Frazeologija

German and Lithuanian Idioms with Gastronomic Components The topic originates from L. Feuerbach's quote " Man is what he eats ". It allows the assumption that idioms with gastronomic components could reveal relevant aspects of the linguistic world-view. The object of research are German and Lithuanian idioms containing denominations of groceries, food and beverages. The research aims to compare these idioms in both languages. The results are based on the corpora created using lexicographic sources. There are 193 denominations classified into 20 groups in the corpora: 82 components are found in both languages, 111 are language-specific (48 German, 63 Lithuanian). The total number of units analyzed includes 830 German and 1310 Lithuanian idioms.

Nový slovník slovinského spisovného jazyka venuje osobitnú pozornosť frazeologickým jednotkám. Náčrt konceptu nového výkladového slovníka slovinského spisovného jazyka  (2015: 56) obhajuje celistvý opis každej frazémy. Frazému chápe ako ustálenú a reprodukovanú viacslovnú pomenovaciu konštrukciu nevetnej alebo vetnej povahy s frazeologickým významom, výraznou konotatívnou zložkou a expresívnou hodnotou. Fungovanie všetkých v slovníku prezentovaných frazém a ich variantov v súčasnom úze je overené ich frekvenciou v slovinskom jazykovom korpuse Gigafida. Hlavná podoba frazémy (tzv. „nulový variant“ alebo „frazeologická lemma“) ako aj všetky varianty sú predstavené v plnej forme.
Slovník sa snaží zachytiť všetky typy frazeologických variantov podľa slovinskej typológie (Kržišnik 1987), ktorá je vo veľkej miere ovplyvnená Mlacekovou (1984) typológiou. Predstavuje ortografické, morfologické, lexikálne, syntaktické a tiež pragmatické varianty (napr. vykanie a tykanie u pragmatických frazém). V rámci lexikálnej variantnosti prezentuje aj varianty spôsobené rozdielom medzi dokonalým a nedokonalým vidom slovies, ak takéto varianty jazykový korpus potvrdzuje. Redaktori posudzujú frazeologické varianty aj z hľadiska jazykovej normy, avšak s rešpektovaním faktu, že frazémy sú z formálnej ako aj sémantickej stránky jednotky anomálne (Čermák 1993: 46-51, Kržišnik 2010: 93) a že ich vzťah k jazykovej norme je špecifický (Kržišnik 1996). Každý variant sa musí v jazykovom korpuse objavovať natoľko často, aby redaktor mohol posúdiť, že naozaj ide o ustálenú formu, a nie o aktualizáciu (Kržišnik 1987). Okrem toho musí ísť o prototypové použitie frazémy (Čermák 2007: 572-573).
Lexikografický proces zahrňuje overovanie frazém, ktoré boli zaradené do Slovníka slovinského spisovného jazyka (SSKJ) alebo do Slovníka slovinských frazém (Keber 2011), ale aj hľadanie doteraz neregistrovaných jednotiek. Veľký dôraz sa kladie na tom, aby bol na základe korpusových údajov lexikograficky posúdený čo najväčší počet potenciálnych variantov frazémy. Preto treba kombinovať rôzne vyhľadávacie postupy. Okrem toho, že si redaktori všímajú, v akých podobách bola frazéma doteraz zachytená – ak vôbec bola – používajú napr. vyhľadávanie častých kolokátov v kontexte každého komponentu frazémy. Veľa frazém aj ich variantov počas svojej práce s korpusom nájdu aj iní lexikografi, nielen frazeológovia. Lexikografickú prácu s variantmi parémií zľahčuje sociolingvistický výskum 918 jednotiek, podľa ktorého bolo určené slovinské paremiologické minimum (Meterc 2014, 2016). V prípade tejto časti frazeológie sa odpovede okolo 450 respondentov z celého Slovinska používajú ako vstupné údaje pre korpusový výskum paremiologických variantov, ktorý je vo vzťahu k výskumu iných typov frazém špecifický (Ďurčo 2014).

