COVID-19 Epidemic

Environmental bioethics, which at once addresses the environmental impact of the medical industry, and climate change health hazards, is a dynamic discipline. Simultaneously, thematic elements such as interconnectedness of planetary health and human health, dedication to living in harmony with nature – of which humans are part – and emphasis on systems and symbiosis remains unchanged. This issue of The New Bioethics is not only a celebration of nearly a century of environmental bioethics, but also a reiteration of its necessity today.

It is an undeniable fact that China has basically succeeded in controlling the spread of the epidemic in China in the first half of 2020. Behind this success there may be several reasons, among which the cultural factors have certainly played an important role. What kind of cultural values helped Chinese to combat the COVID-19 Epidemic? This paper attempts to discuss this issue by analysing some data from the newly released results in Wave 7 of the World Values Survey and combining with the study of Chinese cultural concepts. It finds that, generally speaking, Chinese culture is characterized with the following cultural spirits and values which are relevant to Chinese people's responding to the crisis of COVID-19 outbreak: the value of the supremacy of human life, believe in science rather than religion, the preference of the value of security over the value of freedom, the idea that the fate of an individual is inextricably linked to that of a group, nation, and humanity, and the spirit of trust and obedience to political leadership. At a time when humanity need to unite in the face of a major disaster such as the Covid-19 pandemic, these Chinese cultural values clearly have some advantages that deserve to be summarized and studied.

Introduction: The early identification of factors that predict the length of hospital stay (HS) in patients affected by coronavirus desease (COVID-19) might assist therapeutic decisions and patient flow management. Methodology: We collected, at the time of admission, routine clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters of hypoxia, lung damage, inflammation, and organ dysfunction in a consecutive series of 50 COVID-19 patients admitted to the Respiratory Disease and Infectious Disease Units of the University Hospital of Sassari (North-Sardinia, Italy) and alive on discharge. Results: Prolonged HS (PHS, >21 days) patients had significantly lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio and lymphocytes, and significantly higher Chest CT severity score, C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) when compared to non-PHS patients. In univariate logistic regression, Chest CT severity score (OR = 1.1891, p = 0.007), intensity of care (OR = 2.1350, p = 0.022), PaO2/FiO2 ratio (OR = 0.9802, p = 0.007), CRP (OR = 1.0952, p = 0.042) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (OR = 1.0039, p = 0.036) were significantly associated with PHS. However, in multivariate logistic regression, only the PaO2/FiO2 ratio remained significantly correlated with PHS (OR = 0.9164; 95% CI 0.8479-0.9904, p = 0.0275). In ROC curve analysis, using a threshold of 248, the PaO2/FiO2 ratio predicted PHS with sensitivity and specificity of 60% and 91%, respectively (AUC = 0.780, 95% CI 0.637-0.886 p = 0.002). Conclusions: The PaO2/FiO2 ratio on admission is independently associated with PHS in COVID-19 patients. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding.

Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2) is hinged on achieving zero hunger target globally by 2030. Many developing countries, especially African countries, are challenged with extreme hunger that are often caused or compounded by bad governance, conflicts and climate change. In this paper, we assess Africa’s readiness towards attaining the zero hunger target by 2030 in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. Patterns of Global Hunger Index (GHI) and each of its indicators across Africa are compared before the pandemic (2000-2019). The effect of the pandemic on the hunger situation in Africa is discussed by highlighting the mitigating measures put in place by selected African governments. We have found that most African countries have recorded steady reduction in their child mortality rates but high prevalence of undernourishment, stunting and child wasting indicates significant challenges hampering the achievement of the zero hunger target. The study recommends that African governments shoul...

The objective of this research is to analyze the repositioning strategy in a time of crisis and its importance for the survival of the brand. The strategy adopted by Gympass in 2020, during the Covid-19 pandemic, was specifically observed as a case study for this research. During this period, the company made rapid changes to its services portfolio to ensure the preservation of its business model. It started offering online classes in partnership with gyms and personal trainers, as well as providing access to wellness applications (such as meditation, therapy, nutrition). For this analysis, the methodology used was that of the case study, based on primary sources (semi-structured interview) and secondary sources (articles and interviews available in the media). It is therefore a documentation-based investigation to understand the processes that led to the repositioning of the brand, in addition to its effectiveness and relevance. In the end, it is concluded that, in the face of great social and cultural transformations, an agile repositioning may be responsible for the survival of the brand.

