Distributed Control System (DCS)

Modeling and controlling self-reconfiguration of modular robots is still a challenging problem in the field of distributed control. The two main constrains are the design of target shapes and the absence of global state for decentralized modules. We present a new way for those two problems inspired from the developmental process of plant growth. As a mathematical theory of plant development, L-systems capture the essence of growth process. We extend L-systems to the self-reconfiguration process of modules robots. Target configurations will be described in a string of symbols, and robotic structures capture fractal characters through the rewriting function. Extended graphical interpretation of L-system symbols can generate module-level predictions about robotic global states. Simulations of different self-reconfiguration processes illustrate the proposed method.

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The container terminal is a convergence point in the cargo flow, being a focal point for multiple supply chains. The operations performed in a container terminal involve one of the most complex environments within the transport industry. A container terminal plays a critical role in international shipping and is under pressure to cope with increasing container traffic. This paper presents a multiagent model to solve the event management problem; this problem has a number of features which makes the agent a suitable technology to consider applying. The model presented is the basis for developing a tool for the event management process in order to contribute to the reduction of logistics cost and to enhance the competitiveness of the container terminal.

CENTUM VP is an integrated production control system to manage and control wide-ranged plant operation such as petroleum refineries, chemical, steel, food, and power.
This paper (configuration Field control Station FCS) provides a all steps of FCS configuration

The Battery management System (BMS) refers to the process of maintaining the battery and its temperature conditions optimum for maximum performance of them. BMS system for huge industries has been managed to give backup supply the critical loads and to save Diesel Generator running time and cost. The main components which are to be taken care are charging current, discharging current, weight, temperature with respect to time. Implementation of fullScale measurement, calculation, prediction and representation with easy perspective User interface and also reducing the usage of Diesel Generator by making the battery system available always to supply back up power. Furthermore, stimulating an alarm responding to the battery leakage and reducing the risk of accumulation of hazardous and inflammable H2 gas. Finally, the product includes remote calculation and display, in a pictograph on an Android Application.

Kebutuhan dunia industri akan sistem kontrol proses selalu mengalami peningkatan. Sebagai contoh adalah adanya kebutuhan kontrol aliran air (flow) pada cairan. Pada umumnya perangkat kontrol yang digunakan pada sebuah industri dengan plant besar adalah DCS (Distributed Control System). Pada tulisan ini memuat desain dan pembuatan sistem kontrol aliran air yang berbasis DCS PCS 7. Kontroler ini memiliki fitur seperti CFC (Continuous Function Chart), SFC (Sequence Function Chart), dan HMI (Human Machine Interface).
Pemodelan sistem menggunakan pendekatan ITAE (integral of the time weighted absolute error). Metode kontrol yang digunakan adalah PID dan penentuan konstanta PID menggunakan metode Ziegler-Nichols dengan hasil Kp=1.95, Ti=3, dan Td=2.5. Dengan komposisi konstanta tersebut diperoleh nilai maximum overshoot sebesar 33.3%, nilai error 0% dan waktu steady state 17.5 s.

Physical world integration with cyber world opens the opportunity of creating smart environments; this new paradigm is called the Internet of Things (IoT). Communication between humans and objects has been extended into those between objects and objects. Industrial IoT (IIoT) takes benefits of IoT communications in business applications focusing in interoperability between machines (i.e., IIoT is a subset from the IoT). Number of daily life things and objects connected to the Internet has been in increasing fashion, which makes the IoT be the dynamic network of networks. Challenges such as heterogeneity, dynamicity, velocity, and volume of data, make IoT services produce inconsistent, inaccurate, incomplete, and incorrect results, which are critical for many applications especially in IIoT (e.g., health-care, smart transportation, wearable, finance, industry, etc.). Discovering, searching, and sharing data and resources reveal 40% of IoT benefits to cover almost industrial applications. Enabling real-time data analysis, knowledge extraction, and search techniques based on Information Communication Technologies (ICT), such as data fusion, machine learning, big data, cloud computing, blockchain, etc., can reduce and control IoT and leverage its value. This research presents a comprehensive review to study state-of-the-art challenges and recommended technologies for enabling data analysis and search in the future IoT presenting a framework for ICT integration in IoT layers. This paper surveys current IoT search engines (IoTSEs) and
presents two case studies to reflect promising enhancements on intelligence and smartness of IoT applications due to ICT integration.

Comprehensive overview of  ( Programmable Logic Controllers ) PLCs and related Industrial Automation Systems.
PLC Basics - hardware modules and IO scans.
Soft-PLC
SCADA-HMI
Drive Control using PLC
Industrial Protocols - Modbus, OPC UA
PLC Sizing and Programming
HMI UI Design
Industrial Automation Hierarchy.  Level0-Level5
PLC programming Languages - ladder(LD), function block (FBD), structured text (STL), Sequential Flow Charts (SFC).
IEC 61131-3 Programming Standard and PLCOpen Interoperability.
Redundancy
Safety Systems
Related Automation Systems - Sub-station Automation, Building Automation.
Comparisons PLC vs DCS, PLC vs RTU, PLC vs PAC, PLC & CNC, PLC & Robot, Robot & CNC.
Machine Vision, Motion Control
Database & ERP Connectivity
IoT vs IIoT, PLC support for the MQTT Protocol, PLC connectivity with Cloud Platforms
PLC Hardware Design.
PLC Software Editors.
Industrial Cyber Security
Dual Use Technology

Alarms universally remain to be a big problem to all Process control systems both in Process Industries and Manufacturing. Despite conducting several Alarm rationalizations and managements there are many poorly performing Alarm systems risking not only to minor trips and upsets contributing to major incidents which will have a significant effect on the plants bottom line. Operators are overwhelmed by the large volume of alarms preventing them to take effective actions to abnormal conditions leading to severe incidents. We do not need more alarms, we need better Alarm management and even better an automated perpetual Alarm management. The aim of this paper is to advance the current Alarm management systems for being further effective and improve operations of Process control systems as a continuous development process instead of it being a discrete activity.

