Dominance

Decisions about whom to trust are biased by stable facial traits such as attractiveness, similarity to kin, and perceived trustworthiness. Research addressing the validity of facial trustworthiness or its basis in facial features is scarce, and the results have been inconsistent. We measured male trustworthiness operationally in trust games in which participants had options to collaborate for mutual financial gain or to exploit for greater personal gain. We also measured facial (bizygomatic) width (scaled for face height) because this is a sexually dimorphic, testosterone-linked trait predictive of male aggression. We found that men with greater facial width were more likely to exploit the trust of others and that other players were less likely to trust male counterparts with wide rather than narrow faces (independent of their attractiveness). Moreover, manipulating this facial-width ratio with computer graphics controlled attributions of trustworthiness, particularly for subordinate female evaluators.

The relationship between performer and spectator is predicated on physical, temporal, and psychological boundaries—a dynamic of mutual tension, dependency, and consent rooted in the continual flow of power from one to the other. It is this interaction between the spectator’s positioning and the performer’s taking action from which an artwork is born...

We are in the midst of a technological revolution whereby, for the first time, researchers can link daily word use to a broad array of real-world behaviors. This article reviews several computerized text analysis methods and describes how Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) was created and validated. LIWC is a transparent text analysis program that counts words in psychologically meaningful categories. Empirical results using LIWC demonstrate its ability to detect meaning in a wide variety of experimental settings, including to show attentional focus, emotionality, social relationships, thinking styles, and individual differences.

Публикувано в: Зиновиева, И., Карабельова, С., Миланов, М. (ред.). (2017). Предизвикателства и перспективи пред съвременната психология. Сборник научни доклади от международна научна конференция. София: УИ „Св. Климент Охридски“, 455-460.

Абстракт:
Властта и доминирането в междуличностната комуникация са изразявани по множество различни начини, повечето от които не са словесни – като лицеви изражения, поза и движения; контрол върху по-голяма територия; допир; вокализация и управление на цялостния контекст. Фокусът на доклада пада именно върху тези проявления, както и върху няколко водещи невербални принципа на властта и доминирането. Основната цел на материала е да представи различните начини на показване на сила и контрол в общуването, както и на слабост и подчинение, които в своеобразен тандем участват в процеса на договаряне и установяване на взаимоотношения в диада или група. 
Ключови думи: невербална комуникация, доминиране

Abstract:
Power and dominance in interpersonal communication have many different expressions, most of which are nonverbal – like facial expressions, posture and movement; control over larger territory, touch and haptics; vocalization and management of contextual cues. The focus of the current material falls on these expressions as well as on the leading nonverbal principles of power and dominance. Its main goal is to present the different ways of demonstrating power and control as well as weakness and submission which work usually in tandem in the process of negotiating and establishing relationships in both dyads and larger groups.
Key words: Nonverbal communication, dominance, power

This dissertation aimed at exploring the field of nonverbal communication (NVC), highlighting and identifying some of the main contributions to the scientific research in the field. Furthermore, the concluding chapter was devoted to the application of the research on NVC to the sphere of politics, in order to underline its connections to the perception of leadership.
The way theories and facts are presented is meant to be chronological, although the aim of this work is to merge together different approaches to the subject, with the linguistics approach serving as overarching framework.
The second chapter is entirely focused on one of the most common applications of the theoretical studies on NVC: politics.
Since the positive implications of a powerful non-verbal communicative behaviour have been foregrounded, many experts identified its potential when applied to fields where persuasion plays a crucial role, such as teaching, marketing, sales, negotiation and political campaigns.
I chose this topic after I developed a strong interest in the verbal counterpart of communication, which was one of the core courses in the final year of my undergraduate studies. My aim was to delve into the different aspects of communicative behaviour displays and to develop a broader picture of the recent studies on human communication.

READING TWENTY TWO Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis Teun Van Dijk Source: Van Dijk, TA i1993) Principles of critical discourse analysis, Discourse and Society, vol. 4. pp. 249-283. This paper discusses some principles, aims and criteria of a'critical'discourse ...