Resumo

Esta pesquisa busca analisar a estratégia de reposicionamento em um momento de crise e sua importância para a sobrevivência da marca. Foi observada especificamente a estratégia adotada pelo Gympass em 2020, durante a pandemia do Covid-19. Nesse período, a empresa fez rápidas alterações em seu portfólio de serviços para garantir a manutenção de seu modelo de negócios. Passou a oferecer aulas online com academias e personal trainers, além de acesso a aplicativos de bem-estar (como meditação, terapia, nutrição). Para essa análise, a metodologia utilizada foi a do estudo de caso, baseado em fontes primárias (entrevista semi-estruturada) e secundárias (artigos e entrevistas disponíveis na mídia). Trata-se portanto de uma investigação baseada em documentação para compreender os processos que levaram ao reposicionamento de marca, além de sua efetividade e relevância. Ao final, conclui-se que, frente a grandes transformações sociais e culturais, um reposicionamento de marca ágil pode ser responsável pela sobrevida da marca.

Hackensack Meridian Health, a large New Jersey network comprised of 17 hospitals, a medical school, and 200 ambulatory care centers, executes a large research program with approximately 1000 active human subjects studies. With the arrival of the coro-navirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Office of Research Administration was confronted with a series of challenges. These included minimizing face-to-face contact among research participants and staff, allocating limited resources to handle the influx of COVID-19 related proposals, providing human subjects protection training to the physicians and staff who were needed to run the clinical trials, adjusting bio-repository activities to meet the increased demand for samples, and disseminating all of the new regulatory and operational information to the thousands of researchers in the network. The network's success in modifying its research program quickly and effectively to adapt to the changing landscape can be attributed, in large part, to the centralized nature of the research administration.

Tóm tắt:
Dịch bệnh Covid-19 khởi phát từ cuối năm 2019 và đã bùng phát lan rộng tới hơn 200 quốc gia trên toàn thế giới khiến hơn hàng trăm triệu người nhiễm bệnh và hàng triệu người đã tử vong. Dịch bệnh Covid-19 đã gây ra nhiều tác động lớn tại mỗi quốc gia và trên toàn thế giới khiến phần lớn các quốc gia phải áp đặt những biện pháp phòng ngừa với quy mô, mức độ chưa từng có từ trước tới nay gây tác động lớn tới hệ thống chính trị, kinh tế quốc gia và thế giới ở cả cấp độ quốc tế và chính trị nội địa. Bài nghiên cứu tóm tắt tình dịch bệnh trên thế giới và phân tích tác động ban đầu, đặc biệt về chuỗi cung ứng và an ninh lương thực và chính sách liên quan, qua đó cho thấy sự thay đổi trong hệ thống quan hệ quốc tế xung quanh hai siêu cường quốc Mỹ và Trung Quốc. Bài nghiên cứu kết luận đưa ra một số kiến nghị chính sách cho Việt Nam.
Abstract:
The Covid-19 pandemic which first broke out since late 2019 has been spreading its contagion to over 200 countries across the globe infecting millions of people and caused death to millions of others. The covid-19 pandemic forced many countries to adopt uniquely serious measures in terms of scope and degree such as border closure, city lockdown, large-scale social distancing, and nationwide lockdown. The pandemic, thus, has an enormous impact locally in each country and globally. This study discusses the overall context of the pandemic internationally before analyzing preliminary impacts and policy responses in different countries. It finds that the pandemic has changed the international systems particularly around two major superpowers, the US and China, while causing severe impacts on the global economy, especially on the disruption of supply chains and food security. The research concludes with some policy recommendations for Vietnam.
Từ khoá (Keywords): Dịch bệnh, Covid-19, tác động, quan hệ quốc tế, Việt Nam. (Covid-19, pandemic, impact, international relations, Vietnam, global economy)

The weakening of the world economy, as well as the economies of high-income OECD countries, in comparison with the 2000s and even the 2010s, fits perfectly into the concept of a more crisis-depressive phase of the development in the global economy in the downswing phases of Kondratieff waves. Accordingly, at the moment we are experiencing the downswing phase of the fifth Kondratieff wave . We proceed from the fact that the governments and financial authorities of high-income OECD countries and China are not ready to let the recession spread in a natural way, but intend to support thousands of economically doomed enterprises and unprofitable projects, greatly increasing injection of money into the economy and supporting low, zero and even negative interest rates (which allows simultaneously and with less effort to support the rapid growth of the national debt). Hence it can be expected that the new medium-term (7–11 years) Juglar cycle will last longer than usual.

Juan Jesús Garza Onofre, Sergio López Ayllón, Issa Luna Plá, Javier Martín Reyes y Pedro Salazar Ugarte (México), formulan un planeamiento conjunto. Señalan que las medidas adoptadas por la Secretaría de Salud de México con motivo de la contingencia producida por el COVID-19 pueden afectar algunos derechos fundamentales y sus garantías. Además, subrayan que el Congreso de la Unión dejó de funcionar por decisión de sus propios integrantes, marcando un contaste con otros sistemas constitucionales. Además de la reanudación de las actividades plenas de las dos cámaras del Congreso, proponen varias medidas concretas para hacer frente a la crisis sanitaria para que no se convierta también en una crisis institucional.

