. However, the rootstocks do more than entrench actors further into the whims of the market—they also shape economic agency in ways that have multiple expressions. Drawing on work on actor-networks and assemblages, this paper considers how technologies play a role in contemporary food politics through their material characteristics and the performances they inspire. Using apple production in the American Midwest as a case study, this paper discusses the ways that rootstock technologies both reproduce current power structures and conventional organizational forms in food, while providing a platform for an alternative type of assemblage. In doing so, it contributes theoretically to conversations about the role of materials in economic politics and substantively to an optimistic vision of the future of food.

The aim of this article is to show how automatic morphological tools originally used to analyze native speaker data can be applied to process data from a learner corpus of Hungarian. We collected written data from 35 students majoring in Hungarian studies at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. The data were analyzed by magyarlanc, a sentence splitter, morphological analyzer, POS-tagger and dependency parser, which found 667 unknown word forms. We investigated the recommendations made by the Hungarian spellchecker hunspell for these unknown words and the correct forms were manually chosen. It was found that if the first suggestion made by hunspell was automatically accepted, an accuracy score of 82% could be attained. We also introduce our automatic error tagger, which makes use of our annotation scheme developed on the basis of the special characteristics of Hungarian morphology and learner language, and which is able to reliably locate and label morphological errors.

A comparative study regarding standard fruit quality measurements (fruit mass, firmness, soluble solids concentration, starch conversion rate and Streif index) and acoustic properties (resonant frequency, peak width, resonant frequency/peak width ratio and stiff ness) were conducted in ‘Gloster’ apples during two seasons. The findings obtained indicate no significant differences between seasons in studied quality parameters as well as in acoustic properties. The fruits were characterized with unusual high mass and high variation in resonant frequency and peak width, especially in season-I. In about 50% of examined fruit, the acoustic signal was not typical with one clearly visible peak, and appeared with two or, in few cases, even three peaks that were sometimes of similar height. The fruit mass was negatively
correlated with resonant frequency, but correlation coeffi cient was lower in season-I and less significant than in season-II. Correlation coefficient between fruit mass and peak width was the same in both seasons. Although positive correlation existed between fruit mass and resonant frequency/peak ratio in both seasons, correlation coefficient in season-I was higher and more signifi cant than in season-II. Correlation between fruit mass and stiff ness existed only in season-II. Resonant frequency
was positively correlated with peak width only in season-I. Stiff ness was positively correlated with Streif index and peak width only in season-II. Th ough not significant, higher variations in acoustic properties than standard quality measurements still indicate some usefulness of acoustic impulse method for determination of fruit quality of ‘Gloster’ apple. However, further research is needed to elucidate the significance of individual acoustic parameters and their relation to fruit quality.

Forthcoming (2016). This paper argues that the biology of apples and the gradients of redness they produce has influenced the development of the apple industry. Total redness is idealized and participates in a utopian supermarket colourscape, but can only be approached in production and never fully realised. The resulting striving towards an ideal aesthetic has become a dominant industry logic, unwound the moment its easily practically achievable.

This essay is accompanied by more than 100 images if it is accessed on the web.  It describes Caburgua, Chile during the period 1965-1968 when the area was an isolated, but fascinating community of three principle ethnicities: Mapuche, Chileno, and German.  These groups worked together to build schools, improve roads, and improve agriculture.  Today this community is a tourist destination, but one built on the efforts of the generation which struggled to improve their lives in the 1960s.

Prezentacija prinaša zgodbe o Luciju Columelli, Ivanu Bolletu, potopisu Jožefa Levičnika, sadovnjaku v Morskem pri Kanalu, petoralih in pituralkah, sušenju sadja na premog, oljkarstvu od pozebe do obnove, destileriji Capovilla, knjigah Stare sadne sorte na Goriškem in Sadje sonca ter sadovnjaku Pod skalco.

Садовский А.С., Соколов И.А. Не чаем единым… Несколько слов о напитках дочайной эпохи [Текст, изображения] // Кофе & Чай в России: деловой журнал, №4 (114) за 2014 г. – С. 30 – 34.
Sadowski A.S., Sokolov I.A. Not only tea ... A few words about drinks before-tea era // Coffee & Tea in Russia: business magazine, # 4 (114) for the 2014. – PP. 30 – 34.