U ovome radu istražuju se i uspoređuju frazemi biblijskoga podrijetla u talijanskome i hrvatskome jeziku. Budući da spadaju u internacionalizme odnosno interfrazeologizme, frazemi biblijskoga podrijetla važna su skupina unutar frazeologije svakoga jezika. Kako potječu iz istoga izvora, iz Biblije ili Svetoga pisma, njihova raščlamba na međujezičnoj razini omogućuje bolje razumijevanje njihove dubinske strukture. Premda talijanski i hrvatski nisu genetski srodni jezici, hrvatski jezik spada u Slavia Romana (Slavia Latina), pa je zbog toga, ali i zbog drugih razloga zamjetan utjecaj latinskoga na talijansku i hrvatsku frazeologiju, a u dvama jezicima uočava se i različita recepcija frazema biblijskoga podrijetla. Pripadanje istoj vjeroispovijesti i istoj obrednoj skupini bitno je utjecalo na frazeme biblijskoga podrijetla u obama jezicima: relativno velik broj potpunih jednakovrijednica u obama jezicima pokazuje snažan utjecaj tradicionalnoga Rimskog obreda u vjerskome, ali i kulturnome životu obaju naroda te privilegirano mjesto Vulgate, latinskoga prijevoda Biblije sv. Jeronima Dalmatinca. Manji broj djelomičnih jednakovrijednica u usporedbi s drugim supostavnim međujezičnim raščlambama također ide u prilog ovoj tezi. Velik broj primjera nulte ekvivalentnosti, odnosno nepostojanja jednakovrijednica zorno pokazuje kulturno-semantičkunepodudarnost između dvaju jezika i kultura, što pak svjedoči o živosti recepcije biblijskih tekstova na svoj originalan način ne samo u substandardnim varijetetima hrvatskoga, nego i u standardnoj inačici gdje je frazeologija biblijskoga podrijetla osobito u prošlome stoljeću prolazila svoj „dall'osanna al crucifigge“. Ova sinkronijska supostavna raščlamba frazema biblijskoga podrijetla u talijanskome i hrvatskome jeziku pokazuje podudarnosti i razlike na strukturnoj, sintaktičkoj i semantičkoj razini te njihovu ekvivalentnost na međujezičnoj razini.

Ključne riječi: frazeologija; supostavna raščlamba; frazemi biblijskoga podrijetla; strukturna raščlamba; paradigmatičnost; varijantnost; semantička raščlamba; ekvivalentnost talijanskih i hrvatskih frazema.

Ćoralić, Z./ Šehić, M. (2015). Slika muškarca i žene u frazeološkom fondu Ćopićevih djela. In: Zbornik 'Žena – muškarac: dva svijeta, dva motiva dva izraza u djelima Branka Ćopića'. Branko Tošović (Ed.). Graz, Austrija: Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka RS-a, Institut za slavistiku Univerziteta u Grazu. 253 – 266.

U fokusu ovoga rada je Ćopićev roman Delije na Bihaću, odnosno markirana leksika koja može biti emocionalno-ekspresivna leksika i leksika sa određenom funkcionalno stilskom markiranošću. Postoje različite tipologizacije leksike u našem jeziku (vidi npr. Halilović/Tanović/Šehović 2009). Međutim, u radu smo se opredijelili za klasifikaciju koju je načinila Katnić-Bakaršić (2007). Analiza obuhvata frazeme, posuđenice i deminutive ekscerpirane iz posljednjeg Ćopićevog romana. Tražeći najbolji način da opiše iskustva i utiske, Ćopić je birao emocionalno obojenu, inherentno ekspresivnu leksiku. Analiza zavičajnih idiomatskih i leksičkih specifičnosti romana otkriće u kojoj mjeri upotreba autentične leksike doprinosi ubjedljivijoj i vjerodostojnijoj
karakterizaciji likova, te dati jasniju sliku o društvenim i jezičkim aspektima u Krajini u tom periodu.

