Architecture and Urban Planning

The Seagram Building in Manhattan (1954-58), by Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe and Philip Johnson, is one of those rare pieces of architecture
which has come to define an era. For Mies van der Rohe the achievement of the Seagram Building was the resolution of years of theoretical and exacting architectural investigation.
The influence of the Seagram Building stretches beyond that of a single work of a modernist master, however. Its significance is also felt in the way it changed planning legislation and became associated with the fragmentation of the urban realm, through the spread of the generic modernist combination of tower, plaza and artwork.

This article examines a cinematic artefact from 1957 titled The Housing Program of Iraq, which contains rare footage of sarifa (reed and mud) settlements inhabited by rural migrants in mid-century Baghdad. The film, which was never finished, was produced as a collaboration between the Greek architect Constantinos A. Doxiadis and the director Demetrios Gaziades, who shot and edited the footage between Baghdad and Athens. Through this film Doxiadis intended to complement the Doxiadis Associates’ (DA) entry for the Iraq National Housing Exhibition and also to promote the modern housing projects designed by DA. In this period, various statist actors used the representational medium of documentary film in an attempt to redefine the boundaries of Iraqi citizenship. This film, thus, offered a cinematic portal into an other Baghdad, which was staged as the problem of development. Subsequent scenes narrated the solution to these neighbourhoods and positioned a family in a modern low-income house to animate the film’s developmental fantasy. The film projected universal Iraqi home ownership as a form of citizenship where the house was an instrument to facilitate financial, legal, and social agreements between rural migrants and the Iraqi state. By interrogating the methodological question of how to assemble an archive of ephemeral and subaltern places, this essay suggests expanding our notion of historiographic evidence to understand the intertwined relationships between the politics of development and architecture, and their representation in media.

The historic center of Salvador de Bahia, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985, has undergone a serious process of loss of centrality, ruin and impoverishment throughout the second half of the twentieth century, culminating in the controversial Historic Center of Salvador Revitalization Program instituted by the government of the State of Bahia in the 1990s, which resulted in the expulsion of hundreds of low-income families and the creation of a scenic space for cultural tourism, entirely financed by public funds. Since 2007, public policies for the historic center of Salvador seem to have taken a new direction. However, the “new” conservation and management policies implemented since then have not yet incorporated the concepts of sustainability and social participation, as they still focus on attracting touristic activities and on disregarding the remaining families in the area .

Può la densità essere lo strumento analitico di interpretazione dei fenomeni urbani e contemporaneamente un parametro progettuale di prefigurazione dello spazio architettonico? La densità nelle sue diverse accezioni e unità di misura, costituisce un nodo di grande rilevanza per l'interpretazione dei fenomeni urbani e degli spazi architettonici. Incoraggia una riconciliazione dello sguardo quantitativo con quello mirato alla lettura qualitativa, riavvicina discipline disgraziatamente disgiunte nell'attuale pratica, suggerisce mezzi e stili di vita che sono alla base del nostro habitat. Ciò che infatti ha da sempre caratterizzato la città non è solo la sua dimensione ed il numero degli abitanti, ma un secondo fattore fondamentale: la densità appunto, o meglio un valore di densità minimo in grado di produrre divisione del lavoro, varietà di funzioni e attività, complessità della struttura sociale. L'architettura progetta distanze oltrechè volumi, la densità ne è quindi un parametro centrale; l'urbanistica e la progettazione urbana, utilizzando il calcolo della densità come livello minimo di pianificazione, dovranno tendere a configurare in futuro le città, influenzandone gli aspetti non solo numerici, ma anche tipologici, morfologici e spaziali. Riscattato dalla computistica, il fattore densità, si trasforma allora in una variabile urbana in grado di definire la forma attuale della città, divenendone strumento di misurazione e di progetto.