Mating disruption for control of variegated leafroller (VLR), Platynota flavedana (Clemens), tufted apple bud moth (TBM), P. ideausalis Walker, and redbanded leafroller (RBL), Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), was studied in Virginia apple orchards in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, each dispenser (1000/ha) contained 190 mg of 67.2% E11-14:Ac, 28.8% Z11-14:Ac, 1.4% E11-14:OH, 0.6% Z11-14:OH, and 2% Z9-12:Ac (a putative generic leafroller disruption blend). Trap captures of VLR, TBM and RBL were reduced by 97%, 51% and 55%, respectively. Average leafroller injury in the interior and edge of the pheromone block was 3.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The conventional control and abandoned blocks had 0.05 and 27.5% injury, respectively. Dispensers containing E11-14:OH (70% ) and Z11-14:OH (30%) (close to the natural blend of VLR), more effectively disrupted orientation to pheromone traps by both Platynota spp. than did the generic blend. In 1990, dispensers containing 150 mg of E11-14:OH (70%) and ZI 1-14:OH (1000/ha) were placed in two 2-ha blocks and one 4-ha block. One pheromone-treated block was sprayed in August with phosmet for codling moth, not timed for leafrollers. Trap captures of VLR and TBM were reduced by almost 100% and 69%, respectively. RBL captures were not reduced by VLR pheromone permeation. Injury from Platynota spp. in pheromone block middles and edges ranged from 0.3-1.7% and 0.3-2.3%, respectively. Injury in conventional blocks ranged from 0-1.1%. RBL injury in pheromone block middles ranged from 0-6.1%, and in edges, 1.7-4.8%. Injury in control blocks ranged from 0-1.1%. Combined leafroller injury in an abandoned block was 18% (s.e. 0.3). Release rates averaged 30 and 32 mg/ha/h for the VLR and generic pheromone dispensers, respectively.

Crab apple (Malus baccata (L.) Borkh) has been cultivated throughout Europe as an ornamental plant, but the nutritional properties
of its edible fruits were not fully revealed. The aim of the current study was to characterize the phytochemical composition of ripen
crab apple fruits and to evaluate their nutritional and antioxidant potentials. The fruits were assayed for moisture, ash, protein, lipid,
carbohydrate content, titratable acidity, pH, total phenolic compounds and natural pigments. Among the analyzed carbohydrates
cellulose was found in the highest content (6% dw), followed by sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and 1.8 % dw uronic acids.
The total chlorophylls and carotenoid contents in their fruits were 6.51 and 4.80 μg/g fw, respectively. Total monomeric
anthocyanins were not detected. The highest content of total phenolic compounds (2.67 mg GAE/g fw) was found in 95 % ethanol
extract from fruits, while the total flavonoids were relatively low – 0.1 mg QE/g fw. DPPH assay (17.27 mM TE/g fw) and FRAP
assay (14.34 mM TE/g fw) demonstrated in vitro antioxidant activities of crab apple. Malus baccata fruits were evaluated as a rich
source of dietary fibers and phenolic compounds with significant antioxidant potential that could be used in human nutrition.

Da bi vsaj v obrisih ugotovili, katere sadne sorte so na Goriškem obstajale in kje se nahajajo drevesa z uporabnimi cepiči različnih starih sort, smo v letih 2012 in 2013 izvedli pilotno terensko raziskavo, ki naj bi dala približno sliko stanja in bila tudi podlaga za bolj sistematične in obširnejše nadaljnje raziskave. Prvi del terenske raziskave je potekal individualno, in sicer najprej s preučevanjem tuje in slovenske (predvsem starejše) literature, potem pa z obiskovanjem posameznih vasi, iskanjem informatorjev in opazovanjem starih sadovnjakov. Predvsem nekateri starejši sadjarji so bili dragocen vir podatkov, ki so omogočali širjenje kroga informatorjev, preverjanje že dobljenih informacij o starih sadnih sortah, njihovih značilnostih in možnostih uporabe, predvsem pa tudi nabiranje cepičev za vzgojo dreves v matičnem sadovnjaku. Pri drugem delu terenske raziskave so sodelovali predvsem dijaki Biotehnične šole iz Šempetra pri Novi Gorici, Škofijske gimnazije iz Vipave in Srednje ekonomske in trgovske šole iz Nove Gorice, njim pa se je pridružilo še nekaj posameznikov. Naloga popisovalcev je bila, da v posamezni vasi poiščejo starejšega informatorja, poznavalca starih sort, skupaj z njim izpolnijo vprašalnik in ga v določenem roku oddajo svojemu učitelju. Informacije o starih sadnih sortah so bile zbrane v naslednjih petdesetih naseljih (največ iz Goriških Brd in Vipavske doline) Sledila je analiza, ki je prinesla zanimivo sliko ohranjenosti in nekdanje razprostranjenosti starih sort na Goriškem. Najprej se je pokazalo, da ima lahko ista sadna sorta več različnih imen (npr. pastorjevka ali rončarca ali zimka), isto ime pa ne pomeni nujno tudi iste sorte. V Brdih so npr. uspevale štrnivke, rdeče-rumene drobnejše jesenske hruške, ki so jih sušili na soncu in izvažali celo na Dunaj, vendar so se z leti izgubile. Štrnivka je bila po popisu najdena tudi v Čadrgu, in sicer gre za staro drevo, ki pa ima drobne zeleno-rumene poletne hruške, podobne tepkam. Šele dodatna terenska raziskava, pri kateri bi si v vseh obdelanih naseljih ogledali posamezna drevesa in preučili njihove sadeže, bi omogočila zanesljivo določiti različna poimenovanja za isto sadno sorto. Največ starih sort smo našli pri hruškah (okoli devetdeset), jablanah (okoli petdeset), češnjah (okoli petintrideset), figah (okoli trideset) in breskvah (okoli petindvajset). Našli smo še okoli petnajst sort sliv in le osem sort marelic. Te razlike v številu sort so razumljive, in sicer zato, ker so sveže in posušene hruške nekoč gotovo predstavljale najpomembnješe prehransko dopolnilo, ker so sorte hrušk po času zrelosti razporejene od zgodnjih poletnih do poznih jesenskih in ker hruškova drevesa lahko dosežejo zelo visoko starost. Podobno je pričakovano veliko število sort jablan, čeprav se ta po življenjski dobi dreves ne morejo meriti s hruškami. Po drugi strani so češnje po času dozorevanja omejene na dober mesec, drevesa marelic in breskev pa propadejo že po nekaj desetletjih.