Ova studija nastoji da osvetli kulturološke konceptualizacije smrti u srpskom i španskom jeziku i  dâ nove doprinose komparativnim istraživanjima dva jezika i dve kulture. U teorijsko-metodološkom smislu, studija izlazi iz okvira jedne naučne discipline i fenomen smrti sagledava u širem kontekstu hispanske i srpske kulture i jezika. Komparativne analize španskog i srpskog jezika smeštamo u okvire kognitivne antropologije, kognitivne lingvistike, etnolingvistike i primenjene lingvistike, ilustrujući interdisciplinarni potencijal za izučavanje datog fenomena. Istraživanje usmeravamo na sagledavanje sličnosti i razlika koje postoje u konceptualizacijama fenomena smrti u srpskom i španskom jeziku.
Opšti zaključak koji se nameće jeste da se kulturološke konceptualizacije smrti u španskom i srpskom jeziku u velikoj meri poklapaju, a da se razlike nalaze samo na površinskom, ali ne i suštinskom nivou. Ovakve nalaze uglavnom možemo pripisati tome što oba naroda pripadaju istom kulturnom krugu: u teritorijalnom smislu pripadaju istom (evropskom) kontinentu; istorijski gledano, tokom dugog vremenskog perioda su posedovali slične kulturne, društvene i političke sisteme; u lingvističkom smislu ne treba zaboraviti da oba jezika pripadaju istoj (indoevropskoj) jezičkoj porodici. Analiza je pokazala da se zajednička karakteristika oba društva, koja je i najznačajnija za sagledavanje fenomena smrti, odnosi na pripadnost istoj religijskoj (hrišćanskoj) tradiciji.
Ova monografija pruža uvid u izučavanja fenomena smrti ali i doprinosi komparativnim istraživanjima španskog i srpskog jezika i kultura ova dva naroda. Umrežavanje različitih disciplina omogućilo nam je dublje razumevanje kompleksne prirode kulture i jezika i ukazalo na interdisciplinarni karakter studija jezika i kulture.

The work presents the set of the 300 most well-known and most frequent proverbs, sayings, and similar paremiological units in modern Slovene, its theoretical and methodological basis, as well as how it can be used in different phraseological and phraseographical tasks. The concept of the paremiological optimum was developed by Peter Ďurčo and it combines the concept of Permjakov’s paremiological minimum of the most well-known units with corpus-based and frequency-oriented analysis. The paremiological optimum is arranged as a correlation between the familiarity of the units, based on the demographical research, and their frequency, based on the corpus research. It is updated according to the most frequent form of each unit in the Gigafida language corpus and is presented at the very end of the work.
We focused on basic lexicographical sources in Slovene language. Our experimental corpus for the questionnaire consisted out of 918 proverbs, sayings, (proverbial) winged words, and (just one) wellerism, all found by a systematic search in two dictionaries. The units were collected from Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika (Standard Slovene Dictionary) and Frazeološki slovar v petih jezikih (Phraseological dictionary in five languages, Pavlica 1960). The FTP (full text presentation) questionnaire located on the webpage http://vprasalnik.tisina.net gave respondents an option of five possible answers for each individual unit according to Ďurčo’s model: 1. I know it and I use it; 2. I know it but I do not use it; I do not know it but I do understand it; 4. I do not know it and I do not understand it; 5. a possibility to add a variant form that the respondent knows. Included in the sociolinguistic test were 316 Slovene speakers and the top list of the 300 most well-known out of 918 units presented to them was additionally arranged according to their frequency in the FidaPLUS language corpus.
Different procedures used for searching the language corpora are presented. The first tactic was to search the units with the help of their lexemes. The second tactic was more sophisticated, because we used constructional formulas. We also tried to develop some alternative search procedures. When examining the situation in the corpora, it was necessary to discuss the text introducers of proverbs, the role of non-prototypical occurrences, their tendency to form chains of (often synonymic) units, as well as other aspects of proverb usage. We described the numerous cases of the specific type of production of new paremiological units as not only reproducing the constructional pattern, but also retaining a part of the referential situation described by the original unit. Because of the lack of terminology to describe these patterns, we named them thematic-constructional formulas, as we wanted to differentiate them from the usual constructional formulas.
The comparative research of the Slovak and Slovene paremiology based on the paremiological optimum is presented in detail. The individual units and their equivalents are compared according to their semantic and formal features. The distribution of the types of equivalents over the intervals of the paremiological optimum is presented as well – firstly by taking into consideration the equivalents of the optimum of the second language and secondly by doing the same with equivalents from the optimum as well as outside the optimum. Analysing the types of suprasemantic differences is also more valuable in such a wider context which the paremiological optimum provides.
We describe how the data gained in the sociolinguistic and corpus research can be used in the lexicography. The main form of the paremiological unit – its zero variant or the paremiological lemma can be determined both by using sociolinguistic data and corpus-based analysis. Along with the paremiological or phraseological lemma, we are interested in other variants often cited by the respondents and the comparison of this information with the picture the language corpus gives us. A corpus-based procedure to search for the new paremiological material with the help of the introductory formulas is described. We stress the importance of establishing the lexicographical description of the paremiological meaning according to the variety of the possible contexts in which a paremiological unit can occur as shown in the language corpus. We propose two basic types of the lexicographical description of the meaning in order to describe the typical proverbs on one hand and the typical sayings on the other. Those types of descriptions must in many cases be combined with one another and with the description of the pragmatic features.