Integral to the reproductive processes of the biota of several forest, shrub, and grassland biome-types, wildfire ignites some 3,400,000km2 of Earth’s vegetated surface annually. Though a highly complex phenomena coupled with not one, but several Earth systems, human actions are both directly and indirectly changing wildfire frequencies, intensities, severities, and behaviours, and to the detriment of both environment and society. Nowhere is this felt more so than the wildland urban interface, which home to roughly 1/3 of the nation’s populous and 40% of its housing stock, is the fastest-growing land-use type in the conterminous United States. A place where fire-averse architectures meet increasingly fire-prone lands, loss of lives, properties, and livelihoods to a series of wildfire complexes of proportions unprecedented in living memory have rendered there an urgent need to reconsider the challenge of living with wildfire as a vital landscape process. The product of a transdisciplinary study which converged state-of-the-knowledge from fields as diverse as the fire, ecological, and wider Earth sciences; information, communication, computing, and related technologies, both digital and biological; evolutionary, smart and living materials, architectures, and urban systems; philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and policymaking, this thesis presents a new wildland urban interface paradigm modelled on the biochemistries, behaviours, and systems of fire-adapted flora and the fire regimes they form. Migrating biomimetics from the level of species to systems, relying not on generic notions of nature and its workings, nor assumptions more generally, but on rigorous interrogation of the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes from the molecular to landscape to planetary scale, and across both human and geological timescales, several original theoretical and technical architectural and urban concepts are discussed, together with their possible applications and implications both within and beyond the wildland urban interface. Integrating insights from local and global indigenous and ancient fire cultures, the findings conclude that not merely is a reconciliation of human and non-human systems at the interface of fire-prone wild and urban lands possible, but therein resides potent ecological, social, and technical potentialities that merit further research in the years ahead.

Chapter Overview: Transcending the boundaries of space and time, whereas the 5-part case studies series is exclusively focused on recent western U.S. wildfire complexes and the future WUI insights as can be gleaned therefrom, this triangulated case study extends across continents and centuries to discuss parallels between events that have historically been considered as mutually exclusive, therein studied in silos. Traversing transdisciplinary information as relates to both wildland and urban fires, a system of systems approach is employed by means of illuminating how, at the level of biochemistry, physics, and the wider sciences, fire behaviours as are witnessed in wildlands have become manifest in cities past and present, and why the matter thereof it pertinent to architectural and urban design futures. While informing the new WUI paradigm this thesis puts forth, the purpose of this chapter is that of highlighting the wider applicability of the findings of this research programme, and of critiquing construction, and other built environment concepts as evidence vulnerability to fire.

Footbridges as landscape design. p 214, 215 Fabrizia Zorzenon For almost thirty years now footbridge design has been acquiring the worth and importance which for a long time has been characteristic of architectural works. For most of the twentieth century , the quality of a bridge was judged only on the basis of its size and length. This view gave footbridges such secondary importance that they were often reduced to simple structures with beams. However, at the turn of the new millennium, a radical change of thinking caused the footbridge to be rediscovered as a " vessel of metaphors ". Starting with authors like Calatrava, Mimram and Schlaich, at the beginning of the 1990s, an increasing number of architects and new design engineers began to see the potential behind the design of these structures so that in a short time a new generation of pedestrian bridges was born. So different from what had gone before, these structures embody the cultural revolution that in little more than twenty years has

Owen Hatherley’s 'A New Kind of Bleak – Journeys Through Urban Britain', is an animated narration of Hatherley’s travels through the UK, away from world heritage sites and conservation areas into what is arguably the day-to-day reality of how cities present themselves to their inhabitants.
The message of Hatherley’s materialist critique of the UK's urban and exurban landscapes is that it is deeply regrettable that both the socialist
and modernist projects have been abandoned in favour of the neo-liberal
myth of unfettered wealth creation through free trade, deregulation and
speculation.

This is a review of the monograph on the work of the Austrian architects Riegler Riewe, situating the work in the local history and architectural context. Eva Guttmann replaces the currently predominating and simplistic account, in which Riegler Riewe’s work is mainly understood in opposition to the Graz School, for a more complex view in which the work is explained as the result of differing circumstances and a variety of ideas. After the introduction by Guttmann, the book starts off with an interview by Otto Kapfinger with Riegler and Riewe. The focus is on the early influences and impressions in their work, such as the post-war modernists surrounding Ferdinand Schuster, relatively unknown local architects such as Josef Klose, and the highly tectonic work of Heinz Bienefeld.