Analisi teorica delle primordiali conseguenze psicologiche sul lavoratore derivanti dal nuovo contesto lavorativo creatosi  a seguito del diffondersi delle limitazioni sociali derivanti dal diffondersi del COVID-19; sintesi, attualizzazione e contestualizzazione delle principali teorie HRM sulla tematica, delle tecnologie imouegate e del concetto di remote working; proposta di logiche e strumenti per agevolare la relazione lavorativa da remoto.

The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection has altered the society, economy, and entire healthcare system. Whilst this pandemic has presented the healthcare system with unprecedented challenges, it has rapidly promoted the adoption of telemedicine to deliver healthcare at a distance. Telemedicine is the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for collecting, organizing, storing, retrieving, and exchanging medical information. But it is faced with the limitations of conventional IP-based protocols which makes it challenging to provide Quality of Service (QoS) for telemedicine due to issues arising from network congestion. Likewise, medical professionals adopting telemedicine are affected with low QoS during health consultations with outpatients due to increased internet usage. Therefore, this study proposes a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) based telemedicine architecture to provide QoS during telemedicine health consultations. This study utilizes secondary data from existing research works in the literature to provide a roadmap for the application of SDN to improve QoS in telemedicine during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings from this study present a practical approach for applying SDN in telemedicine to provide appropriate bandwidth and facilitate real time transmission of medical data.

In the 21st century, social media play an influential role in changing people’s lives from multiple viewpoints such as the communication process, teaching and learning system, healthcare sector, marketing, and crisis management. On the other hand, people can use social media to spread fake and disinformation during the emergency period. This review article articulates social media’s role in disaster management in Bangladesh towards the COVID-19 pandemic. A content analysis strategy has been exercised to gather data from different sources, including primary, secondary, and available sources. In order to collect data, the author has accessed the open-access journal, online books, newspapers, magazines, government and non-government web portals. The article extends both positive and negative impacts of social media in disaster management in Bangladesh towards the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the data collected from reliable sources. Social media’s positive roles in the COVID-19 pandemic are practising citizen journalism, creating social awareness, maintaining communication in the emergency period, optimise recovery activities, and enhancing charitable donation. In contrast, social media’s negative impacts are spreading fake, false, and fabricated news regarding the coronavirus. In conclusion, Based on the discussion and evidence of the previous research result, some recommendations have been presented, such as educating people, focusing on account authentication, and enhancing government responsibilities to prevent the negative role of social media that can reduce the adverse part of social media platforms in the emergency period in Bangladesh.

In 2020 the world has generating 52 times the amount of data as in 2010, and 76 times the number of information sources. Being able to use this data provides huge opportunities and to turn these opportunities into reality, people need to use data to solve problems. Unfortunately in the midst of a global pandemic, when people throughout the world are looking for reliable, trustworthy information about COVID-19(Coronavirus). In this scenario tableau play the vital role, because Tableau is an extremely powerful tool for visualizing massive sets of data very easily. It has an easy to use drag and drop interface. You can build beautiful visualizations easily and in a short amount of time. Tableau supports a wide array of data sources. COVID-19(Coronavirus) analytics with Tableau, you will create dashboards that help you identify the story within our data, and we will better understand the impact of COVID-19 (Coronavirus). In this paper comprehensive review about Tableau. The Tableau are the tools which deals with the big data analytics also it generates the output in visualization technique i.e., more understandable and presentable. Its features include data blending, real-time reporting and collaboration of data. In the end, this paper gives the clear picture of growing COVID-19(Coronavirus) data and the tools which can help more effectively, accurately and efficiently.

O presente artigo aborda a temática da educação frente à pandemia da COVID-19, refletindo sobre o uso e aplicabilidade da ferramenta digital Google Meet e as dificuldades que os docentes e os alunos têm apresentado quanto ao seu uso como ferramenta de ensino e aprendizagem. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa tem como objetivo geral, analisar o potencial do Google Meet como ferramenta para ensinar e aprender. A metodologia parte da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental de cunho descritivo sob a abordagem metodológica sistêmica, de caráter exploratório e participativo a partir da análise de conteúdo. Dessa forma, o estudo conduz a pesquisadora a propor discussões sobre a qualidade da educação proposta pelo ensino remoto, refletindo sobre as estratégias e metodologias adotadas como a aplicabilidade da ferramenta Google Meet, no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19, mostrando que a ferramenta promove atividades colaborativas, possibilitando a interação com quiz e gamificações, facilitando a associação com diversas outras ferramentas que ajudam a organização da sala de aula e tornar a aula mais dinâmica. Dessa forma, é fundamental que docentes e alunos adquiram a cultura do ensino remoto ou da aula online, no qual os alunos necessitam ter disciplina para poder ter bons rendimentos, ou do contrário, a educação poderá sofrer impactos negativos com relação a ausência e evasão. Sendo assim, sugere-se que professores e alunos trabalhem juntos e de forma remota pela internet, intercalando as atividades presenciais com atividades por meio de ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem como Google Meet e Google Classroom.

