Complementarity

This was a research paper for a course entitled Feminist and Multicultural Theologies. I unpack what gender complementarianism is, examine its history, and compare it to how Scripture and earlier Christian Tradition understood gender. This allows me to establish that gender complementarianism is a recent innovation in secular and Christian thinking about gender, and that it can be described as a "trajectory" from Scripture and Tradition on gender, influenced by social, ideological, and intellectual developments in secular societies. I then pursue a critique of gender complementarianism, arguing that it is an "unsatisfactory trajectory" because it has troubling implications for orthodox theology, is not borne out by empirical experience and observation, and has harmful effects on human beings and societies and on ethical development.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the viability of Community-Based Tourism (CBT) for achieving sustainable development. The paper pointed out an argument on the facts that CBT befits itself as an active player in the sustainable development arena. Moreover, the paper pointed out the need for conscientization (Freire, 1973) to initiate a strong reaction among the community people including the deprived section of society to be aware of their own socioeconomic situation, and their relationship with the natural environment so that they would collectively initiate action and take control over community developmental process for a positive change in the community.

This paper study the relation between International Trade and Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) in the world economy. First we study the prob-
lem in a multiple-network perspective, showing that the two networks
are strongly correlated and that such correlation can be mostly explained by country economic/demographic size and geographical distance. Then, using the Heckman selection model with a gravity equation, we conrm this result and also nd that the industry position in the Global Supply Chain (GSC) and countries distance give rise to non-linear corrections: in particular we nd that the more goods are downstream or countries are further away, the more trade and FDI tend to be complements. Next we investigate the eects of Regional Trade Agreements and the special case of Asian countries. Finally we distinguish the cases of the three main economic macro-sectors, nding that trade and FDI are complements in manufacturing, but substitutes in services.

Successful companies in the information technology sector pursue alliances and acquisitions as a way to compete and grow. It is, however, not clear if these strategies work in all situations. In this study we look at 103 alliances in the packaged software industry over a period of four years (1999–2002). Combining the economic theory of complementarities with a concept that captures the relationship between software products offered by firms to the market called software stack, we show how firms create value using alliances. Applying the events studies methodology, our analysis shows that firms generate greater value when forming alliances within the same layer of the stack when compared to results from alliances made across layers. This finding is opposite to what was found in the case of mergers and acquisitions. We discuss the implications of our findings.

Social Legal Theory (SLT) has been heralded as the “third pillar” of jurisprudence, offering a social scientific alternative to the rational relativity of legal positivism and the moral determinism of natural law. Yet recently SLT’s most ardent champion, Professor Brian Tamanaha, appears to have broken ranks. Assuming a “holistic” perspective, Tamanaha now contends that law “emerges” from both social and naturalistic influences. This move not only undermines SLT, it seemingly transforms that view into the existing theory of jurisilience, which uses the holistic epistemology of consilience to provide a bio-socio-cultural account of law’s essence.

Despite outward appearances, however, these approaches are far from identical. Unlike the revamped version of SLT, which is ontologically constrained and conflicted, jurisilience explains law’s emergence through systems science and cutting-edge sociology. It shows that law is not a simple assemblage of social and/or natural forces. Instead, it is a complex information network of interdependent “jurisystems.” Grounded in our natural need for homeostasis, human legality originates in our genetic and neurobiological systems, scales up to our normative social systems, and becomes externalized as a supreme system of formal law. Once entrenched, law does not remain stagnant, but continuously coordinates human conflicts, relieves social stress, and reinforces social bonds. Over time, law’s dynamism changes social behavior and cultural memory, initiating a cycle of epigenetics and gene-culture coevolution that renews our biological disposition for legality. Given law’s systemic nature, any socio-centric jurisprudence now seems obsolete. The fact is, jurisilience and jurisystems do not just systematize SLT; they systematize SLT right out of existence.