Author: Carol Hotchkiss Malt. First published in Arts and The Islamic World, Volume I Number 3 [Summer Autumn !983]. Founding Editors Jalal Uddin Ahmed and Azra J. Ahmed. Digitised, edited and newly annotated by Sajid Rizvi, ed, in 'Selections from Arts and The Islamic World 1980-1990,' London: Saffron.

abstract: In recent city planning, references to the concepts of the so-called creative class and the creative city are often to be found. How do those references affect the actual planning? My research on the cities of Dublin (Ireland) and Gothenburg (Sweden) shows that Richard Florida's concept of the creative class serves as a point of reference in both cases. Although the cities have specific ways of integrating the concept in their planning, they have one thing in common: the promotion of knowledge-intensive economies. That comes along with a specific understanding of creativity: it is understood as innovation. Two examples show that knowledge-intensive economies are decidedly used to enhance and/or convert certain neighborhoods. In that sense, promoting the creative economy affects both urban space(s) and the perception of the inhabitants. Therefore, governing a city by use of specific ideas has an impact, not least on the built environment. The discussion of the so-called creative cities has by now reached the city planning institutions of most of the Western European cities. Often, especially in bigger cities, the concepts creative city and creative class serve as programmatic elements of city development strategies. But so far, in sociological research, one question remained mainly unanswered: What impacts do these strategies have on the (built) environment? Meaning, what expressions does the focus on the creative class find, what places and spaces emerge and disappear in the course of this transformation? And obviously: What kind of places emerge through the work done by and for the creative class – and who are the actors? My paper presents modes of governance and the impacts that such development strategies have on cities. Empirical research in the cities of Dublin (Ireland) and Gothenburg (Sweden) shows: In both cases, it is explicitly referred to Richard Florida's concept of the creative class and his analyses on the relationship between cities and this class. Additionally, an orientation as creative city is present, but with different emphases. I will only briefly summarize Florida's main ideas before turning towards my case

A principal intenção nesse artigo é destacar a necessidade de prospecção e análise de um espaço
edificado na cidade de Colatina, no estado do Espírito Santo, o Iate Clube, local que apresenta
características da arquitetura modernista, erguido na década de 50 do século XX. Presença que até
hoje o distingue com enorme valor de representação do patrimônio material e imaterial da região. Na
década de 1950, a cidade logrou seu período de desenvolvimento urbano intensificado, marcado pela
expansão do mercado cafeeiro. Algumas edificações desta década, contemporânea ao período
modernista brasileiro, se destacaram como ícones arquitetônicos colatinenses, tanto pelo aspecto
formal das obras, quanto pelas características oriundas da arquitetura moderna brasileira. A sua
construção foi possibilitada pela doação do terreno pela administração pública a um grupo de
empresários locais, a edificação do Iate visava à criação de um espaço voltando ao lazer e
programações culturais da sociedade colatinense. Localizado no centro de Colatina, o Iate foi cenário
de diversos eventos e atrações ao longo de quase cinco décadas, e, historicamente, é lembrado por
moradores como uma das principais opções de lazer da cidade. Projetado pelo arquiteto Marcello
Vivacqua, o Iate Clube, inspirado na sinuosidade dos projetos modernistas de Oscar Niemayer, tem o
invólucro com uma casca de concreto, sem vigas ou colunas aparentes, permitindo a observação de
traços arquitetônicos ousados e vanguardistas à época, corroborando a complexidade técnica e
arquitetônica da execução da obra. Contudo, em outubro do ano de 2010, por conta de interesses
econômicos do grupo de sócios, proprietários do terreno e da edificação, parte da obra foi,
clandestinamente, demolida. A derrubada parcial do Iate ocorreu durante o período noturno, já que
era conhecida e constatada a apropriação e valorização social do clube pelos moradores locais, que
se opuseram veementemente à destruição da edificação, denunciando a demolição ao poder público,
que embargou o ato. Atualmente, cerca de 70% da estrutura do Iate se apresenta em grau razoável
de conservação, levando-se em conta a ausência total de manutenção desde sua demolição. Por
isso, podem ser observados danos estruturais e estéticos na edificação. Ainda em virtude do
abandono, este objeto histórico constitui, hoje, ruínas que abrigam pontos de uso de drogas e
ocupação transitória de moradores de rua. Uma possível requalificação da edificação proporcionaria à
população da cidade de Colatina a reutilização deste patrimônio, objeto de lazer, cultura e
socialização do município, ratificando a relevância da manutenção de elementos que compõem a
identidade material e imaterial local.

L’Atelier Formidable a pour vocation d’être un acteur local du cadre de vie pour relever avec conviction les défis de la transition sociale et écologique de la Charente Maritime et permettre à ses habitants de retrouver des lieux à vivre qui soient plus inclusifs, plus solidaires et plus durables.