Ćoralić, Z./ Šehić, M. (2016). Analiza kategorije mladost i starost u frazeologiji Ćopićevih djela. In: Zbornik 'Djetinjstvo, mladost i starost u Ćopićevom stvaralaštvu'. Branko Tošović (Ed.). Graz, Austrija: Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka RS-a, Institut za slavistiku Univerziteta u Grazu. 243–255.

Sociolinguistic research conducted to establish the Slovenian paremiological optimum provides us with information on the variants of the Slovene paremiological units which were included in the Dictionary of Standard Slovenian (Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika). Even though this information is quite valuable, we are able to show examples of types of variability of which the respondents are more conscious as well as the types of which the respondents are less conscious, since this information is also compared with the situation in the Slovenian language corpus Gigafida for a lexicographical purpose (New Dictionary of Standard Slovenian). Along with the lexicographical need to determine modern zero variants and other very common and often used variants, we are trying to gain some psycholinguistic information on how the respondents react to the presented “old” zero variants from the Dictionary of Standard Slovenian.

The aim of this article is to find out how antonymic components function in proverbs and similar paremiological units, plus under which conditions they form antonymic relations between larger units (utterances). We are interested in antonymous paremiological pairs with the same motivation, according to Kunin’s definition of “an antonymical phraseological nest”. In order to find out if we are able to find such nests among paremiological units we want to examine examples from Slovene and Slovak languages and also try to show some differences between situations in both of them. Our semantic investigation is based on the terms complementarity, contrariety and contradiction. In the research we use empirical data from demographical research (an online survey) and material both from dictionaries and proverb collections. Online survey gives us information about how well known these paremiological units are to Slovene native speakers and which variants do they add to the shown example (a zero variant). We are also interested to know if some of these units were spontaneously mentioned by the respondents in the answers to additional questions at the end of the survey. We get (at least partial) information about how fixed the forms of units are from the Slovene language corpus Gigafida. We are taking into consideration not only antonymical changes in proverbs, but also in anti-proverbs, wellerisms and other paremiological units. We don’t organize material according to its genre because focus on stereotypical examples of the genre wouldn’t allow us to see other specifics and also to show, how units transform from one paremiological genre into another. We want to investigate antonymical components from the point of view of: the position on which the change occurs (inside the unit or in addition), the fact, if these changes are also fixed or just occasional forms, the question, if the change leads to the antonymic relation between two paremiological units and, additionally, we are aware of the possibility of accidental changes, which are most often a result of the unknown motivation of the unit. We are therefore also commenting on examples which are obviously not antonymic pairs, but dividing them in groups according to different combination of the above mentioned parameters will help us to understand better how antonymic components function in paremiological context.

První Česko-běloruský frazeologický slovník zaplňuje mezeru ve slovanské lexikografii – spojuje frazeologické bohatství českého a běloruského jazyka. Cílem tohoto slovníku je shromáždit ustálená spojení, která tvořila frazeologický základ 20. století a také jednotky zcela běžně se vyskytující dnes v ústní řeči a mediích. Slovník je určen slavistům, lingvistům, překladatelům, spisovatelům, studentům a širokému okruhu uživatelů, kteří mají zájem o prohloubení svých znalostí v oblasti slovanské frazeologie a studium českého a běloruského jazyka obecně.