The Corona Virus (COVID-19) and its global spread have resulted in declaring a pandemic by the World Health Organization India rapidly responded and clamped Lockdown from March 25, 2020, to April 14, 2020 The Government legitimized move on the constructional mandate of Article 47 and Entry 29 of the seventh schedule of the Constitution of India, 1950 It has also utilized time tested quarantine law contained under Indian Penal Code, 1860, and Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 Such a health emergency was not contemplated under the Constitution of India, 1950;therefore, it has envisioned calamitous situation underpinned Disaster Management Act, 2005, to chart the preventive strategy of COVID-19 The innovation of COVID-19 as disaster and catastrophe fitted into the phrase 'beyond the coping capacity of the community ' The Central Government assumed the role of the custodian to undertake all preventive and anticipatory measures Because of rising death cases after two weeks of Lockdown,...

In my previous edition, The Truth About mRNA Mutations, Pandemics, and Plagues, I provided factual evidence from the CDC and credible virologists regarding my hypothesis COVID-19 will continue to evolve because it is created and spread via vaccinated people. I published my first research paper in July, and now you have the facts before you. I include information from my previous article to endorse the foundation of my research and provide the means which prove true.

In December 2019, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) infection occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and spread across China and beyond. On February 12, 2020, WHO officially named the disease caused by the novel coronavirus as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). On January 30, 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 as the sixth public health emergency of international concern. An outbreak has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. It has raised intense attention not only within China but internationally. It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. WHO calls for social distancing with several measures such as Isolation, Quarantine, Closing schools, working from home instead of at the office, Restricting movement of people and the cancellation of mass gatherings, Cancelling or postponing conferences and large meetings, and not taking public transportation, including buses, subways, taxis, and rideshares. This leads to lockdown. Smartphone installed with relevant app brings people together even when this coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic forces us apart. Life has to go on. Students need education, people need food and medication, and economy has to be stable. Social distancing should not be complicated. These apps make your loved ones, team members and favourites accessible. It makes people not feeling as if they are jailed, but take social distancing as a social responsibility. The apps are categorized into video conferencing, social video chats, medical, entertainment, health & fitness, food & drinks, and apps for visual & hearing impairments.

Basic all-cause US death data for 2020, when reviewed in light of a claimed Covid-19 pandemic, suggest most annual excess deaths are due to the physical consequences of lockdown-related mandates which create economic ruin and added emotional and somatic-pathological devastation within vulnerable populations. The CDC's data on Covid-19 lab-confirmed tests, cases and deaths were reviewed as plotted on the same ordinate vertical axis scale, indicating a high correlation between tests and cases, but no correlations or causality between either tests or cases to deaths. Covid-19 deaths among age-groups of high-risk elderly 65+ years and older, were found to be of nearly identical percentages as in all-cause deaths in the same age demographic. Daily death/case ratios failed to affirm any significant global growth or spread of an expected deadly viral pandemic. Claimed Covid-19 deaths followed a dominant seasonal wintertime pattern, peaking within the different winter months of the two hemispheres. These direct reviews of the official data exposed multiple contradictions to basic causality and logic, revealing observed pathology and deaths are primarily due to extreme lockdown measures undertaken to control a presumed viral pandemic, but not to any viral pandemic itself. Problems in PCR/Antigen tests and electron-microscopy for specific identification of SARS-CoV-2 were exposed, indicating the claimed Covid-19 lab tests and clinical diagnoses are, at high numbers, inaccurately mis-attributing ordinary end-of-life diseases and conditions to a poorly-demonstrated virus. This is why lab-confirmed cases among asymptomatic people who remain healthy have soared to dramatically high numbers, while lab-confirmed deaths have not. All-cause death data suggest respiratory disorders such as influenza or pneumonia are being inappropriately reclassified as Covid-19. Soaring "case" numbers reflect herd immunity only, while increased death numbers are due to comorbidities made worse in vulnerable populations by forced lockdowns and economic ruin.