L’Atelier Formidable accompagne des projets de lieux à dimension sociale et/ou collective en Charente-Maritime. Il est un outil pensé pour permettre aux habitants du département d’agir sur leurs cadres de vie. Dans ce but, il porte une approche alternative de la construction de nos cadre de vie : un processus tri-disciplinaire où conception, fabrication et dimension humaine sont imbriquées pour bâtir des lieux plus inclusifs, plus solidaires et plus durables.

Since ancient times, Architecture have always been an environment sensitive field in their design approach which makes it deal with various obstacles present in the nature. The study of local climatic characteristics navigates the building design to a great extent which makes Architecture defining its own styles from one place to other. The hand in hand coordination of design with engineering has helped world witnessing the revolution in building cities across the globe. The approach has also changed from battle to cooperative over a period of time that makes it a more cohesive setting. With the advent of mega structures even engineering and technology are also discovering new horizons of their domain by bringing the reality to the creative ideas of Architects. Wind has been the most important aspects that needs attention while making new age structures of mega million projects reaching sky. The paper discusses various ways the wind and Architecture can together accommodate through ...

The aim of the study is the problem of protecting cultural and historic properties in the cities, that have been affected and damaged as a result of war. It is shown that the properties of cultural and historical heritage are significantly damaged, threatening their preservation, which can lead to their complete loss. In each case, the primary concern has been the impact of the reconstruction on the values for which the property was inscribed as a World Heritage site. The urgency of the problem is determined by the fact that cultural heritage sites that are not on the UNESCO list remain outside the attention of the authorities, the professional community and the public, which, as a result of reconstruction process, can lead to their loss, loss of urban identity, and not only negative humanitarian consequences, but also reduce significant economic potential. Materials and methods. The studies are based on a retrospective analysis of the territory, which can be used to identify the boundaries of the city, which have historical and cultural significance. The systematic approach and cartography method are used to determine the location of the historic center of Homs city and historical heritage objects within, which is necessary to assess their value and to face all the challenges and prevent further damages loss of cultural significance that was caused by the military conflict. Special approaches were proposed for protecting the objects which have historical and cultural significance. Also, a several points of weakness were presented in the reconstruction process of cities affected by the war. Results. Applying cartography method based on retrospective analysis of the city affected by military conflicts in our case Homs city. Both methods can help detecting the boundaries of the territory, which has signs of historical and cultural significance. Also, a recommendation mechanism was proposed for reconstruction process in the historical cities affected by military actions based on the preservation of their historical potential and urban identity, aimed at implementing the concept of sustainable development. Conclusions. The study of post-conflict reconstruction of historic cities, shown the necessity of using special urban planning techniques for the restoration process in the territories with historical and cultural significance.

يقوم البحث بدراسة جودة الحياة العمرانية كمنهج يستخدم في تقييم مستوى جودة الحياة داخل البيئة المبنية في المدن الجديدة، ويستخدم في ذلك أداة قياس مستنبطة بعد استعراض المفاهيم الخاصة بالتنمية والمدن وجودة الحياة وجودة الحياة العمرانية، بالإضافة الى تحليل التجارب العالمية في انشاء المدن والعواصم الجديدة والتجارب العالمية في الارتقاء بجودة الحياة في المدن القائمة والاستفادة منها، ثم يقوم البحث بتقييم جودة الحياة العمرانية في مدينة بدر أحد مدن الجيل الثاني المصرية للوصول الى نتائج وتوصيات تساعد على الارتقاء بجودة الحياة في البيئة المبنية داخل المدينة وفي مصر بشكل عام.

The research aims to study the quality of urban life as an approach to evaluate the quality of life in the built environment in new cities. It used quality of life indicators as a measurement tool for the evaluation after reviewing all concepts and definition related to development، cities، quality of life، and quality of urban life. In addition to analyzing international experiences in establishing new cities and improving the quality of life in the existing cities to benefit from them. Then it evaluated the quality of urban life in Badr، one of the new Egyptian cities، through quality of urban life indicators and measurement tool to reach results and recommendations to help improving the quality of life in the built environment in this city and Egypt in general.