This article explores the ICC's impact on domestic judicial reform and the rule of law in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Drawing on empirical research conducted in Congo, it assesses to what extent domestic normative, institutional and judicial practices have adjusted to international standards. The following variables are considered: (1) substantive criminal law, including witness and victim protection norms, (2) domestic criminal procedure, including modes of liability; (3) judicial practice, especially rates of domestic prosecutions for international crimes; (4) judicial and institutional capacity-building; and lastly (5) contextual elements that influence cooperation and complementarity. Against the backdrop of the ICC's intervention in the DRC, the article critically assesses assumptions about the ICC's complementarity regime and its ability to foster respect for the rule of law at the national level.

There has been substantial work done interpreting the descriptive texts from the early-modern encounters of Portuguese colonizers in Brazil. The interpretations have had major difficulty with significant elements of the texts, which the interpreters found strange from the perspective of their particular contexts. For the most part, they dismiss these elements. It is suggested here that these elements are evidence of a specific style of thinking for coming to terms with nature in the New World. The point is not that the corpus in question can be reduced to this style of thinking. There might be other styles to be identified in the corpus. But this style of thinking gives shape to the corpus to a considerable measure. Moreover, it enables one to make sense of the most strange and puzzling passages of the corpus, such as the following one, describing a " water tree " supposedly found at the time in Bahia: " in its branches it has holes of the length of an arm, which are full of water… the origin of which is unknown… and it happens that 100 souls come to it, and they are all protected, [being able to] drink and wash everything they want, and there is never water shortage " (Cardim, 1925: 67)...

The Bohr Einstein debate on the meaning of quantum physics involved Einstein inventing a series of thought experiments to challenge the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum physics. Einstein disliked many aspects of the Copenhagen Interpretation especially its idea of an observer dependent universe. Bohr was able to answer all Einstein’s objections to the Copenhagen Interpretation and so is usually considered as winning the debate. However the debate has continued into the present time as many scientists have been unable to accept the idea of an observer dependent universe and many alternatives to the Copenhagen Interpretation have been proposed. However none of the alternatives has won general acceptance because all have problems that make them implausible or impossible.

Ziel dieses Papiers ist es, den Jungschen Begriff der Synchronizität als Theorie bildende Metapher aus dem rein psychischen Bereich herauszuholen, um ihn auch in anderen Bereichen einzuführen. Dazu werden zunächst die Verbindungen zwischen den physikalischen Begriffen der Komplementarität und Kausalität dargestellt, um dann eine Beschreibung der Synchronizität zu versuchen, die sich stark an diese beiden durch die Quantenphysik geprägten Begriffe anlehnt. Die Beschreibung wird mit Beispielen unterfüttert. Darüber hinaus wird die Bedeutung von Synchronizitäten für die Kreativität herausgearbeitet und deren strukturierenden Funktionen im Unus Mundus beschrieben. Die vorliegende Abhandlung ist auf naturwissenschaftlichem Hintergrund entstanden und versucht so eine modifizierte Sichtweise auf die Begriff Synchronizität und Unus Mundus. Synchronicity The aim of this paper is to show that Jung's notions of synchronicity and the unus Mundus can be used as metaphors for other theories than psychology as well. To achieve this, the close correspondence between synchronicity and the quantum mechanical notions of complementarity and causality will be shown together with a comprehensive list of examples to illustrate the wide range of the synchronicity concept from physics, the individuation process, to history of science, politics and biology. This paper arose against a scientific backdrop and thus can be considered as an attempt to approach synchronicity and unus mundus from an altered perspective.

INTRODUCTION

Si on demande à un physicien quelle est l'interprétation qu'il donne au formalisme quantique la plupart d'entre eux répondront qu'ils adhérent à l'interprétation dite de Copenhague. Cependant dans la pratique il est assez probable qu'ils changent les règles du jeu sans s'en apercevoir. Une des raisons de cette situation est peut être que l'interprétation en question est fondée surtout sur les idées de Niels Bohr, et sa pensée n'est pas suffisamment connue. En effet, dans la plupart des manuels de mécanique quantique il n'y a que quelques paragraphes sur certaines des thèses de Bohr. Il y a également le fait que les écrits de Bohr sont à la fois profonds et obscurs. En plus de son importance pour mieux comprendre l'interprétation du formalisme quantique une étude de la pensée de Bohr est également intéressante du point de vue philosophique puisque ses idées ont beaucoup d'implications générales et sont évocatrices de nouvelles études.