As we have questioned today in the world, especially Indonesia which is struggling against Coronavirus or commonly known by the name (COVID-19), which is already much needed by victims. Coronavirus or commonly known by the name (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.The purpose of this article is to identify the impact of the corona virus (covid-19) on college students. articles used in 2020 with the keyword "student" "covid-19" in accordance with the title. Search results found 6 articles that match.

COVID-19: 
Facts Vs. Error. 
Truth Vs. Censorship. 

Natural scientist James DeMeo reviewed the CDC, WHO and medical arguments and data about the claimed USA Covid-19 pandemic, finding numerous serious problems in basic scientific methods and claimed causality: 
* Covid-19 deaths are 81% confined to elderly people over 65 nearing end-of-life, each of whom has an average of 4 pre-existing deadly comorbidities. 
* Excess Mortality due to claimed Covid-19 disease, without preexisting deadly comorbidities, is only around 5000 to 18,000 deaths for all of 2020. 
* Many of the elderly with those comorbidities were transferred out of hospitals into nursing homes, where other elderly with already weak immune systems succumbed to similar comorbidities, worsened by inhuman lockdown-masking-isolation policies. 
* PCR and antigen testing methods are wildly inaccurate, not specific to any corona virus, and cross-react with other DNA/RNA fragments from prior exposures. 
* “PCR Confirmed Cases” do not predict who will succumb to Covid-19 sickness or death.  Most “positive” people are asymptomatic, non-infectious and never get sick. 
* Symptoms of Covid-19 are nearly indistinguishable from seasonal influenza or pneumonia, and they all have a seasonally variable incidence, with far more cases and deaths in wintertime than in summer. This undermines the viral pandemic theory. 
* Lockdowns, forced masking and anti-social distancing have protected nobody, and have instead dramatically increased human despair, misery, illness and deaths. The economic ruin and emotional anxiety from such inhuman, prison-like isolation of the elderly have killed most of the people claimed as due to “Covid-19”. 
* Hospitals and doctors were paid extra sums by government health agencies to lie and reclassify the many comorbidity deaths as “Covid-19”, to jack up the numbers.  People died of their deadly pre-existing diseases and conditions, not Covid-19. 
* Ending of lockdowns, forced masking and isolation have not led to an increase in cases or deaths, just the opposite.  The “New Normal” is iatrogenic murder. 
* Many ignorant or compromised physicians, mainstream media stars and internet billionaires have colluded with the worst of power-drunk government bureaucrats and pharmaceutical profiteers, to censor and criminalize scientific dissent. They systematically ignore the deadly consequences of totalitarian lockdowns, and scare the public into obedience to a growing Medical Police State. The unnecessary experimental mRNA vaccines have already killed more Americans than all post-1990 vaccination programs combined! They also push for Nazi-like “vaccine passports” and other inhuman segregationist policies. 
* All the above points are well-documented and fully referenced.

Todas las afirmaciones sobre la existencia de virus están refutadas legal y médicamente
Ganó la prueba del virus del sarampión proceso

Prefacio y nota:
Todo el mundo siempre habla de enfermedades e infecciones. (¡Plural!)
Centrarse en un mosquito (virus = en alemán = veneno)
y convertirlo en un elefante gigante.
Pero solo hay una salud. (¡Singular!)
La salud se basa en procesos de acumulación constante - procesos de regeneración - de - procesos de degradación natural. Estos tienen lugar repetida y simultáneamente en todo el cuerpo a través de procesos epigenéticos y radiestesia según André Bovis.

[Final Requirement for CE159]
Just a regular schoolwork that required us to design a modular hospital floor plan for COVID-19 patients. I didn't consider here the basic structural, architectural, and MEPFs constrictions, but only considered that air flow inside the hospital.

This study is examined Nigerian newspaper coverage of coronavirus in Nigeria. Also to
know the prominence attached and how intensive the stories were written. The
objectives of this study were to examine the frequency of newspaper reportage of
coronavirus in Nigeria, to ascertain the prominence given to the issue of coronavirus, in
term of news placement by the selected newspapers, to examine the space given to the
issue of coronavirus by the selected newspapers. Content analysis was used based on
simple random sampling for newspaper coverage on coronavirus in Nigeria by Daily
Trust, The Punch, and The Nation newspapers for the period of six months each, i.e.
between March and August, 2020 where a total of 270 editions were selected for the
month of March, May and July, 2020. The findings revealed that Nigerian newspaper
gave adequate coverage to coronavirus in Nigeria because the number of stories used
reporting the issues were high. It recommended that the media should always continue
to sensitize the general public on the negative effects of not adhering to safety measures
against coronavirus in Nigeria.

Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2) is hinged on achieving zero hunger target globally by 2030. Many developing countries, especially African countries, are challenged with extreme hunger that are often caused or compounded by bad governance, conflicts and climate change. In this paper, we assess Africa’s readiness towards attaining the zero hunger target by 2030 in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. Patterns of Global Hunger Index (GHI) and each of its indicators across Africa are compared before the pandemic (2000-2019). The effect of the pandemic on the hunger situation in Africa is discussed by highlighting the mitigating measures put in place by selected African governments. We have found that most African countries have recorded steady reduction in their child mortality rates but high prevalence of undernourishment, stunting and child wasting indicates significant challenges hampering the achievement of the zero hunger target. The study recommends that African governments shoul...

Abstract
Background:
Health literacy plays an essential role in one’s ability to acquire and understand critical medical
information in the COVID-19 infodemic and other pandemics.
Purpose:
To summarize the assessment, levels and determinants of pandemic related health literacy and its
associated clinical outcomes.
Data sources:
Medline®, Embase®, PsychINFO®, CINAHL®, arXiv, bioRxiv, medRxiv, and Social Science
Research Network. The start date was unrestricted and current as of 22 April 2020.
Study selection
Studies which evaluated health literacy related to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
Data extraction
Data on the characteristics of study designs, instruments, participants and level of health literacy were
collected. Items used in instruments were grouped under the themes of knowledge, attitudes and
practices. Determinants of health literacy were grouped into five domains (socio-demographic,
medical, psychological/psychiatric, health systems related and others).
Data synthesis:
Of 2,065 articles screened, 70 articles were included. 21, 17 and 32 studies evaluated health literacy
related to COVID-19, SARS and MERS, respectively. The rates of low pandemic health literacy
ranged from 4.3 to 57.9% among medical-related populations and 4.0% to 82.5% among non-medical
populations. Knowledge about symptoms and transmission of infection; worry about infection and,
practices related to mask usage and hand hygiene was most frequently evaluated. Socio-demographic
determinants of health literacy were most studied, where higher education level, older age and female
gender were associated with better health literacy. No studies evaluated outcomes associated with
health literacy.
Limitations
Non-English articles were excluded.
Conclusion:
The level of pandemic related health literacy is sub-optimal. Healthcare administrators need to be
aware of health literacy determinants when formulating policies in pandemics.

COVID-19 merupakan RNA strain tunggal. Virus ini ditemukan pada akhir 2019 di Kota Wuhan, Cina. COVID-19 merupakan virus yang sangat mudah di tularkan dari satu individu ke individu lain. Sebagai langkah utama untuk terhidar dari virus ini adalah dengan menerapkan gaya hidup yang sehat dan bersih. Karena, jika sudah tertular virus ini akan menyerang organ target. Sehingga, menyebabkan kita kesulitan bernafas. Gejala yang ditimbulkan pada tiap individu pun berbeda beda tergantung kepada pasien nya

COVID-19 salgını ile birlikte baş gösteren küresel ekonomik kriz, Dünya Foreks (FX) piyasasında önemli çalkalanma ve oynaklıklar yaratmıştır. COVID-19 sonrası para birimlerini korumak isteyen birçok ülke, yurtiçi sektörlere döviz likiditesi sağlamak için Amerikan Doları rezervlerine başvurmuştur. Küresel Amerikan Doları likidite sıkıntısı karşısında, bazı Gelişen Piyasa Ekonomileri (EME) merkez bankaları döviz piyasasına müdahale etmiştir. Değer kaybeden para birimlerini korumak için merkez bankaları takas hatları kurmuş veya genişletmiştir. Bununla birlikte, COVID-19 salgını sonrası Amerikan Doları tüm para birimleri karşısında değer kazanmamıştır. Aksine, savunmasız ülkelerin para birimleri diğer ülkelerin para birimlerinin aleyhinde değer kaybına uğramıştır. Kırılganlığın iki ana kaynağı, döviz rezervlerini aşan döviz cinsinden ihraç edilen borç stokları ve emtia ile enerji ihracatına bağımlılık olmuştur. Amerikan doları, COVID-19 sonrası Avro ve Japon Yeni gibi diğer ana rezerv ...

PANDEMIAS - Dr. Carlos A. Falasca * AL LECTOR
Con el inicio de la cuarentena, me pregunté de qué forma podría contribuir a difundir el conocimiento desde mi posición como especialista en Salud Publica.
Pensé que lo más atinado para el momento sería hacer un ensayo de investigación sobre las pandemias en la historia de la humanidad y su relación con los avances tecnológicos, científicos, la educación y las comunicaciones.
Como van a leer, independientemente de la época, el aislamiento social o distanciamiento físico, el cambio de hábitos, la responsabilidad social comunitaria, y la higiene, han sido siempre las medidas en las que se han basado para combatir epidemias y pandemias, al no haber tenido tratamientos específicos.