The paper considers the interior and furnishing of a Revival Bulgarian house built in 1863. The aim of this paper is to present the architecture and to give a closer overview of a part of the furniture collection belonging to this house: the French Empire style furniture set in the South East drawing room of the upper floor. The aim is to perform the analysis of stylistic features as well as to make a hypothesis concerning the cabinet maker.

Aydın Türk, Y. (2001). Kentsel Gelişme ve Kent Merkezlerinin Dönüşümü: Trabzon Örneği (Published master thesis / YÖKTEZ Database). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.20556.67203

ÖZET:
Trabzon kenti örnek alınarak kentsel gelişme olgusunun kent merkezinin mekansal biçimlenmesi ve dönüşümü üzerindeki etkileri incelenip geleceğe yönelik planlama çalışmaları için kent merkezleri ve merkezi alanların planlama kararlan, ilke ve ölçütlerini saptamayı amaçlayan bu çalışma altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, kentsel gelişme- kent ekonomisi arasındaki ilişki, kentsel gelişmenin kent merkezleri üzerindeki etkileri, kent merkezlerinin dönüşümü, Türkiye'de kentleşme olgusu, tarihsel gelişme sürecinde ticaret ve ticaret atanlarının mekansal yapısı çeşitli boyutlarıyla incelenmiş ve bu bağlamda, Trabzon kentsel gelişme ve kent merkezinin dönüşümü irdelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, analiz ve anket çalışması yapılan alanlar tanıtılmakta, çalışma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri verilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde, analiz ve anket sonuçlarından elde edilen bulgular verilmektedir. Dördüncü bölümde, analiz ve anket sonuçlan doğrultusunda Trabzon kentinde ticaret ve hizmetlerin mekansal ve niteliksel değişimi, kentsel işlevlerin analizi konulan irdelenmektedir. Beşinci bölümde, çalışma sonunda elde edilen sonuçlar açıklanmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise, araştırmada elde edilen bilgilerin değerlendirilmesiyle geliştirilen öneriler sunulmuştur.

This article investigates rural resettlement schemes implemented by the French colonial administration in the light of the relationship between major economic, social and demographic dynamics in the Protectorate of Morocco. It explores the ways in which the French colonisers transformed the rural landscape of the Gharb valley in Morocco’s Rabat region. I depict the spatial configuration of the several stages by which rural colonisation and agricultural modernisation took place in the region, in relation to the patterns of human settlement they produced. The initial spatial configuration of the Gharb, determined by French colonial policies through the official colonisation programme and its orientation toward extensive agriculture, was subverted by the massive introduction of water drainage and irrigation infrastructure. The construction of reservoir dams and the establishment of drainage and irrigation perimeters across the valley induced a concentration of private and public investments that led to rural modernisation in certain, delimited areas. To compensate for a rural exodus that was overcrowding the outskirts of major Moroccan urban centres and for the lack of a local workforce available for employment on colonists’ farms, the French architect and urban planner Michel Écochard and his collaborators at the Service de l’Urbanisme conceived an ambitious programme of rural resettlements in the Gharb valley.

Over the past 25 years, the Brussels neighbourhoods confronted with the greatest difficulties have benefited from substantial public funds intended to renovate and revitalise them: 550 interventions on the built environment, 1730 housing units created, 130 elements of local infrastructure built, 850 socio-economic actions carried out and a large number of roadways and squares redesigned. Created in 1993, the “Neighbourhood Contract” rapidly became an emblematic tool of the Brussels public action and imposed itself as a structural and structuring policy. Beyond the many projects and actions implemented, there is also an entire social world that took shape around this project and that is composed of political actors, administrative agents, experts, associations and citizens. This publication traces the deployment of the Neighbourhood Contracts in Brussels over the past 25 years by means of an immersion in the discourse, imagination, steering, execution and administration of a long-term public action, recorded at different moments in its lifetime. The 14 situations that have been selected compose the sociological chronicle of an urban policy, from its birth to its current state of development, which today raises important questions. The text that concludes the work is the occasion for the author to question the “time perspectives” of the advocates and detractors of the Neighbourhood Contract, and to stir a public debate about the continuation or transformation of urban policymaking in Brussels.