The work presented investigates the dynamics of a reverse droop current controller and a conventional droop voltage controller in a distributed cooperative secondary control environment operating with the consensus aided communication network for a 5-bus DC microgrid (MG). The microgrid system considered has multiple distributed energy resources (DER) i.e. photovoltaic array and battery connected to 4 buses while the last bus serves as an interconnection for a remote load terminal. This aids in bolstering the performance analysis of the aforementioned controllers under various operating scenarios like switching networks, delay, plug-n-play,etc. The current dynamics being faster than the voltage dynamics, a single current controller could be employed instead of voltage controller or a cascaded voltage-current controller for reducing system complexity and achieving faster convergence. A low voltage DC microgrid test-system (48 V) assuming (semi) dispatchable energy sources at its inputs catering to local and remote resistive & constant power loads is considered in the study to investigate and validate the controllers' transient responses. Index Terms-Muti-agent systems (MAS),hierarchical control, reverse droop, sliding mode control (SMC), constant power load (CPL). I. INTRODUCTION Distributed control employing cooperative networks being the cynosure of research in parallel multi-converter systems continues to intrigue the intellect and presents ample problem statements to be embarked upon. The centre-flocking and collision avoiding features of animals and birds,natural phenomena like thermodynamic laws, insect swarming, flocking of birds, phase transitions etc. in physical, chemical and biological processes, etc. were studied using consensus algorithms and later correlated to multi-agent systems, communication networks[1],[2] which endow mobility to control decisions via exchange of information among agents in accordance with the designed or inherent communication protocols. These laws were then further extended to microgrids (MGs) realizing its strong potential for the correction of the flaws that arise owing to the line impedances superimposing the effect of droop control using virtual impedances for accurate load current sharing in DC and AC parallel multi-converter systems[3]-[6] and to eliminate single-point-of-failure and ameliorate high communication channel bandwidth requirements on account of centralized communication infrastructure.This symbiosis of electrical properties and communication networks commonly known as networked multi-agent systems (MAS) have garnered legit attention owing to their flexibility ,scalability and computational efficiency [7]. It also presents the concept of independent, mobile, distributed agents (controllers) that could take decisions of their own by processing information of their nearest agents (controllers). Tracking and synchronization of these agents are the broad classifications in the distributed control theory [8], wherein it concerns leaderless and leader configurations respectively. It is noteworthy to mention that the sudden inclination towards DC distribution systems reverberated on account of its supremacy over AC supply for not including issues related to power quality, avoiding multiple stages of conversion, enhanced efficiency, higher renewable penetration (DC in nature),etc. The multifaceted benefits

The design of distributed control systems (DCS) contains three major parts: (1) the programming of the control application code of the DCS, (2) the functional allocation of the control application code to the specific devices that the DCS consists of, and (3) the mapping of the distributed control application code to the underlying communication platform depending on the distribution. This

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SUMMARY In this paper a distributed Command Governor (CG) strategy is introduced that, by the use of graph colorability theory, improves the scalability property and the performance of recently introduced distributed non-cooperative sequential CG strategies. The latter are characterized by the fact that only one agent at a decision time is allowed to update its command, while all others keep applying their previously computed commands. The scalability of these early CG distributed schemes and their performance are limited because the structure of the constraints is not taken into account in their implementation. Here, by exploiting the idea that agents that are not directly coupled by constraints can simultaneously update their control actions, the agents in the network are grouped into particular subsets (Turns). At each time instant, on the basis of a round-robin policy, all agents belonging to a turn are allowed to update simultaneously their commands, while agents in other turns keep applying their previous commands. Then, a Turn-Based distributed CG strategy is proposed and its main properties analyzed. Graph colorability theory is used to determine the minimal number of turns and to distribute each agent in at least a turn. A novel graph colorability problem which allows one to maximize the frequency at which agents can update their commands is proposed and discussed. A final example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

The design of attacks for cyber physical systems is critical to assess CPS resilience at design time and run-time, and to generate rich datasets from testbeds for research. Attacks against cyber physical systems distinguish themselves from IT attacks in that the main objective is to harm the physical system. Therefore, both cyber and physical system knowledge are needed to design such attacks. The current practice to generate attacks either focuses on the cyber part of the system using IT cyber security existing body of knowledge, or uses heuristics to inject attacks that could potentially harm the physical process. In this paper, we present a systematic approach to automatically generate integrity attacks from the CPS safety and control specifications, without knowledge of the physical system or its dynamics. The generated attacks violate the system operational and safety requirements, hence present a genuine test for system resilience. We present an algorithm to automate the malware payload development. Several examples are given throughout the paper to illustrate the proposed approach.