[Final Requirement for CE159]
Just a regular schoolwork that required us to design a modular hospital floor plan for COVID-19 patients. I didn't consider here the basic structural, architectural, and MEPFs constrictions, but only considered that air flow inside the hospital.

One of its kinds...an attempt to read the layers, of the psyche, of the Covid 19 Virus....The text is also made available at https://www.infeed.in/my-interview-with-covid-19-by-sandeep-sharma/?fbclid=IwAR2eqsXk_6J6Yxuw2CC0tjdkDzc2U_a0YxqjJ7XDj9oihT0NHuVxgB-5CMw

Pandemi Covid-19, akibat virus Corona Pernapasan Akut (SARS-CoV-2) yang parah, berdampak pada peradaban manusia saat ini. Dengan tingkat kematian yang tinggi, SARS Covid-19 telah mempengaruhi tatanan ekonomi, sosial budaya, bahkan politik global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkonstruksi filogeni virus corona SARS penyebab Covid-19 di berbagai negara di dunia dengan menggunakan database gen SARS Covid-19 dari NCBI GenBank.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to afflict millions of people without respite. The relentless surge in infections is due to insufficient supplies of appropriate vaccines, the long incubation period and high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, and the lack of widespread detection and diagnosis. The development of low-cost rapid detection and sensing platforms will prove vital in the race to efficiently detect and diagnose COVID-19. Nanomaterial-based biosensors and detectors are particularly promising in this regard, with the potential to play a significant role in inhibiting the spread of COVID-19 by early detection. In this review, various schemes for the detection and diagnosis of COVID-19 are elaborated, with special emphasis on the unique advantages of nanomaterials for these niche applications. Moreover, smart nanomaterials, i.e., nanomaterials that respond to external stimuli by changing their physicochemical properties, are reviewed and evaluated for novel applications related to COVID-19 detection and diagnosis. The prospects of the reviewed materials and systems are discussed in detail, and a roadmap for future research and development is proposed.

The primary objective of this paper is to predict the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic in India while adjusting for the effects of various progressively implemented containment measures. Apart from forecasting the major turning points and parameters associated with the epidemic, we intend to provide an epidemiological assessment of the impact of these containment measures in India. This paper proposes a method based on time-series SIR (Susceptible, Infected, and Removed) model to estimate time-dependent modifiers for transmission rate of the infection. These modifiers are used in state-space SIR model to estimate the basic reproduction number R 0 and expected total incidence, and to forecast the daily prevalence till the end of the epidemic. We consider four different scenarios, two based on current developments and two based on hypothetical situations for the purpose of comparison. Assuming gradual relaxation in lockdown post 17 May 2020, we expect the prevalence of infecteds to cross 9 million, with at least 1 million severe cases, around the end of October 2020. For the same case, estimates of R 0 for the phases no-intervention, partial-lockdown and lockdown are 4.46 (7.1), 1.47 (2.33), and 0.817 (1.29) respectively, assuming 14-day (24-day) infectious period. Estimated modifiers give consistent estimates of unadjusted R 0 across different scenarios, demonstrating precision. Results corroborate the effectiveness of lockdown measures in substantially reducing R 0. Also, predictions are highly sensitive towards estimate of infectious period.

EDUCACIÓN POST CRISIS.
Boletín Opiniones Iberoamericanas en Educación.
Centro de Estudios en Educación.
Santiago de Chile, Año 2, N° 10, abril 2020.
Universidad Miguel de Cervantes (UMC) Chile.
Centro de Estudios en Educación – CESE - linkedin.com/in/revista-estudios-en-educación-594651171
Universidad Miguel de Cervantes – Mac Iver 370, piso 9, Santiago de Chile – www.umcervantes.cl
Email Director: myanez@umcervantes.cl
Este Boletín es una publicación digital de difusión, que de manera sistemática, pero en un formato flexible y sin la rigidez de un trabajo científico, en cada edición acoge ideas, opiniones y propuestas de profesionales de distintos países de América y España en torno a un mismo tema, y que se distribuye a través de redes sociales y correo electrónico en forma amplia y abierta en Iberoamérica.

Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019, kısaltmasıyla COVID-19 ya da KOVİD-19; insanları etkileyen, şiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu koronavirüsü 2'nin (SARS-CoV-2) neden olduğu bulaşıcı bir solunum yolu hastalığı. İlk olarak 2019 yılında Çin'in Vuhan şehrinde keşfedilmiş hastalık, keşfinden bu yana dünya çapında yayılarak 2019-20 koronavirüs pandemisine yol açmıştır. Hastalıkta görülen yaygın semptomlar arasında ateş, öksürük ve nefes darlığı yer almaktadır. Kas ağrıları, balgam üretimi ve boğaz ağrısı ise daha az yaygın görülen belirtileri oluştururlar.İshal gibi gastrointestinal belirtiler rapor edilmiştir.Bazı çalışmalarda virüsün merkezi sinir sistemini de tuttuğu, koku duyusu kaybı ve solunum güçlüğü belirtilerinin bu sebepten ileri geldiği gösterilmiştir. Vakaların çoğu hafif semptomlara sahip olsa da bazı hastalarda şiddetli zatürre ve çoklu organ yetmezliği meydana gelebilir.Çin'deki 44.000'den fazla vaka üzerinde yapılan ilk büyük analize göre doğrulanmış vakalar arasında diyabet, yüksek tansiyon, kalp rahatsızlığı ya da solunum sorunları olan hastalar arasında ölümler en az beş kat daha yaygındır.3 Mart 2020 itibarıyla dünya çapında ölüm oranı %3,4 olup25 Nisan 2020 tarihi itibarıyla Dünya'da 2.834.697 onaylanmış vaka, 808.024 iyileşen varken virüs nedeniyle 197.421 hasta hayatını kaybetti.

Virüs genellikle öksürük sonucu oluşan damlacıklar vasıtası ile insandan insana bulaşır. Kontamine olmuş yüzeylere dokunulmasının ardından kişinin kendi yüzüne dokunmasının da diğer bir yayılma yöntemi olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Virüs enfekte kişilerin dışkısında da bulunduğundan fekal-oral yol ile bulaşma araştırılmaktadır. Virüse maruz kalındıktan semptomların ortaya çıkmasına kadar geçen kuluçka süresi 2 ila 14 gün arasında olup, ortalama olarak 5 gün sürmektedir. Standart tanı yöntemi, kişiden alınacak nazofarengeal sürüntü ile yapılacak gerçek zamanlı revers transkriptaz polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (rRT-PCR) testleri olmaktadır. Enfeksiyona aynı zamanda semptomların, risk faktörlerinin ve zatürreye işaret eden göğüs BT taramalarının beraber değerlendirilmesi ile de tanı konabilir.

Önerilen önlemler arasında sıkça el yıkama, diğer kişiler ile fiziksel mesafeyi koruma ve elleri yüzden uzakta tutma yer alır. Maske kullanımı virüs şüphesine sahip kişiler ile yakınlarına önerilmekte olup, genel halka önerilmemiştir. Aşısı ve özel antiviral ilacı bulunmayan KOVİD-19, semptomatik tedavi, izolasyon ve deneysel yöntemler ile yönetilir. Araştırma ve deneysel tedaviler, aşı geliştirme, eski antiviral ilaçların kullanımı, pasif bağışıklama ve sitokin fırtınası önlemeyi içerir.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Mart 2020'de 2019-20 koronavirüs salgınını bir pandemi ilan etmiş, durumun bir Uluslararası Kamu Sağlığı Acil Durumu (PHEIC) olduğunu açıklamıştır. Hastalığın DSÖ tarafından belirlenmiş dünyanın 6 bölgesinde de yerel olarak bulaştığına dair kanıtlar vardır.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. As of 25 April 2020, more than 2.85 million cases have been reported across 185 countries and territories, resulting in more than 200,000 deaths. More than 810,000 people have recovered.

Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath and loss of smell. While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia, multi-organ failure, or cytokine storm. More concerning symptoms include difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain, confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish skin. The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days but may range from two to fourteen days.

The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact,[a] often via small droplets produced by coughing,[b] sneezing, or talking. The droplets usually fall to the ground or onto surfaces rather than remain in the air over long distances. People may also become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their face.  In experimental settings, the virus may survive on surfaces for up to 72 hours. It is most contagious during the first three days after the onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease. The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. Chest CT imaging may also be helpful for diagnosis in individuals where there is a high suspicion of infection based on symptoms and risk factors; however, guidelines do not recommend using it for routine screening.

Recommended measures to prevent infection include frequent hand washing, maintaining physical distance from others (especially from those with symptoms), covering coughs, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. In addition, the use of a face covering is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers. Recommendations for face covering use by the general public vary, with some authorities recommending against their use, some recommending their use, and others requiring their use. Currently, there is not enough evidence for or against the use of masks (medical or other) in healthy individuals in the wider community.[6] Also masks purchased by the public may impact availability for health care providers.

Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19. Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)[35][36] on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Local transmission of the disease has occurred in most countries across all six WHO regions.