Dans cette Thèse un essai sur la pensée de Niels Bohr est présenté en s'appuyant sur ses écrits originels. Sans prétendre nier les influences philosophiques possibles sur sa pensée, nous mettrons l'accent sur les faits scientifiques qui ont aidé Bohr à donner une forme définitive et concrète à ses idées.

Dans le premier chapitre nous étudions la conception bohrienne du but et de la tâche de la science. Celle-ci est avant tout pour Bohr une affaire  de communication: son but exclusif est d'augmenter et d'ordonner l'expérience humaine communicable sans ambiguïté.

Nous faisons quelques commentaires sur certaines idées de Bohr au sujet de la science et nous proposons comme critère de scientificité l'emploi d'un langage dénué d'ambiguïté. On peut se demander quel sera ce langage. Sera-t-il celui des mathématiques, étant donné que celles-ci constituent un langage précis et non-ambigu? Ou bien sera-t-il possible d'avoir plusieurs langages dénués d'ambiguïté?

Dans le chapitre 2 nous analysons la réponse de Bohr aux questions précédentes. Nous montrons que 1'un des aspects les plus fondamentaux de la pensée de Bohr est sa thèse selon laquelle le langage courant non seulement permet d'arriver à la non-ambigüité mais est le seul langage que nous possédons (et que nous posséderons jamais) que nous puissions parvenir à employer sans ambiguïté. Cette thèse nous l'appelons l'unicité du langage courant. Nous nous demandons quels sont les éléments du langage courant que Bohr considère comme indispensables pour une communication exempte d'ambiguïté et nous concluons que ces éléments sont, selon lui la localisation dans l'espace et le temps et la causalité. Il faut préciser que par causalité, Bohr entend le déterminisme de la physique classique.

L'importance de la thèse de l'unicité du langage courant dans la pensée de Bohr vient du fait qu'à partir des considérations sur la non-validité du langage ordinaire dans  les  phénomènes quantiques, Bohr en vient à considérer le quantum d'action et ses propriétés comme quelque chose à accepter sans aucune interprétation additionnelle possible. Et ces propriétés du quantum d'action l'amènent finalement à sa conception de la réalité physique.

Dans le chapitre 3 nous rappelons les difficultés bien connues que les régularités quantiques présentent lorsque 1'on tente de les analyser en termes de concepts classiques. Nous montrons comment ces difficultés convainquirent Bohr de la nécessité impérieuse et irrévocable de renoncer à 1' explication classique de l'existence du quantum d'action. Ce dernier doit, selon lui, s'accepter comme une chose fondamentale qui n'admet ni ne requiert d'explication. Une fois que l'on accepte le quantum d'action en tant qu'élément irréductible, il est nécessaire de trouver et d'analyser les conséquences qui en découlent. Nous identifions trois conséquences: le caractère de totalité des processus atomiques, l'indivisibilité entre l'objet et l'instrument d'observation et le caractère essentiellement statistique de la mécanique quantique.

La nécessité d'employer les concepts classiques pour décrire les expériences mêmes qui fournissent l'information sur les régularités quantiques et l'impossibilité de créer un nouveau langage qui pourrait éventuellement les expliquer, constituent pour Bohr le paradoxe quantique. Pour résoudre ce paradoxe Bohr créa une nouvelle manière d'employer le langage: le mode complémentaire de description.

Le mode complémentaire de description ou plus simplement la complémentarité est le sujet du chapitre 4. La complémentarité est proposée par Bohr comme une nouvelle relation logique entre les concepts du langage courant, comme un développement rationnel du langage commun, comme une manière d'amplifier ce cadre conceptuel de telle façon qu'il soit possible d'exprimer des expériences qui sont hors du champ de validité du langage courant sans avoir besoin d'abandonner celui-ci.

