Appropriateness

This paper assesses the appropriateness of verbal protocol analysis (VPA) as a means of analysing design activity. Design activity includes human cognitive abilities such as creativity, synthesis, and problem solving. These can vary depending on the design disciplines and design practices involved such as industrial design, engineering design, etc. In order to find out how these abilities are expressed, a study of VPA was carried out based on interviews with two researchers from different disciplines – product design and machine design – and their experiences were compared. The issues in this paper cover general reflections, positive aspects, negative aspects, evaluation (Meta-VPA), ethics and conclusions. On the basis of the results from the analysis of the interviews on VPA, it seems to be significant to carefully consider the reasons for mapping and analysing design activity and how the results may be put into practice.

After a general introduction concerning the role of music in education and its ethical weight in ancient Greek thought, this study is largely focused on paragraphs 32-36 of Pseudo-Plutarchean De musica. The thesis is that Aristoxenus would not be the direct source of this section. The tradition seems much more complicated, and the source could be defined aristoxenic only in part, since the whole section suggests influences from differently oriented models. The idea is put forward of more than one author, with the prominence of a basically technical (Hellenistic?) source, mainly interested on aesthetical and practical sides of music rather than on its ethical effects.

Fueled by the rapid development of innovative offerings designed to meet the needs of financial institutions, the FinTech sector witnessed a sharp increase over the past few years, thus requiring a constant update of financial regulation to keep pace with the evolution of the 21st century markets. In this context, raising arm’s length finance from dispersed investors thanks to crowdfunding undeniably represented one of the first and foremost complementary sources of funds for new companies which are preferred to traditional ones. In order to pursue their goals, thanks to the relevant technological improvement, funders are allowed to raise money in return for equity shares, interests, products, services, or even for the sake of donation.

After sketching the major points of crowdfunding regulations – focusing primarily on the pioneering, Italian system – and after considering the rules of conduct in the field of investment services both in theory and in practice, the present piece will explore how the rules of suitability and appropriateness combine with financial regulation 2.0 and, specifically, with crowdfunding. The aim of the study is to support the conclusion that (i) crowdfunding deserves attention in light of the growing importance it assumed at the international level and in light of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive evolution in the field of investment services; (ii) although harmonization might seem bold in the current scenario, especially in light of the Report on Crowdfunding in the EU Capital Market Union, it would represent a valuable aim to be pursued by the legislator.

This article explores evaluations of impoliteness and over-politeness in crime novel dialogues, in reference to the Pragmatics of Politeness and the Discursive Model (Watts, 2003, 2005, 2010; Locher and Watts, 2005). Metapragmatic comments, in which dialogue participants evaluate the ongoing communicative behaviour, offer important insights into the values and social norms that make up interaction. Literary dialogues, as opposed to naturally occurring conversations, have the advantage of offering numerous metapragmatic comments. This study examines police investigator dialogues that contain metapragmatic comments of impoliteness and over-politeness, concentrating on two maverick figures, Ian Rankin’s Edinburgh-based John Rebus and Andrea Camilleri’s Sicilian Salvo Montalbano, both of whose fractiousness in regards to procedural rules extends to social norms as well. The first part of the analysis looks at impoliteness, confirming the image of the maverick for whom impoliteness is fairly stereotypical . The determining factor is police rank: I find frequent institutional, that is, legitimized, and unchallenged impoliteness by the higher in rank. Secondly, I look at instances of over-politeness. The inspector, who readily uses insincere politeness in order to manipulate a suspect or a witness, is sceptical when evaluating politeness in others. By not commenting on impoliteness and through extensive negative evaluations of politeness, the narrator creates a protagonist who has become disenchanted with politeness and uses impoliteness as if it were normal, appropriate behaviour. Keywords: politeness; impoliteness; over-politeness; rudeness; metapragmatic comment; dialogue; insincerity; appropriateness; inappropriateness

