Dominant Design

Organizations producing products based on technical standards are interested in the factors that influence a customers’ intention to adopt that product, and accordingly that standard. In general, standards-based products are expected to be affected by factors similar to those that affect ordinary innovations, as described in Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations with the addition of a few factors including existence of complementary products, perception of an installed base, perception of the importance of the standard, and the risk of failure of the standard. Additionally, this research examines how these newly identified factors affect organizational strategies. Depending on the perceptions of the customer, the organizations can choose a number of strategies along the Strategy Continuum to meet the needs of the customer while maximizing the gains of the organization.

The development of the area of airports has its specifics related to the safety of
aircraft flights and technological processes of ground handling of air transportation.
At the same time, development not only affects the urban development situation at
airports and the areas located around them but also forms a well-established image
of the airport as a component of a tourist destination.
A special place is occupied by images of high-rise dominant buildings, which
are airfield control towers. The implementation of creative ideas for forming the
latter contributes to the recognition of the image of the airport and can be aimed at
creating cultural resources of the airport environment and its adjacent areas.
Purpose. The specifics of high-rise dominants of airport development and the
main trends in their use in marketing technologies should be identified as graphic
images of signs for goods and services.
Methodology. The research includes the study of cartographic, graphic,
photographic, and design materials, as well as it is based on published information
from the history of design, construction, and operation of research objects.
The main research methods are comparative and critical analysis, a systematic
approach to studying an object as a complex and identifying its properties and
connections with the environment.
Results. The specifics of development used in marketing technologies are
studied.
High-rise dominants, which are buildings of airfield control towers, are
determined as objects of increased urban planning and compositional significance of
development.
Scientific novelty. Typological characteristics (5) of locally placed high-rise
dominants are determined, which makes it possible to create unique images of
buildings using appropriate architectural, structural, and urban planning solutions.
The corresponding levels of (3) formation of the architecture of buildings of
airfield control towers are determined, each of which is innovatively attractive.
The practice of using images of buildings of airfield control towers as graphic
designations of services of several airports is studied (3). The reasons for the loss of
functions by a building are the most characteristic features of a stable image of the
architectural environment of airports.
Practical significance. Proposals for the buildings of new airfield towers
(2) are provided, the figurative solutions of which would facilitate recognizing the
architectural environment of Ukrainian airports as components of tourist destinations.

This paper dealt with 20th century gender inconsistencies of feminism and their privileges between men and women social life in Indian society narrated by Rohinton Mistry's Novel, "A Fine Balance". In Indian social life, particular religion and community only will be allowed for certain rights to women than men as much as possible for lift their future life with the support of education, economy survival, respect, and independent assessment etc., The story, "A Fine Balance", won the 1995 Giller Prize. It was selected for the Booker award in 1996. In this story Dina Dalal is the protogonist and she is the representative of women's, 'honour'. Throughout this novel, Dina was a braved woman to face the lot of routine life problems and possessing handling skills. And she is a outstanding figure to play a vital role of the whole story and fight back from her childhood onwards against up's and down's in her life journey and to sustain her economy status, get freedom from men dominant society and independent selfassessment. On the writer's viewpoint the protagonist and other women characters like radha, roopa, ruby, zenobia and shanty etc., doesn't have any independent privileges and no one can considered and respect the feminism means such as to provide the quality of education, rights and freedom of the society. On the other hand, "emergency period in India", is the key factor for creating several disaster in Indian social and parsi community group.

An interpretive analysis of discourse by physicists in the mid- to late 19th century and electrical engineers in the mid- to late 20th century identifies cognitive and normative dimensions of the "ether" metaphor in relation to Ethernet, a standard for local area networks and a founding infrastructure for the Internet. This analysis reveals contradictions between idealized representations of information networks and the methods used to capitalize on these networks. In so doing, the research demonstrates how the use of metaphor ascribes meaning to emerging technologies in ways that function differently during the development and commercialization phases. This article concludes by asserting the utility of a comparative framework for the analysis of discourse before and after a technology enters the marketplace.

The interconnected nature of the different components of smart grids is a prime example of complexity in technological systems. Developing such systems is highly dependent on the wishes and needs of end-users and other stakeholders. We argue that stakeholder values should be taken into consideration during the design and standardisation of complex infrastructures, and illustrate this with a case of smart meters and home energy management systems. We base our argument on the literature in the technology management fields, particularly those strands related to standardisation. We conduct a case study of the acceptance of smart meters (standards) in the Netherlands, based on stakeholder interviews. We use q-methodology to analyse the most salient values in this case. The Dutch smart meter case arguably demonstrates that a lack of consideration for stakeholder values led to the postponed roll-out of smart meters in the Netherlands. By not addressing privacy issues, economic advantages, ...