Bohr a été souvent critiqué pour n'avoir pas donné une définition précise de l'idée de complémentarité. Einstein a écrit à ce propos que malgré tous les efforts qu'il avait faits il n'était pas parvenu à une formulation précise du principe de complémentarité de Bohr. L'affirmation d'Einstein, non seulement exprime la critique en question, mais illustre la difficulté de trouver une définition que Bohr lui-même n'a nullement présentée explicitement dans ses écrits. Nous croyons pourtant qu'il est possible de définir avec précision la complémentarité si l'on prend en compte les thèses linguistiques de Bohr et ses considérations sur l'impossibilité fondamentale d'analyser l'existence de h et la totalité qu'elle confère aux phénomènes quantiques.

Nous    présentons    une    série  des  propositions  comme  une  définition  précise  du    mode    complémentaire  de description.  Au  moyen de la terminologie introduite nous  montrons en particulier que le problème de la mesure ne se présente pas chez Bohr.

En  analysant la suggestion de Bohr d'employer  le  mode complémentaire de description comme  solution  au  problème fondamental  de la mécanique statistique nous  identifions une nouvelle sorte de totalité que nous pouvons qualifier de thermodynamique.

Finalement nous analysons les tentatives de Bohr pour utiliser la complémentarité dans des domaines différents de la physique.

Dans le chapitre 5 nous étudions ce qui constitue peut-être l'intuition la plus significative de Bohr. Il s'agit de l'indivisibilité entre les instruments et les objets quantiques. L'importance de cette idée vient du fait que même si l'on rejette les à priori philosophiques de Bohr, tels que sa thèse sur le langage courant ou son refus d'ontologie, même si l'on considère que son interprétation est déjà dépassée, même si on la dit incompréhensible, ou floue, même si par opposition, on adhère au réalisme, voire au réalisme physique, il reste que, par son idée d'indivisibilité, Bohr a apporté quelque chose qui s'est avéré être très proche de la vérité, puisque la non-séparabilité est maintenant établie.

Au  chapitre  6  nous  terminons  notre  exposé  sur les thèses de Bohr en examinant sa conception de la réalité physique. Notre  conclusion  est  que selon ses  idées aucun  objet    physique  n'a des    propriétés en soi.  Une    analyse    critique    de    la    conclusion de Bohr selon laquelle aucune ontologie n'a de place dans son interprétation de la mécanique quantique montre cependant que la conclusion en question n'est pas contraignante. L'on ne peut pas soutenir en conséquence que c'est Bohr le vainqueur dans le grand débat avec Einstein sur la nature de la réalité physique.

Bohr et Heisenberg sont considérés comme les fondateurs de l'interprétation "orthodoxe" de la mécanique quantique, interprétation qui est connue par le nom d'interprétation de Copenhague. Si cette interprétation existe il est raisonnable de dire qu'elle ne peut être que l'intersection entre les thèses de Bohr et Heisenberg. Nous analysons au chapitre 7 les idées de Heisenberg et notre analyse nous conduit à la conclusion de que strictement il n'existe pas une interprétation de Copenhague, c'est- à- dire que l'intersection des thèses de Heisenberg et Bohr ne constitue pas vraiment une interprétation du formalisme quantique. Nous proposons que l'on parle soit de 1'"interprétation de Bohr" soit de 1'"interprétation de Heisenberg" quand on veut se référer aux "interprétations orthodoxes" de la mécanique quantique.

Dans  le chapitre 8 nous étudions les thèses de Wheeler, d'Espagnat et Bohm.  Wheeler prend les idées de Bohr comme fondement pour proposer une théorie qui permettrait de comprendre l'existence et  l'origine de  l'univers.  Sa théorie est une cosmogénèse non-ontologique.

Nous concluons qu'il existe une ressemblance entre la thèse de Bohr de l'unicité du langage et la thèse linguistique implicite chez d'Espagnat, appelée pour nous l'impuissance du langage.

Finalement il est montré que dans la théorie de Bohm se trouve un aspect de totalité qui, à différence de la totalité bohrienne, est conceptuellement analysable.

Dans le chapitre 9 nous organisons en trois catégories les conclusions auxquelles nous avons abouti après l'analyse présentée aux 8 chapitres précédents: tout d'abord nous présentons des conclusions sur le langage, ensuite viennent celles sur la mécanique quantique proprement dit, en enfin nous exposons celles relatives à la réalité.