Este artículo aborda la propuesta de un modelo teórico de base informática, de un sistema de consulta, a través del cual se puedan revisar y realizar las asignaciones de las condiciones de desarrollo de las edificaciones en el Municipio Maracaibo, a partir de lo que establece la vigente Ordenanza de Zonificación Urbana de la ciudad.
Es el resultado parcial de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado por el Instituto de Investigaciones de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño de la Universidad del Zulia. A través de dicha investigación se ha planteado una metodología, la cual de forma lógica y sistemática ayude a generar propuestas tecnológicas, basadas en el diagnóstico de las variables urbanas fundamentales, las cuales puedan dar respuestas espaciales, que contribuyan en la toma de decisiones, con la finalidad de lograr un
desarrollo armónico urbanístico, arquitectónico y ambiental, acorde con lo reglamentado para el uso del suelo, en el plan de desarrollo urbano en vigor.

In 1968, a group of architecture students at West Berlin’s Technical University formed Aktion 507 in order to critique post-war planning policies within the city. Following modernist principles, post-war policy makers began separating the city by function, with residential developments relocated to the suburbs. The general belief was that nineteenth century tenements were responsible for the ‘undemocratic spirit in the city’ and not suitable for the new ‘democratic’ Germany. Thus, the action taken was to demolish tenements and replace them with prefabricated satellite housing developments. In reaction, Aktion 507 curated an exhibition, ‘Diagnosis on Building in West Berlin’, focusing on the ‘critical analysis of current construction activities’. The exhibition centred on the Märkisches Viertel, a development containing 17,000 apartments, jutting the Berlin Wall to the north of the city. Aktion 507 argued that architects, speculators, the senate, and construction companies exerted a ‘totalitarian rule over the city’. I intend to argue that the ideology of the student movement in Berlin was in a symbiotic relationship with the post-war cityscape whereby readings of urban planners, Marxists, sociologists and others were translated through the lens of Berlin’s unique character and position in the post-war world. For example, Marcuse’s theory on the repressive mechanisms of society held special significance in a post-fascist era where former National Socialists still held positions of power, and where left-wing intellectuals flocked due to exemption from military service. Likewise, the Märkisches Viertel, with its ‘intolerable defects in social infrastructure’, highlighted the wider social implications of relocating inhabitants from the inner city under the guise of social housing. This paper documents the use of architecture as a vessel through which political, cultural and social conflicts were argued and contested which, through involvement with residents, Aktion 507 irreversibly changed West Berlin, both as a physical and political space.

This text examines the history of the skyscraper as a investment instrument and its current form, the typology of the pencil tower and investigates  - within the contemporary capitalist notion of architecture as an asset - possible alternative and novel building programs and typologies that can meaningfully contribute to the city's urban fabric, its ecology and its societal values and showcases design research projects from the 2015 MSD-AAD program at UPenn, putting them in a broader societal context.

This essay was written as the Introduction and Call for the 2016 Berkeley Prize on the Social Art of Architecture; an annual essay prize for undergraduate students sponsored by the College of Architecture and Environmental Design (http://www.berkeleyprize.org/). The essay considers architectural interventions in designing shelter for the 100 million people on the globe without a roof, trapped in the liminal zone between street and home. While Mass Housing is certainly the long-term structural solution, to which architects have long given much attention, much less attention has been directed to the basic questions of temporary shelter, camps, and street interventions. Considering the lack of political will to provide such housing alongside the rapid growth in the global houseless population over the past 20 years, even amidst the overall drop in global poverty rates, points to an urgent need for architectural responses  to provide more comfort, safety, and stability than the pavement  to the increasingly permanent emergency faced by the precarious, floating, and stateless factions of society.

"Na PARTE II da DEFINIÇÃO DA FORMA URBANA NO PLANEAMENTO descrevemos um exercício de análise do tecido urbano através da qual se pretende, a partir da caracterização física da proposta do Plano Urbanístico, deduzir a ideia de cidade que lhe está subjacente e, consequentemente, prever as características gerais e mais significativas dos outros elementos do mesmo sistema: actividades, incluindo a circulação de pessoas e bens, formas de apropriação e comportamentos da população, ambiente urbano e ainda aspectos relacionados com a gestão da apropriação, conservação e renovação do tecido.