I examine interfirm cooperation between incumbents and new entrants as a mechanism for incumbents to adapt to radical technological change through exploitation of complementary assets. The research setting is the biopharmaceutical industry, where I analyze 889 strategic alliances between 32 large pharmaceutical firms and providers of the new biotechnology. I find that incumbents that focus their network strategy on exploiting

The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of how technological performance of the firm is embedded in a social network of interorganizational relationships. The set of past and present interorganizational relationships is aggregated into the social capital of the firm. Social capital, through diversity of partnerships as measured by closeness centrality, and through number of partners with repeated transactions, arguably facilitates the firm's access to external information and other resources. This study therefore ...

Strategic prescriptions drawn from pooled cross-sectional evidence of firm performance effects are not necessarily warranted. This is because firm characteristics can influence both the mean and variance of firm performance. Strategic inferences are warranted if empirically observed effects reflect increases in mean firm performance. If they reflect increases in firm performance variance, however, such inferences are warranted only if the increased odds of achieving high performance compensate sufficiently for the concomitantly increased risk of realizing poor performance. Our simulation study, which contrasts firm performance effects in pooled cross-section and within-firm over time, counsels caution when basing strategic prescriptions on pooled cross-sectional studies of firm performance in general, and in the case of network effects in particular.

Abstract This paper uses the audio and video magnetic ,recording equipment ,industry to demonstrate,a model,of technological change that addresses the sources and timing of technological discontinuities and dominant designs. The model ,emphasizes ,product design and customer choice hierarchies, design tradeoffs, and incremental improvements in a product’s components, a material’s processes, or in the equipment used in these processes. These incremental improvements ,drive changes in the design tradeoffs for the product as a whole, which affects the movements up and down the product design and customer ,choice hierarchies. Large movements ,up the ,hierarchies are defined as technological discontinuities, which this paper calls new product classes,

What effects does radical innovation produce on the dialectical relationship between enterprises and their environment? In this paper we discuss about this topic through the case represented by the evolution of the music industry. Adopting the conceptual and methodological framework constituted by the adaptation matrix, we divide the history of the music industry into two main periods. Through using the static configuration of the adaptation matrix, we initially analyze the first period, which goes from the beginning of the 20 th century to 1999. In this way, we provide a descriptive view of the industry context. Through using the dynamic configuration of the adaptation matrix, we then analyze the second period, which goes from 1999 to 2013. In this way, we attempt to identify possible co-evolutionary adaptation paths, namely virtuous or contradictory adaptation cycles. We present the paper as a critical interpretation of the major changes that have occurred in the music industry. The paper should appeal to all the industry stakeholders. It also contributes to the debate about co-evolution as it is an empirical implementation of the adaptation matrix and sheds light on the main environmental dynamics.

There is growing consensus that the goal of antitrust enforcement should be to manage for dynamic efficiency, that is, an appropriate balance between short-run static efficiencies such as reducing costs and maximizing consumer surplus, and the longer-term gains that arise from innovation. However, determining how to incorporate innovation into efficiency goals is complicated; innovation typically entails great uncertainty, long time horizons, and interdependencies across projects. This means there are no easy solutions for estimating the welfare impact of any given innovation investment or strategy. We can, however, use what we know about how firms manage the innovation process, including how they choose and value projects and ration their capital to meet their short-and long-term needs, to gain insight into how we can best foster firms' incentives to innovate in ways that improve long-run economic welfare. I provide some illustrative examples for how these insights can be incorporated into antitrust enforcement.

Il presente lavoro si propone di indagare l’evoluzione della distribuzione musicale e delle preferenze di fruizione di musica da parte dei consumatori in seguito al passaggio dal formato fisico a digitale all’inizio degli anni 2000, oltre alle ripercussioni che questo ha avuto sul music business.
Nel primo capitolo verrà illustrato il passaggio da CD a MP3 e i cambiamenti che questo ha comportato in merito alla catena del valore dell’industria discografica e al livello di controllo delle etichette sul settore. Alla risposta difensiva di queste ultime verrà contrapposto il ruolo decisivo che hanno ricoperto i nuovi entranti nel settore musicale, come i siti di file sharing, peer-to-peer e Apple nel soddisfare le nuove preferenze dei consumatori.
Nel secondo capitolo verrà applicato il caso pratico Apple a modelli teorici per spiegare quali sono stati i fattori competitivi di successo dell’ecosistema iTunes+iPod che hanno permesso all’azienda di Cupertino di imporsi sul mercato e al download di diventare il nuovo dominant design della distribuzione musicale.
Nel terzo capitolo, attraverso l’analisi delle classifiche Top 100 del Regno Unito, verrà dimostrato come l’introduzione delle vendite attraverso download nei conteggi delle charts abbia favorito l’ascesa delle case discografiche owned in misura maggiore e delle majors in misura minore, a discapito della quota delle etichette indipendenti. Verrà inoltre verificato come  il tasso di pubblicazione di nuove canzoni da parte di majors e owned dopo l’introduzione del download sia cresciuto, seppure la quota più rilevante rimanga comunque detenuta dalle indie.

This paper demonstrates the existence of bidirectional relationships between interfirm collabo- ration and business sales. Controlling for factors that influence whether firms form collaborative relationships, the analysis shows that entry and post-entry collaboration often contribute ...