Ces trois catégories ne sont pas indépendantes les unes des autres et si nous les avons explicitement séparées c'est pour mieux indiquer qu'il s'agit des conséquences découlant du langage, de son rôle dans la science, et de la relation qui existe entre la réalité et le même langage; conséquences qui se dégagent d'une analyse approfondie des interprétations du formalisme quantique.

Ces trois catégories de conclusions justifient le titre de notre Thèse: Langage, Mécanique Quantique et Réalité.

Pe piața produselor de îmbrăcăminte, regăsim două firme aflate în competiția pentru primul loc mondial ce aplică modele de business diferite și cu toate acestea obțin rezultate remarcabile.
Este vorba de Zara și H&M: prima se bazează pe internalizarea operațiunilor, ducând o politică de zero publicitate, în timp ce H&M își externalizează producția și implică chiar și vedete în acțiunile sale de promovare (Beyonce, Vanessa Paradis și Lana del Ray).
Lucrarea de față își propune să încerce să explice de ce două firme care acționează în același mediu, sub aceleași condiții, au ales un model de business diferit. Setul de capabilități specifice ale celor două companii a fost realizat în baza studiilor teoretice existente, a industriei de îmbrăcăminte și a rapoartelor de activitate publicate de ambele firme. Acest set explică parțial alegerea direcției de business a firmelor.

The following is fresh translation and commentary on an especially controversial passage in the evangelical community. I suggest, among other things, that Paul is not speaking to men and women in general, but husbands and wives. The apostle also links public worship with husband/wife relationship in Ephesians (5:20-22) and 1 Corinthians (14:32-33). He views marriage as a type of the relationship between Christ, the mediator between God and human beings, and the church. Christian marriage, then, is intended to show forth a divine yet presently invisible reality. The typology commits Paul to headship in marriage in which the husband imitates Christ and the wife, the church. The husband manifests Christ by taking on the role of priest in the home, offering up prayers privately but also in the assembly. (In Judaism the husband would traditionally offer the prayers before meals in the home.) This is a form of leadership, but not a coercive one. The wife submits to (permits) the husband to take on this role for his family. If the husband is an overseer (elder), the wife—as well as the entire assembly—submits to his role as teacher (preacher) as well. In this context, it would be inappropriate for the wife to interrupt or correct her husband. In Greco-Roman culture, in contrast to the synagogue, “learning” would take place in symposia, festive meals, by asking one another questions. Paul presumes this form of instruction was taking place in the Corinthian churches (1 Cor 14). Women were normally excluded, but not in the church. Yet Paul wants to establish a good reputation in the community where the shaming of a husband was taboo.

This research paper provides a brief history of the disunity in the SBC caused by the differences in complementarian and egalitarian interpretations of Scripture, argues against the idea that complementarianism is explicit in Scripture, and presents a case for egalitarianism based on a literal-grammatical-historical hermeneutic.

The Self, representing the wholeness of the psyche, has in different guises functioned as a role model for the individual, throughout history. In the Christian era, the ideal of the spiritual individual who is morally perfect (Jesus Christ), through its very one-sidedness, created a reversal of its spirit into materialism. Psychologist Carl Jung, renounced the ideal of perfection and proposed an ideal of completeness. The article argues that the trinitarian spiritual ideal must continue to play a role, together with a this-worldly (quaternarian) ideal of spirit, following the principle of complementarity as defined by physicists. The transformation of Self is an ongoing process in the unconscious. The complementarian Self obtains as the goal of the spiritual path. In medieval alchemy it corresponds to the hermaphrodite, and the philosopher's stone. The article diverts from Jung's view of alchemy regarding the method of approach to the unconscious.

Keywords: Self, psychic structure, complementarity, St Augustine, C.G. Jung, Wolfgang Pauli, trinitarian, quaternity, alchemy, Christ.

In this paper I argue that 1 Corinthians 11:3 is something like a mindmap merging imageries of creation, procreation, and new creation. I'm arriving at this conclusion by adopting Troy Martin's proposal and considering it's implications for the passage's inner logic. I propose that kephale in 11:3 should not be understood in hierarchical sense, but my reasons are logical and exegetical rather than purely lexical.