Berlin plans an International Architecture Exhibition about the topic: "The urban centre as a place to live". The centre of the city was going to be preserved as a suitable place to live, renovated and revived. This was the fourth architecture exhibition in Berlin focused on contemporary problems from the perspective of architecture and urbanism. This research analyses and describes the spatial and temporal context of the International Bauausstellung Berlin. It presents the geographical, political and social background that made this exhibition possible and fundamental in West Berlin. It involves the understanding of the urban scope in which IBA´s activity develops: devoted to contemporary architectural and urban problems defined by History. Berlin has always been and still is an exceptional scene of the international architecture, a modern version of locus amoenus. But today it is necessary to discover this beauty among the traces of its destruction and the interventions carried out by an almost complete generation of architects to create the image of a city that was frantically seeking a promising reconstruction. Berlin offers itself to be the spatial framework for IBA. It is a place with a great number of pragmatic variations for the architectural study and the urban development. It is part of Berlin´s tradition to have considerably influenced the changes of urban planning through International Architecture Exhibitions. The idea behind IBA, its program and the results achieved must be seen as a cultural manifestation incorporated in a city that acted as the centre of theoretical controversy regarding the urban issues and the construction according to man and changes in society.

International Architecture Exhibitions reinforce the negative idea of pre-established formal concepts in favour of a discussion rich in alternatives and with different thinking processes. Behutsame Stadterneuerung-'careful urban renewal'-was established after a long conflict between the political and administrative systems in power and construction cooperatives, which had its decisive moment in 1975. The urbanism of the Modern Movement started to be abandoned and the building industry connected to the promotion of houses, often closely related to political parties, started to decay. The refurbishment and revival of a very specific neighbourhood with a significant plan in Berlin-Kreuzberg-called for measures to interweave and reorganise the old and the new, but also houses and industries. In this area, there was a proposal to create a better ecological quality that preserved the traditional atmosphere and sought ways to incorporate the political efforts to integrate foreign families. The 'careful urban renewal' programme was seen as a planning in close connection to the local situation to harmonise total and individual conditions. The conditions related to the urban space and the built should be connected to the social assumptions of daily life. This research is focused on the process developed in Kreuzberg and provides a general account of the difficulties that occurred in the framework of the 'careful urban renewal' programme. This big district of Berlin used to be a central area of the city but it became a peripheral area of West Berlin due to the political division of the city. The neighbourhood would become one of the areas appointed for IBA, whose role was to regenerate and revive the old substance of Kreuzberg and to rebuild the urban fabric, particularly building houses and social amenities.

The concepts of expression, expressiveness and expressionism present the key terms on which contemporary architectural and artistic works are based. Although these are essential esthetic categories, the explanations of these concepts are not clearly defined in scientific and theoretical texts. When the term expressionism is mentioned, it often implies the stylistic direction in architecture and the arts, which was created and lasted until the beginning of the XX century in northern Europe (especially in Germany and the Netherlands), and in which the artists have twisted the reality with exaggerated and energetic strokes to express their inner visions, ideas or emotions. However, contemporary theoretical discussions in the arts and architecture point to the manifestation of expressionism in other periods and contexts as well. The basic aim of the text is a critical discourse of interrelations among esthetic categories of expression, expressiveness and expressionism; reexamination of their positions and roles in the system of visual expression, as well as the examination of the starting hypothesis in research, according to which expressionism in architecture is a radical creative tendency with distinctive choleric-sanguine characteristics.

Oslanjajući se na stavove poznatog umetničkog kritičara Herberta Rida (Herbert Read), po kome realizam, idealizam i ekspresionizam nisu posebni pravci u umetnosti, već predstavljaju stalne osnovne činioce u svim umetnostima, u ovom radu se razmatra mogućnost postojanja elementarnih stvaralačkih opredeljenja i u arhitekturi. Polazeći od osnovnih vidova opažanja i predstavljanja sveta oko nas, putem komparativne analize i primera iz drugih oblasti, izložena je teza da bi adekvatan pandan Ridovim osnovnim činiocima u umetnosti - realizmu, idealizmu i ekspresionizmu, u arhitekturi bili pojmovi mimezisa (mimikrije), asocijativnosti i ekspresije. U zavisnosti od društveno-političkih, kulturno-istorijskih i drugih okolnosti, neki od ovih činilaca s vremena na vreme izlaze na površinu i zaogrnuti miljeom vremena, javljaju se u nekom novom ili starom obliku, koji možemo prepoznati kao umetnički pravac ili stil.