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Чэшска-беларускі фразеалагічны слоўнік
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Першы чэшска-беларускі фразеалагічны слоўнік прадстаўляе сучасны фонд адзінак чэшскай і беларускай моў. Слоўнік прызначаны для лінгвістаў, перакладчыкаў, пісьменнікаў, студэнтаў і шырокага кола карыстальнікаў, якія імкнуцца да  паглыблення сваіх ведаў у славянскай фразеалогіі і больш грунтоўнага вывучэння чэшскай і беларускай моў.

Ćoralić, Z./ Šehić, M. (2014). Analiza somatizama u Andrićevoj 'Travničkoj Hronici u: Zbornik 'Andrićeva Hronika'. Graz, Austrija: Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka RS-a, Svet knjige, Institut za slavistiku Univerziteta u Grazu, Beogradska knjiga. 715-726. Dostupno na: http://www-gewi.uni-graz.at/gralis-alt/GraLiS_TB/Bibliographie/pdf/Tosovic_Andriceva_Hronika_2014.pdf

U knjizi se na jednome mjestu sjedinjuju teorijska i metodološka pitanja iz područja leksikografije te povijest frazeoloških ideja kako bi se istražile točke međusobnog dodira dviju disciplina: leksikografije i frazeologije, konkretno pitanje statusa frazema u rječniku. Na temelju znanstvenih istraživanja frazeološke problematike te višegodišnjeg iskustva u leksikografskome radu, autorica u knjizi daje sustavni teorijski i metodološki pristup jezičnoj građi koja se uvrštava u rječnik. Jezična istraživanja provedena u knjizi korpusno su utemeljena, a rješenja za leksikografsku obradu namijenjena elektroničkim rječnicima, čime će knjiga, osim lingvistima i frazeolozima, posebno biti korisna leksikografima u doba dominacije elektroničke i korpusne leksikografije

Книга представляет три неразрывно связанных компонента языковой картины мира: фразеологизм — цвет — образ. Предметом анализа служат лексические и фразеологические единицы трёх славянских языков — русского, беларусского и чешского. В компаративном ракурсе представлены фразеологизмы, в состав которых входит ахроматичный колороним (серый) и анималистический компонент — название дикого или домашнего животного или птицы. «Серая»
палитра фразеологии отражает различные символы национальных
картин мира: древние библейские и фольклорные образы, индивидуально-национальные (сивый мерин), актуальные явления современности («серая» / теневая экономика, «серый» нал).



Нарысы па кампаратыўнай фразеалогіі. Шэрая палітра ў нацыянальных карцінах свету рускіх, беларусаў і чэхаў.

Кніга прысвечана аналізу трох непарыўна звязаных кампанентаў моўнай карціны свету: фразеалагізм — колер — вобраз. Прадметам аналіза з’яўляюцца лексічная і фразеалагічныя адзінкі трох славянскіх моў — рускай, беларускай і чэшскай. У кампаратыўным ракурсе разгледжаны фразеалагізмы, у склад якіх уваходзіць ахраматычны каларонім ( шэры і яго сінонімы) і анімалістычны кампанент — назва звера / птушкі альбо хатняй жывёлы.
«Шэры» спектр фразеалогіі надзвычай насычаны дадатковымі адценнямі. Яго значэнні змяняюцца ў залежнасці ад накірунку руху: напрамак ад белага да чорнага азначае пераход ад актыўнага да статычнага — ад жыцця да смерці — ад відавочнага да таемнага — ад свядомага да падсвядомага. Зваротны вектар — насычэнне паветрам, энергіяй, патэнцыялам. На шэрым фоне ўсе астатнія колеры набываюць асаблівае, індывідуальна-кантэкстнае значэнне
і гучанне. Шэры спектр асацыюецца з пазіцыяй “паміж”, і ў
відавочным заўсёды прыхоўвае нешта таемнае. У ім заключана багатая шкала адценняў: ‘пасрэднасць’, ‘будзённасць’, ‘звычайнасць’, ‘меланхолія’, ‘смутак’, ‘адзінота’, ’безэмацыйнасць’, ‘нейтральнасць’, разам з тым — ‘мяккасць’, ‘цяпло’, ‘спакой’, ’элегантнасць’, ‘стылёвасць’, ‘утульнасць’, ‘універсальнасць’, ‘натуральнасць’.
Шэрым колерам у анімалістычных фразеалагізмах маркіруюцца вобразы-медыятары, здольныя займаць пазіцыю паміж светам рэальным і пазарэальным (шэры воўк, шэрая зязюля). Шэры колер поўсці жывёл і апярэння птушак у фальклоры і ў моўнай карціне свету становіцца канцэптам, а міфалагічны вобраз дзікага звера, дамашняй жывёлы цi птушкі здольны існаваць асобна, выклікаючы прамую алюзію з колерам. Колер ўжо не з’яўляецца метафарай, а ператвараецца ў этыкетны маркер сімвала, сітуацыі,
абставін, кантэксту. Алюзія: шэры колер — звер / птушка здольная актывізавацца ў падобных кантэкстах (рус. дикие гуси, военные псы — найміты).  ...

