Cuttings

There was an apparent difference in tissue origin of adventitious roots in stem cuttings collected from Dracaena and Cordyline. Dracaena was difficulty rooting but Cordyline root quickly and easily when cuttings are taken from stock plants. The reasons for this could be due to their anatomy. The difficult-to-root cutting in Dracaena related to the presence of sclerenchyma ring between phloem and cortex. So Dracaena cutting require the application of auxin that has effects on the anatomical events that associated with the rooting process. The ease-to-root cutting Cordyline occurs as a result of the presence of preformed initials form within the cutting tissues that occurs readily on cutting without the need for special treatments of root formation. Hence, it is necessary to use anatomical study as indicator/markers of rooting ability. The application of IBA at 1000ppm proved to be the most effective treatment in stimulating adventitious root formation on Dracaena cutting; it recorded...

De nombreux grands manuscrits ont été la proie de marchands qui les ont dépecés en feuillets séparés pour offrir aux amateurs la possibilité d'acquérir de belles miniatures isolées. Les recherches de divers historiens d'art ont permis d'identifier un ensemble de folios provenant tous d'un même remarquable manuscrit juridique du XIVe siècle, composé et décoré à Toulouse, qui comportait des illustrations originales de haute qualité.

In conifers, vegetative propagation of superior genotypes is the most direct means for making large genetic gains, because it allows a large proportion of genetic diversity to be captured in a single cycle of selection. There are two aims of vegetative propagation, namely large-scale multiplication of select genotypes and production of large numbers of plants from scarce and costly seed that originates from controlled seed orchard pollinations. This can be achieved, in some species, either through rooted cuttings or rooted microshoots, the latter regenerated through tissue culture in vitro. Thus far, both strategies have been used but often achieved limited success mainly because of difficult and inefficient rooting process. In this overview of technology, we focus on the progress in defining the physical and chemical factors that help the conifer cuttings and microshoots to develop adventitious roots. These factors include plant growth regulators, carbohydrates, light quality, temperature and rooting substrates/media as major variables for development of reliable adventitious rooting protocols for different conifer species.

This study was carried out to analyze the trend of cassava (Manihot esculenta) products and impacts on the livelihood of value chain actors in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Thus, surveys were carried out in 2016, in six localities (Yaounde, Bafia, Obala, Ngoumou, Mbankomo and Mbalmayo) of the Centre Region with the aid of structured questionnaires. Three hundred value chain actors mainly producers, processors, transporters, marketers and consumers of cassava and cassava-based products were selected through a multi-stage random sampling technique and interviewed in markets. However, some producers and consumers were interviewed in their farms, restaurants and at home. Data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20. The results indicated that different cassava products were available at different levels of the value chain. Bobolo/baton, flours, tubers, cassava leaves, cassava cuttings, starch, mitoumba/mintoumba/ntoumba, garri/gari, and water fufu were the main products sold. Meanwhile, tubers, bobolo, leaves and flour were observed as the most consumed products. About 87% of producers had farm sizes ranging from 1-5 Ha and 13% had farms greater than 5 Ha. The main sources of planting material were from neighboring farms (65%), friends (19%), seed farms (9%) and donations (7%). Approximately 90% of plant material used were local cassava varieties and 10% were improved varieties. The main difficulties encountered in cassava production were infertile soils (15.73%), unavailability of quality seeds (14.61%), pests and diseases (12.36%) and the remainder were other constraints. At the marketing level, constraints such as poor transport facilities (31.51%), scarcity of conservation or storage facilities (19.18%), price fluctuations (16.44%) and poor marketing channels (15.07%) were noted among others. In the transformation sector, difficulties registered were, poor mechanization, poor transport facilities, scarcity of fuel wood and raw material. Thus, mechanization is recommended to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the cassava value chain in the region.

This article presents the recent discovery of one bifolio removed from an illuminated manuscript and reused in the binding of another ancient book. This fragment has been written and illuminated in the first half of the fourteenth century in Southern France, in Languedoc region, and it contains capitula of the juridical text of the Liber Sextus of pope Boniface VIII (1235-1303): De aetate et qualitative et ordine preficiendorum, De filiis presbiterorum, De bigamis, De officio Vicarii with glosses of Giovanni d’Andrea (c. 1270-1348). This fragment is stylistically similar to a group of manuscripts illuminated by the circle of artists responsible for the Missal of Auger de Cogeux (London, British Library, ms. Additional 17006). This group can be probably located in Languedoc, between Toulouse and Narbonne: its closest parallels are a number of manuscripts with legal content, dating from the first half of the fourteenth century, such as the Decretals of Clement V in Brescia (Biblioteca Civica Queriniana, ms. B I 1) and some folia of a dismembered manuscript containing Gratian’s Decretals, recently reassembled, usually regarded as having been produced between Toulouse and Narbonne. The illuminators of this circle, while clearly influenced by Parisian illumination, exhibit a number of distinctive features, in particular the range of grotesque figures which are typical of south-western French production.