Human voice pitch is sexually dimorphic and therefore conveys important information about its owner’s sex. Since people often associate voice pitch with age, body size, attractiveness and, in the case of men, level of dominance, it is assumed that voice pitch signals biological condition. We tested (1) how female voice pitch is related to perceptions of dominance and (2) whether female voice pitch correlates linearly with its attractiveness assessment. We recorded five vowels {A [a], E [ɛ], I [i], O [ɔ], U [u]} and measured the voice fundamental frequency (F0) of 58 young women. The following voices of four women were selected: low (184.6 Hz), medium (223.7 Hz), high (261.9 Hz) and very high (310.3 Hz). Each of these voices was lowered and raised by 20 Hz. The modified voices and the original voices were rated for attractiveness by men, and were rated for dominance by both men and women. We found that women with lower voices were perceived as more dominant and that this relationship was linear. An interaction between the sexes in the dominance assessment indicates that women are more sensitive than men to the dominance cues present in female voices. We also found that, contrary to other studies, the relationship between female voice pitch and its attractiveness is not linear. Higher pitched voices were assessed as more attractive up to an optimal pitch; female voices above ca. 280 Hz were rated as less attractive. We suggest that female voices that have too high a pitch sound babyish and are associated with sexual immaturity.

Marxist approaches to power are distinctive in focusing on its relation to class domination in capitalist societies. Power is linked to class relations in economics, politics, and ideology. The aim of much recent Marxist analysis has been to show how class power is dispersed throughout society, in order to avoid economic reductionism. In capitalist societies the state is considered to be particularly important in securing the conditions for economic class domination. Marxists are also interested in why dominated classes collude in their oppression and address issues of resistance and strategies to bring about radical change. In this chapter, as well as a summary of the main trends in contemporary Marxism, Jessop also offers a brief assessment of its disadvantages as a sociological analysis of power: its neglect of social domination that is not directly related to class; a tendency to over-emphasize the coherence of class domination; the continuing problem of economic reductionism; and the opposite danger of a voluntaristic account of resistance to capitalism.

Mangroves are considered as the most significant components of the coastal ecosystem and among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on the planet. Assessment of mangrove species plays a critical role in the preservation and protection of the mangroves forest. The study aimed to assess the mangrove species in Pilar, Siargao Island. The belt transect was employed with a dimension of modified 10 m x 12 m and was installed per quadrat. Eight mangrove species were identified under four familie s, and these are B. sexanguela, C. decandra, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, A. alba, A. marina, L. littorea, and X. granatum. One species, C. decandra is categorized by the IUCN as a near-threatened state. Results from the mangroves vegetation structure show that R. apiculata got the highest relative frequency (26.32%), density (35.46%), and dominance (55.08%) therefore; it has the highest importance value (116.85%). This further implies that R. apiculata is the most important and acclimated mangrove species in the study area. The species diversity in Pilar, Siargao Island falls under very low diversity (H'=1.63) which might be attributed to some human-related disturbances. Thus, further consideration in future planning and conservation to increase the resiliency of the mangrove ecosystem is needed.

This article reviews the various causes of human-directed aggression in dogs and provides a step-by-step plan guiding the general practitioner through history taking, behavior observations, diagnosis, consultation, treatment, and follow-up care. Charts summarizing how to obtain behavioral information, the client's management options, treatment recommendations, diagnosis and treatment of human-directed aggression, and the clinician's role in preventing human-directed aggression are included. A graphic illustration of canine body language is also provided.