The divide between science and religion has its roots in the early modern period. In the first part, the popular talk of oracles of reason is traced back to the ancient oracles published in the 15th century, and it is shown how this led to the emergence of a "natural" theology that does without revelation, so that eventually reference to a divine creator seems superfluous. In the second part, using the concept of the cosmos, it is shown that mathematics, especially geometry, has been part of the theological interpretation of Creation since the Middle Ages. From this developed the concept of transcendence as rooted in human thought. Therefore, cosmos, creation, and humanity, which are mutually exclusive, form a unity of complementary elements.

The domain of applications of quantum mechanics (QM) is enormously successful. However, as diverse ontologies emerge from different interpretations of QM, it is difficult to find a satisfactory interpretation of the theory. This article presents a review of the main questions QM posed to theological discussion.  The question of quantum indeterminism is addressed with the aim to show that there is no unanimous answer to this point.  According to some interpretations of QM indeterminism is real, whereas for others indeterminism is only apparent. Given the plurality of interpretations and ontologies arising from QM, it is reasonable to discuss whether it makes sense to inquire into the theological implications of the quantum world. I suggest that future work could analyze whether this ontological-pluralist view is distinctive of how science objectifies reality, but is not necessarily present in other kinds of knowledge, such as metaphysics or theology.

> Context • Society is faced with “wicked” problems of environmental sustainability, which are inherently multiperspectival, and there is a need for explicitly constructivist and perspectivist theories to address them.
> Problem • However, different constructivist theories construe the environment in different ways. The aim of this paper is to clarify the conceptions of environment in constructivist approaches, and thereby to assist the sciences of complex systems and complex environmental problems.
> Method • We describe the terms used for “the environment” in von Uexküll, Maturana & Varela, and Luhmann, and analyse how their conceptions of environment are connected to differences of perspective and observation.
> Results • We show the need to distinguish between inside and outside perspectives on the environment, and identify two very different and complementary logics of observation, the logic of distinction and the logic of representation, in the three constructivist theories.
> Implications • Luhmann’s theory of social systems can be a helpful perspective on the wicked environmental problems of society if we consider carefully the theory’s own blind spots: that it confines itself to systems of communication, and that it is based fully on the conception of observation as indication by means of distinction.

This article proposes a new understanding of structure as a synthetic foundation for theories. For this, I first introduce the notion of inside-outside duality, one that derives from our way of every experience. I then lay this duality's foundation mainly upon the broadlydiffused term, a wave-particle duality in quantum theory, showing that structure corresponds to functions. This foundation can allow us to complementarily understand both wave-particle and inside-outside properties-both of which can make up the essence of theoretical frameworks such that the response for them including their relations can lead to the synthetic foundation of quantum social science.

Many phenomena in the realm of psychology are unapproachable to science. It calls for a complementarian metaphysical model according to which the universe is both spiritual and material. But it is not experiential as a dual universe. Depending on the conscious viewpoint of the observer, it is either spiritual or material (scientific). Yet, neither of the models will suffice as sole explanatory model. This follows the principle of bipartite complementarity as defined by quantum physicist Niels Bohr. The metaphysical nature of the unconscious archetype is discussed. Postmodernist "re-enchantment of the world" is criticized.

Keywords: spirit, transcendental, science, complementarity, double realism, metaphysics, archetype, unus mundus, psychoid, Spinoza, Plato, C.G. Jung

The ontologic framework of Fundamental Awareness proposed here assumes that non-dual Awareness is foundational to the universe, not arising from the interactions or structures of higher level phenomena. The framework allows comparison and integration of views from the three investigative domains concerned with the understanding nature of consciousness: science, philosophy, and metaphysics. In this framework, Awareness is the underlying reality, not reducible to anything else. Awareness and existence are the same. As such, the universe is non-material, self-organizing throughout, a holarchy of complementary, process driven, recursive interactions. The universe is both its own first observer and subject. Considering the world to be non-material and comprised, a priori, of Awareness is to privilege information over materiality, action over agency and to understand that qualia are not a “hard problem”, but the foundational elements of all existence. These views fully reflect main stream Western philosophical traditions, insights from culturally diverse contemplative and mystical traditions, and are in keeping with current scientific thinking, expressible mathematically.