Abstract: Among the objects conserved (not on display but accessible upon request) in the museum of the Casa Morandi in via Fondazza, Bologna, where the painter Giorgio Morandi resided with his sisters until his death in 1964, are two single–leaf illuminations for which new attributions are proposed. The two parchment leaves were presented to the painter by his friend, the collector Luigi Magnani, in the 1950s, on two separate occasions. Both are miniatures from liturgical manuscripts produced in the Emilia region, which Magnani most probably acquired on the Bolognese art market. The first, depicting the ‘Pentecost’, is from the hand of the anonymous illuminator known as the Seneca Master (or the First Master of San Domenico) and is datable to the first quarter of the 14th century. The second, displaying the uncommon subject of ‘Christ Creator of the Stars’, is instead attributable to Bertolino de’ Grossi (first half of the 15th century). The discovery of several letters also enables the author to reconstruct the relations between Magnani and Pietro Toesca, his teacher during the period of his post–graduate studies in Rome, and mentor in the field of the history of manuscript illumination.

Resumen
Gordon Matta-Clark artista poliédrico, energético, dinámico, explosivo, extremadamente inteligente e intuitivo, que cuando a finales de los años sesenta irrumpe en la esfera artística de Nueva York, lo hace con los títulos y avales de propiedad de primer beneficiario de la herencia de los años sesenta: pop, minimalismo y conceptualismo.
Durante los años 70, Matta-Clark hizo una serie de trabajos conocidos como “architecture." Éstos trabajos temporales creados aserrando y tallando secciones fuera de edificios, fueron desde el comienzo programados para ser destruidos.
Dr. Adolfo Vásquez Rocca

Découpés d’un missel au début du XIXe siècle, probablement entre les mains du collectionneur anglais William Young Ottley, deux superbes feuillets figurant la Crucifixion et la Majestas Domini sont au nombre des plus belles créations d’Antoine de Lonhy, peintre itinérant actif entre 1445 et 1470 environ. Ces deux peintures, aujourd’hui séparées entre la Národní Galerie de Prague et le J. Paul Getty Museum de Los Angeles, ont été mises en relation par François Avril en 1989. L’existence d’une copie littérale de ces deux feuillets dans un missel toulousain (Toulouse, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 95, fol. 154v-155), permettent à l’auteur de démontrer que les deux peintures formaient originellement un diptyque appartenant à un luxueux missel produit à Toulouse, commandé peut-être par l’archevêque Bernard de Rosier. Dans la présente étude, nous étudions un ensemble de neuf fragments inédits provenant du même manuscrit, que nous attribuons à Antoine de Lonhy

There was an apparent difference in tissue origin of adventitious roots in stem cuttings collected from Dracaena and Cordyline. Dracaena was difficulty rooting but Cordyline root quickly and easily when cuttings are taken from stock plants. The reasons for this could be due to their anatomy. The difficult-to-root cutting in Dracaena related to the presence of sclerenchyma ring between phloem and cortex. So Dracaena cutting require the application of auxin that has effects on the anatomical events that associated with the rooting process. The ease-to-root cutting Cordyline occurs as a result of the presence of preformed initials form within the cutting tissues that occurs readily on cutting without the need for special treatments of root formation. Hence, it is necessary to use anatomical study as indicator/markers of rooting ability. The application of IBA at 1000ppm proved to be the most effective treatment in stimulating adventitious root formation on Dracaena cutting; it recorded 72.7% rooting followed by IAA (45.7%), NAA (32.3%) and untreated one (22.2%). However, these promoting substances resulting in approximate higher rooting percentages in Cordyline cuttings; IBA (100%), NAA (97.4%), IAA (96.9%) and control (92.7%) than in Dracaena ones. Apparently, it is important to study the anatomical structure of stem cuttings for commercial production and what growth substances suitable for each to overcome the difficult-to-root problem.

In this paper, we provide evidence that the rooting performance of cuttings can be improved by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis of donor plants. Poinsettia stock plants were inoculated with the Glomus intraradices isolate H510 and grown in three different cultivation systems (two organic and one conventional). AM colonization was not related to P availability in the substrate. Decay of the excised cuttings in response to unfavorable postharvest storage conditions was significantly reduced by AM colonization of the stock plants. In most cases, AM significantly promoted the formation of adventitious roots in the stored cuttings. The strongest effect of AM was found when donor plants were grown in a modified organic substrate; then AM-conditioned cuttings showed higher leaf sugar levels and a changed kinetic of carbohydrates during storage. Analyses of N, P, and K in cuttings did not indicate a nutritional effect. The results support the idea that an altered carbohydrate metabolism and plant hormones can contribute to improved rooting performance of cuttings excised from mycorrhizal donor plants.

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This study was carried out to analyze the trend of cassava (Manihot esculenta) products and impacts on the livelihood of value chain actors in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Thus, surveys were carried out in 2016, in six localities (Yaounde, Bafia, Obala, Ngoumou, Mbankomo and Mbalmayo) of the Centre Region with the aid of structured questionnaires. Three hundred value chain actors mainly producers, processors, transporters, marketers and consumers of cassava and cassava-based products were selected through a multi-stage random sampling technique and interviewed in markets. However, some producers and consumers were interviewed in their farms, restaurants and at home. Data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20. The results indicated that different cassava products were available at different levels of the value chain. Bobolo/baton, flours, tubers, cassava leaves, cassava cuttings, starch, mitoumba/mintoumba/ntoumba, garri/gari, and water fufu were the main products sold. Meanwhi...