The report outlines the basic findings from my dissertation on "club apples" or "managed apple varieties." These are apple varieties that are owned through a patent and managed cooperatively by a group of growers. The projects report briefly discusses three findings: 1) Grades in the apple industry privilege large red apples. As a result, for bi-coloured and medium-sized apples that become popular, trees are selected that produce apples leaning towards those idealised characteristics. Over time, the resulting aesthetic homogeneity drives competition up and the price of apples down. Club apples can be seen as a new way that varieties are being mobilised as a response to these devaluing processes. 2) Dwarfing technologies in the apple industry may increase diversity within an orchard and between orchards, and this (somewhat) challenges conventional notions of intensification in agriculture and its possible effects. 3) Supermarkets are orienting themselves to various styles of consumers. The growth of experience-shopping shapes how apples are narrowly sorted into aesthetic categories for different retail outlets, influencing what is visible and made meaningful for consumers.

Prezentacija prinaša oris razvoja sadjarstva na Goriškem od druge polovice 19. stoletja do danes, predstavitev prednosti ekološkega sadjarstva in prikaz značilnosti sadovnjaka Pod skalco v Brdih. Poudarjene so dejavnosti primorskih sadjarskih strokovnjakov, od Riharda Dolenca (Podnanos) in Ivana Bolleta (Prosek), Josipa Rustje (Skrilje) in Justa Ušaja (Plače) do Gregorja Božiča (Šempeter), vključno s predstavitvijo njihovih publikacij.

‘SJM44’ (St-Jean Morden 44) is a new
dwarfing rootstock resulting from a cross
made in 1960 between Malus baccata
‘Nertchinsk’ and ‘M.9’ (‘Malling 9’, clonal
selection of Paradis jaune de Metz). It was
developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada Horticulture Research and Development
Center, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec.
It produces trees smaller than ‘Malling 26’
(‘M.26’) but larger than ‘Malling 9’ (‘M.9’)
(Table 1). It was released because of its
infrequent burr knots and freedom from root
suckers compared with ‘M.9’ (Table 1), superior
hardiness (Khanizadeh et al., 2000),
ease of propagation, and better yield efficiency
(Table 2).
‘SJM44’ was among 56 hybrid seedlings
of ‘Nertchinsk’ · ‘M.9’ to which ‘McIntosh
VC309’ was budded in 1971 and planted in
1974 at Frelighsburg, Quebec, where it was
evaluated until 1984 for hardiness, tree size,
and efficiency (Granger et al., 1991) along
with other selected SJP84 and SJM series
(Khanizadeh et al., 2005). ‘SJM44’ was
planted in 1997 in replicated trials in several
plots at the Frelighsburg, Quebec, and
L’Acadie, Quebec, substations and also at
a grower site at Mont-St-Gre´goire, Quebec
(Khanizadeh et al., 2005).

A fire blight resistance QTL explaining 34.3%–46.6% of the phenotypic variation was recently identified on linkage group 7 of apple cultivar ‘Fiesta’ (F7). However, markers flanking this QTL were AFLP and RAPD markers unsuitable for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Two RAPD markers bracketing the QTL have been transformed into SCAR (sequence-characterized amplified region) markers, and an SSR marker specific for the region was developed. Pedigree analysis of ‘Fiesta’ with these markers enabled tracking of the F7 QTL allele back to ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’. Stability of the effect of this QTL allele in different backgrounds was analyzed by inoculating progeny plants of a cross between ‘Milwa’, a susceptible cultivar, and ‘1217’, a moderately resistant cultivar, and a set of cultivars that carry or lack the allele conferring increased fire blight resistance. Progenies and cultivars that carried both markers were significantly more resistant than those that did not carry both markers, ind...