— The low productivity of the Ethiopian diary sector has been explained by the genetic potentials and management practices. Milk production and consumption largely rely on the indigenous cows. To enhance the contribution of dairy to household food security, nutrition and income, adoption of improved dairy breeds together with the component practices is indispensable. To study the adoption of the dairy technologies and the factors stimulating the choices, a cross-sectional household survey was conducted in the central and eastern Ethiopia. Results declare that the rate of adoption of improved breeds, artificial insemination and improved forage remained to be limited. The uptake of concentrate feeding is found to be relatively better. As the joint multivariate probit estimation confirmed, there is complementarity and interdependence in the uptake of improved breeds, artificial insemination, concentrate feeds and improved forages. Utilization of forage lagged behind to complement adoption of improved cows. Tobit model determination confirmed that the same factors are affecting the adoption decisions. The factors responsible for the joint adoptions, the number of cows owned and intensity of adoption include education status, household wealth, access to markets and district centers, contacts with extension and gender roles. Both the joint and individual analyses highlighted the need for strategies that could overcome the constraints and ensure better uptake of the technologies.

Classical propositional logic can be characterized, indirectly , by means of a complementary formal system whose theorems are exactly those formulas that are not classical tautologies, i.e., contradictions and truth-functional contingencies. Since a formula is contingent if and only if its negation is also contingent, the system in question is paraconsistent. Hence classical propositional logic itself admits of a paraconsistent characterization, albeit "in the negative". More generally, any decidable logic with a syntactically incomplete proof theory allows for a paraconsistent characterization of its set of theorems. This, we note, has important bearing on the very nature of paraconsistency as standardly characterized.

Educational philosophy in English-speaking countries tends to be informed mainly by analytic philosophy common to Western thinking. A welcome alternative is provided by pragmatism in the tradition of Peirce, James and Dewey. Still, the habit of the so-called linguistic turn has a firm grip in terms of analytic philosophy based on the logic of non-contradiction as the excluded middle. A body∼mind approach pertains to the edusemiotic turn that this article elucidates. Importantly, semiotics is not illogical but is informed by the paradoxical logic of the included middle. The process of reasoning is however indirect or mediated; it involves active interpretation (in a variety of forms) versus direct representation; it is analogical and connects what are otherwise doomed to remain isolated substances of body versus mind with a separation of knowledge and action. Analysing and synthesising the philosophies of Charles Sanders Peirce and Gilles Deleuze, together with a brief excursion into the cutting-edge science of coordination dynamics, this article will demonstrate how the body∼mind assemblage is created in practice, and what may be the implications of such a stance for educational philosophy and pedagogical practice.

Glosario sobre términos de derecho penal internacional. Tuve la oportunidad de contribuir con la definición del concepto de complementariedad.

Disponible en: https://cepaz.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Glosario-de-Justicia-Internacional-Penal-2.pdf

The Special Criminal Court in the Central African Republic can be viewed in two ways. The optimistic view is that it is a vindication of the idea that the international community should complement the efforts of states in the fight against impunity. The pessimistic view is that its establishment represents the International Criminal Court’s failure to catalyze accountability at the national level. Against the backdrop of these two opposing narratives, this article examines the main legal features of this new ‘hybrid’ court and its relationship to the principle of complementarity enshrined in the ICC Statute. It addresses the following questions: the hybrid court’s legal basis under Central African law, its jurisdictional mandate, the mixed composition of its staff, immunities and amnesties, and the Special Criminal Court’s concurrent jurisdiction with the International Criminal Court. The article suggests that, although it is a promising example of international-national cooperation, the Special Criminal Court calls into question legal and systemic assumptions underpinning complementarity, the principle that gives states priority in prosecuting international crimes, which in turn raises questions about the relevance of complementarity in analogous conflict and post-conflict situations.