Spanish language teaching in US higher education is today generally divided between 'foreign language' courses for novice learners and 'heritage language' courses for Hispanic/Latinx students with some knowledge of the language. However, 'heritage' students are a linguistically diverse group, and are also often enrolled at institutions where heritage courses are not offered. Little research to date has studied 'heritage' speakers enrolled in 'foreign' language courses. For this study I conducted semi-structured interviews to explore the affective and ideological characteristics of bilingual students enrolled in elementary Spanish courses. As the literature suggests, I find that these students have a generally low opinion of their own performance in Spanish and a strong bias in favor of the standard language. Finally, in hopes of combating these notions and bridging the divide between heritage and novice learners, I contemplate ways in which students of diverse backgrounds can be included in the same language classroom. Resumen La enseñanza del castellano en los EE. UU. se divide generalmente entre cursos de 'lengua extranjera' para aprendices sin conocimientos previos del idioma y cursos 'de herencia' para estudiantes de origen latino/hispano que ya traen algunos conocimientos del español. Hasta la fecha, pocos estudios han examinado la cuestión de los hablantes 'de herencia' inscritos en cursos de tipo 'lengua extranjera.' Para el presente estudio, llevé a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas para explorar las características afectivas e ideológicas de cuatro estudiantes bilingües inscritos en cursos elementales de español como lengua extranjera. Conforme con lo que sugiere la literatura, encuentro que estos estudiantes tienen una opinión pobre de sus propias habilidades en castellano y una fuerte preferencia por la variedad estándar. Finalmente, con la esperanza de combatir estas ideas y tender un puente entre los hablantes bilingües y los aprendices de lengua extranjera, contemplo cómo se puedan incluir estudiantes de trayectorias diversas en la misma aula.

Das hermeneutische Problem, das ich bearbeiten möchte, lässt sich in drei Sätzen charakterisieren:
- Eine Interpretation eines Textes kann unter bestimmten Umständen als falsch erkannt werden.
- Oft kann mehr als eine Interpretation als nicht falsch angenommen werden.
- Wie ist zu entscheiden, wenn in einem gegebenen Deutungszusammenhang mehrere Interpretationen als nicht falsch in Frage kommen?
Der Vorschlag, den ich in sechs Thesen zur Diskussion stelle, folgt dem Anliegen einer philologischen Hermeneutik der Angemessenheit. Die Frage der Geltung einer Textinterpretation kann sich an der Unterscheidung von Sprache und Rede orientieren. Meine Grundthese lautet: Betreffend Grammatik und Wortschatz einer Sprache können wir die Korrektheit einer Interpretation prüfen; was pragmatische Aspekte der Rede betrifft, erwägen wir ihre Angemessenheit.

Amongst the many controversial topics in the field of dentistry for children is the relative appropriateness (or lack thereof) of the application of physical restraints for the management of challenging and interfering child behavior. Believers in its appropriateness prefer the euphemistic 1 term "protective immobilization or stabilization" in contrast to the negative connotation implied by simply describing physical restraint. This manuscript provides a critical look from the perspective of a child-oriented behavioral researcher and private practitioner of forty years who shares a most unenthusiastic bias towards a reliance on restraint techniques to overcome interfering and undesirable child behavior. This bias is stipulated; from this author's perspective there are but a few indications under which application of immobilization devices are safe and in the best interest of children and their developing psyche with respect to safe delivery of treatment and the development of future attitudes toward care. In fairness, however, it would be remiss to not indicate the viability of these techniques for specific and isolated ultra-short and short-term interactions where the interception of potentially harmful child movements plays a role in the management of obstreperous responses of some children. Analysis of appropriateness or its lack begins where differentiation is made between neurological normality versus abnormality and patient's cooperative potential. Those lacking behavioral control by virtue of incapacity to refrain from injurious impulses and re-fractory movement can necessitate greater vigilance from the dental team. Those capable of working within a framework of coping potential responsive to verbal communications and conventional mainstream interventions might best approach challenging if not resistive behaviors slowly if not exhaustively to avoid resorting to the application of physical restraints to permit efficiency and productivity. Of the challenges facing clinical pediatric practice are economic pressures to accomplish treatment intervention and generation of revenues in a timely fashion. While there are some practitioners making use of a broad range of behavioral management strategies, there are others who make use of a limited arsenal of techniques to manage difficult and challenging behaviors. Those with authoritarian demeanors and high expectations for cooperation of challenging children may be hypothesized to have a heavier reliance on restraint techniques and possess a limited arsenal of management strategies to accomplish invasive treatment. Nevertheless it might similarly be hypothesized that while productivity is a reality of private practice, the obligation to comfort patient anxiety and its sequelae in the least stressful manner possible is ultimately the most expedient and optimal way to create a patient accepting of care while protecting the child's self-esteem. As Mark Twain has offered, "when you only have a hammer, all problems tend to look like a nail," addresses the subject of how imaginative and complete one's behavioral management arsenal might, or might not be. From the perspective of parents and clinicians alike, the climate of behavioral management has gradually changed over the past half century, with several abrupt alterations over the past two decades. 2