La presente obra se estructura a partir de una serie de trabajos que analizan, por primera vez en España de forma completa, la movilidad urbana sostenible y los problemas de regulación que se plantean en nuestras ciudades a la hora de mejorarla e impulsarla.
El libro, tomando como punto de partida el propio fenómeno de la movilidad urbana, analiza su importancia en relación con el diseño de la ciudad y la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Estudia también los derechos que todos tenemos a movernos usando los medios de nuestra elección y las consecuencias que de ello se derivan, muy especialmente en cuanto a las obligaciones que las Administraciones públicas tienen para garantizar estos derechos y promover sistemas lo más sostenibles posibles.
Para ello, se estudia qué funciones corresponden a las Administraciones estatal, autonómica y local y cómo han de coordinarse, la importancia de los desplazamientos laborales y su regulación o los nuevos mecanismos jurídicos en materia de transporte. Por último, la obra se cierra con un estudio específico de la ley valenciana de movilidad, una de las únicas experiencias autonómicas en la materia, y su aplicación a la ciudad de Valencia.

Le matériel présenté dans cette publication est un résultat du projet RUROS – Rediscovering the Urban Realm
and Open Spaces – coordonné par le CRES, Département des bâtiments (http://alpha.cres.gr/ruros/) .
Editeur : Dr Marialena Nikolopoulou. coordinatrice du projet
Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, Department of Buildings

Nell'attuale fase storica è necessario limitare il consumo di suolo agricolo per focalizzare l'attenzione verso il recupero dei "vuoti urbani". A questo fine è necessario creare "infrastrutture di nuova generazione" che possano "invertire la direzione dello sviluppo". Il Tevere è ripensato in questa luce attraverso cinque principi fondamentali che vanno dalla multifunzionalità alla presenza di sistemi ecologici, dalla mobilità alla presenza di reti informatiche, al rilancio del ruolo civico e simbolico del fiume. Il volume ripercorrere l'intero approccio al progetto denominato "Tevere cavo", sia nei suoi aspetti teorici che in quelli metodologici ed esamina piu di quaranta progetti per molte aree del grande settore urbano che segue l'andamento del fiume nel settore nord di Roma. I progetti illustrati nel volume presentano molte idee innovative che sono di stimolo alla trasformazione di questo settore della città secondo i parametri che muovono molte altre capitali del mondo di oggi.

Cycling as a transport mode has gradually become more attractive in cities during the last 10 years. However, not all cities give due consideration to cycling issues in the planning process. In many transport systems, cycling and issues of vélomobility are still neglected. Recent research considers several aspects of cycling, however, few studies have shown why differences in for example modal split and bicycle infrastructure exist between cities. This article deals with the differences in cycling issues between Copenhagen and Stockholm and furthermore why such differences occur in these two Scandinavian capitals. The focus here is on transport planning and the dissimilarities in the structures and aspects that have affected the thinking of planners and politicians and the planning outcomes in these two cities. Questions of marginalisation of cyclists in the public space and different planning politics or politics of vélomobility are touched upon. The results are set in a theoretical frame of power relations, mobility theory and political economies. The results show that these two cities have very different planning approaches and economic, structural and cultural presumptions leading to the fact that Copenhagen prioritises cycling, whereas Stockholm focuses more on facilitating public transport and motorised modes of person transport.

This book chapter is an early version of Cugurullo 2018. Although similar in nature, this chapter explores aspects of experimental urbanism, such as the decomposition of the urban fabric of eco-city projects, which are not discussed in its later incarnation in Environment and Planning A.

L'articolo analizza il passaggio dalla concezione medievale del povero come eletto di Dio a quella moderna della povero come figura del pericolo. Questo spostamento paradigmatico comporta la costruzione di spazi di reclusione che, allo stesso tempo, producono una differenziazione morale e una visione del povero come soggetto da punire. La tesi finale del saggio è che il paradigma moderno di governo spaziale della povertà non sia affatto esaurito. Esso agisce tuttora, combinandosi con le nuove tecnologie e producendo una nuova politica della punizione attraverso una vera e propria arte dell'immunizzazione spaziale.

This is a review of the first monograph of the Dutch architecture practice MVRDV; it is a reflection on the practice’s built work from the 1990s up to 2012. The book is edited by Ilka and Andreas Ruby, two self-confessed admirers of MVRDV, and it offers a mainly image-based tome and relaxed read. The article describes the context in which the work came about, the so-called SuperDutch era of relative economic prosperity and favorable cultural policy.