Ecofeminism depicts the movements and philosophies that establish a close relationship between women and nature. It is also an academic movement that sees a critical connection between the domination of nature and the exploitation of women. The term 'Ecofeminism' was coined by the French writer Francoise d'Eaubonne. This term intersects the two critical perspectives-ecology and feminism. Ecofeminist theory asserts that a feminist perspective of ecology does not place women in the dominant position. This theory can be used to explore the connection between women and nature in culture, religion, literature and thus address and brings out the parallels between the oppressions of nature and the oppressions of women. Using gender as an important factor, ecofeminism examines the conditions that cause and perpetuates the subordination of both women and nature. This analysis includes seeing men as the curators of culture and women as the curators of nature, and also how men dominates women and humans dominates nature. This paper titled, 'An Ecofeminist Reading of Han Kang's The Vegetarian' discusses the term ecofeminism and how this theory can be analysed and applied in this book written by Han Kang, a South Korean writer who won the Man Booker International prize for fiction in 2016 for this Bright 1 particular book. The book is about a homemaker whose decision to stop eating meat after a deadly nightmare about human cruelty leads to various problems in her personal life. This paper mainly tries to bring out how women and nature are oppressed by the patriarchy and how both are showing resistance toward this dominance. It investigates how man colonizes nature and as well as women. There are various other books that can be analysed under this feminist theory but this book in a way different as the main protagonist of this book sees vegetarianism as a way of not causing any harm on anything, but asserting her identity and freedom in patriarchal society. Thus this paper brings of the various ecofeminist aspects that can be analysed in this book through the various contexts related to the protagonist.

The historiography of the nineteenth century Panjab privileges the core constituency of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's 'empire', whereby the margins are represented only as conquered territories. This article shifts the perspective by highlighting the context of 'Zomian' margins in the making of an 'empire'. Based on coeval travellers' accounts, news from Lahore Durbar and British Indian governmental sources, the focus is on the impact of economic and political contingencies on the policies of Sikh Sardars, the Maharaja of Lahore and, ultimately, the British Indian government in the Western Himalayan region. We shall, however, limit ourselves to economic interaction between the hegemonic empire and Kangra hill states to bring out the dynamics of dominance and subversion. The underlying assumption of dominance and eventual integration into the 'empire' was rather economic: in services, materials and money. It was, however, not a relationship of political dominance only. While the subjugation of hill states alienated revenue to the 'empire', it also opened new markets to the hill products and services that had cultural and economic implications. The new markets were welcomed; the alienation of revenue was not. The alliance, therefore, had an uneasy aspect, nuanced by a subtle protest, that of the weak against the strong: an indirect, meek and symbolic resistance. Consequently, when the strength of 'empire' dwindled, such protests acquired accentuated dimensions. The process of such protests is vital in understanding the decline of Lahore 'empire', barely a decade after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Socioecological theory suggests a link between the strength of competition for food/safety, rates of agonism, structure of dominance hierarchies, and dispersal among group-living females. This study presents preliminary data on agonistic behavior and dominance relationships for female Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei), a species in which females routinely disperse. Behavioral observations were conducted on two groups (four adult females, and five adult females plus two juvenile females, respectively) at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, northeast Thailand. Rates of agonistic behavior were analyzed from focal continuous recordings, while dominance hierarchies were constructed from all agonistic behaviors (focal and ad libitum sampling). Overall, female–female agonistic behaviors (aggression, submission, and displacements) occurred at a rate of <0.25 interactions per hour. Agonistic interactions involving food occurred more frequently than expected based on feeding time. Females in both groups exhibited linear dominance hierarchies with some reversals, and possibly an age-inversed hierarchical structure in the larger group. The results fit well with previous results for colobine monkeys regarding frequency of interactions, displacements predominating agonistic behavior, and the possibility of an age-inversed hierarchy. The results contradict the suggested link between linearity of hierarchies and female philopatry. Future studies should consider the notion that female dispersal may coexist with linear dominance hierarchies. Am. J. Primatol. 64:351–357, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

El incremento de la presencia femenina en la esfera pública ha provocado cambios culturales que repercuten en la cognición social en términos de expectativas en función del género. Estos cambios interpelan a las organizaciones sociales entre las que se encuentran las Fuerzas Armadas. Desde las formas modernas del prejuicio, se desarrolló un estudio orientado a indagar actitudes de sexismo ambivalente, valores y dominancia social en un grupo de 238 cadetes de ambos sexos del Colegio Militar de la Nación. Los resultados muestran la presencia de actitudes sexistas. En roles sexuales y tipicidad de género las participantes mujeres muestran un estereotipo andrógino, asociado probablemente a la necesidad de presentarse de manera contra estereotípica para funcionar como líderes.