This article analyzes how individuals use affect as a resource to negotiate judgments of appropriateness in situations where they or others feel sexualized. It draws from two years of participant observation at a sensual figure drawing session in an erotic arts club—where bodily exposure was heightened and social norms regarding sexualization were ambiguous—as well as in-depth interviews with the club's artists, models, and owners. It argues that somatic security and somatic insecurity, individuals' comfort or unease with how they perceive others to interact with their bodies through talk and bodily comportment, mediate sexualized interactions. Extending sociological studies of sexualization in interaction, it reveals that these affective states, which arise out of situational dynamics, form a foundation of comfort/unease toward others and assurance/shame with oneself. Individuals use these affective experiences to judge and justify future interactions as appropriate or inappropriate and develop relationships with others.

One idea behind Open Educational Resources (OERs) is opening up the access to learning resources for stakeholders that were not the originally targeted users. Even though, making educational resources available for the public already is a remarkable offer, their usefulness often is limited to a very particular context because of the unclear or missing appropriateness regarding other contexts. In this paper, contextual appropriateness is investigated as a special quality criterion for OERs. We will introduce barriers against the use of OERs and demands from the educational community that need to be addressed in order to overcome such barriers. We will show that the hitherto implemented quality standards for Technology Enhanced Learning do not yet fully support such particular demands and discuss which additional steps are required for the context of OERs. We conclude with an outlook and recommendations that can open up the full potential of OERs.

This study explores how gay, lesbian and bisexual entrepreneurs
develop specific skills in articulating the construct of
appropriateness in relation to mainstream and gay culture. In comparing
90 French and American entrepreneurs, the author observed that the three groups identified – reconcilers, transcenders and resisters – demonstrated a set of original initiatives that challenge the mainstream political order in their opportunity exploration and exploitation processes. The construct of appropriateness may constitute a significant variable with which to study contrasts in commitment and performances that can be observed between mainstream and minority entrepreneurs.

Keywords: intention-based model; construct of appropriateness; opportunity exploration and exploitation; cultural compliance; gay entrepreneurs

El presente artículo trata acerca de la reacción que una comunidad jurídica tiene ante el “sublevado”, esto es, aquel miembro de la comunidad que se autocomprende como un “otro” y que usa la violencia en contra de aquella con un fin subversivo. En particular, cómo es posible la aplicación judicial del derecho del “nosotros” al “otro”.Para ello, se examina la obra "Facticidad y Validez" de Habermas. Se sostendrá que en la teoría discursiva de Habermas, las exigencias de legitimidad del Proceso surgen del status de miembro de la comunidad jurídica, siendo la ausencia de dicho status lo que distingue al justiciable cuando es un "otro político". De modo tal que dicha teoría es ciega ante la situación de aquél, evidenciando la dificultad del derecho para hacerse cargo del fenómeno del sublevado.

This paper is about the reaction that a legal community has against those who rebel (revolted), this is, against that member of the community that it is self understood as an "other" and the one who uses violence against that community with a subversive purpose. In particular, how it can be possible the judicial adjudication of the law of "we/us" to the "other". For this purpose the book "Between Facts and Norms" of Habermas is examined. It argues that in Habermas's discourse theory, the requirements of legitimacy of the process arise from the membership status of the legal community, being the absence of said status what distinguishes the defendant when it is a "political other". So that thistheory is blind to the situation of that one, making evident the jurisprudence difficulty to take over of the phenomenon of the rebel (revolt/insurrection).

Advertisements have promotional and persuasive roles on social platforms, in addition to their basic role in the presentation of products and services. The i deological aspect of political advertisements brings about their use as the most effective propaganda instrument during the election campaigns. In this sense, political advertisements are, in a way, endorsed as the activities that strengthen the bonds between a political party, along with its candidate, and the public community. Among these advertisements, posters are known to have a significant role as a political instrument of election campaigns. As a powerful conveyor of visual objects, a poster provides deeper insights into the political parties and their candidates through its promotional, persuasive, and explanatory functions. Through a semiotic method of analysis, this study aims to investigate the posters as a political means of communication and to find out the connotations conveyed by the posters. The study included the posters presented in Ankara by the political parties campaigning for the March-30-2014 Turkish Local Elections. These parties were the three parties (AKP, CHP, MHP) which were the top 3 party represented in Turkish Parliament

This study set out to investigate land fragmentation in Ute Districts of Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State in Nigeria with a view to gaining insight into its nature, extent and effect on the socio-economy of the area. To achieve this objective, 129 farm plots together with their owners were randomly selected and studied. Dimensions of individual plots and distances between plots and owners' residences were determined through field measurements. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to obtain information on number of plots held per farming household in the area. In addition, aerial photographs taken over the area in 1977 and topographical maps of the area as well as reports were studied to get baseline data on the extent of fragmentation in the past. Analysis of data showed that, average size of farm plot in 1977 was 0.171 hectare, and declined to 0.149 hectare in 2009. Mean number of plots per farmer in 2009 was 5.37 and mean number of plots cultivated in the same year was 3.68, while range of plot holdings was between 2.67 and 10.00. Using Januszewski's index of fragmentation, a value of 0.173 was derived, indicating extreme pulverization of farm plots in the area. It was also found that farm plots were not only small, but also scattered over space. The study noted the diseconomies of land fragmentation arising from its severe limitation on mechanization and input investment in farm enterprise. It however recommends support for fragmentation in the area as a realistic response to ecological and demographic imperatives and as a way of stabilizing the socio-economy. It also recommends diversification from agriculture to other gainful activities in the area to augment proceeds from the small and inappropriately distributed farm plots.

The mental association and the innovation of lingual and artistic relations on two syntagmatic and paradigmatic axis results in collocation in a literary speech. In the ordinary and formal language collocation is the necessary condition for a speech to be considered meaningful and coherent, but in literary language, there is a variety of aesthetic creativities and innovations that leads to the emergence of several collocations in the speech. So, in comparison with an ordinary language, several collocations can be found in a literary one. Of the most important and the most frequent linguistic and literary coordinates of Azerbaijani poetic style is the existence of an extensive proportion and relation in the network of words and the images, phones and concepts in each verse. This article reviews different types of collocations in Azerbaijani style.

One of the natural resources from the treasure house of plant kingdom is the Neem tree. This tree grows in various soil types and survives successfully under different weather conditions. The tree is virtually a gift of nature to mankind because of its multiple properties that have high utility value both at domestic and farm level beside its products being eco-friendly and bio-degradable. Gandhi and Patel (1997) conducted a survey in Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Gujarat regarding the farmer’s awareness about the impact of pesticides and reported it to be limited to the immediate surroundings. Use of alternative methods such as biological methods was practically non existent and awareness almost none. In this context media package on the topic “Versatile Neem for Domestic use ” was designed and developed under the All India Coordinated Research Project on Home Science – Extension Component with the objective of translating the media into vernacular languages and using the same for dis...

The notion of appropriate sequence as introduced by Z. Harris provides a powerful syntactic way of analysing the detailed meaning of various sentences, including ambiguous ones. In an adjectival sentence like 'The leather was yellow', the introduction of an appropriate noun, here 'colour', specifies which quality the adjective describes. In some other adjectival sentences with an appropriate noun, that noun plays the same part as 'colour' and seems to be relevant to the description of the adjective. These appropriate nouns can usually be used in elementary sentences like 'The leather had some colour', but in many cases they have a more or less obligatory modifier. For example, you can hardly mention that an object has a colour without qualifying that colour at all. About 300 French nouns are appropriate in at least one adjectival sentence and have an obligatory modifier. They enter in a number of sentence structures related by several syntactic transformations. The appropriateness of the noun and the fact that the modifier is obligatory are reflected in these transformations. The description of these syntactic phenomena provides a basis for a classification of these nouns. It also concerns the lexical properties of thousands of predicative adjectives, and in particular the relations between the sentence without the noun : 'The leather was yellow' and the adjectival sentence with the noun : 'The colour of the leather was yellow'.