Essays on Comparative Phraseology. Grey Colour Palette in National Pictures of the World as Reflected by Russians, Belarusians and Czechs.

The book consists of three inseparable elements of a world picture created by a language: an idiom – a colour – an image. The subject of analysis is made of lexical and phraseological units presented by three Slavic languages: Russian, Belarusian and Czech. The idioms which include an achromatic colouronym (grey) and animalistic component (the name of a wild or domestic animal or a bird) are described in a comparative perspective.
The main focus in put on a multiple-meaning word that introduces the whole variety of “grey” phraseology. Its meanings vary depending on the motion vector: the direction from white to black represents the transition from being passive into being active – from life into death – from being visible into being secret – from the conscious into the subconscious. The reversed motion vector means air saturation, potential energy,
opportunities. Having a grey background, all the other colours get some particular individual and contextual meaning and sound. Grey colour palette is associated with middleness and explicitly it also implies something secret. In addition, it covers a wide range of meanings such as ‘mediocrity’, ‘routine’, ‘ordinariness’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘loneliness’, ‘unemotionality’, ‘neutrality’, and at the same time ‘softness’, ‘warmth’, ‘calmness’, ‘elegance’, ‘stylishness’, ‘comfort’, ‘naturalness’,
‘universality’.
The colour grey marks images serving as mediators among animalistic phraseological units. These images are able to take a position between two worlds: the real and the beyond (a universal Slavic серый волк, in Belarusian шэрая зязюля).
The grey colour of animal wool and bird feathers appearing in folklore and in a language picture of the world creates a concept, although a mythological image of an animal or a bird can exist separately bringing a direct allusion to the colour. Colour is not only treated as a metaphor; it becomes an etiquette marker of a symbol, situations, circumstances, and a context. The allusion: a grey colour – an animal or a bird can be activated in similar contexts (wild geese, military dogs: дикие гуси, военные псы – наёмники).
We can qualify colour as a non-verbal sign of everyday communication, and an idiom as a linguistic “fossil” of culture; they both have expressive function of evaluation. Idioms define man’s place in the world; they register the features of human behaviour representing its positive and negative traits. Animalistic idioms reflect archetypal connection and mental characteristics which were formed later. The implementation of masculinity – femininity opposition allows us to analyze the features
of cognitive perception belonging to some nations and to select
equivalent units and lacunae among the most important national
symbols.
Phraseological units with an adjective grey and their synonyms in the mainstream phraseology reflect ongoing processes in language development: neologising and archaizing; their causes are natural: the previous values and particular realities are getting suppressed by the new ones. The colour grey is inextricably linked with the concepts of space and time. In its conceptual load the function of actualization plays the main rolecomprising coexisting “clarifiers” for the motion direction
of grey: mediation, revitalizing/extinction, mutation, transformation,
innovation development between contrasts. “Grey” phraseological palette contains different layers of national world picture: ancient biblical and folkloric images, specific national units (сивый мерин) reflect real results of globalization («серая» / теневая экономика, «серый» нал, «серые» зарплаты: “grey”/ shadow economy, “grey” cash, “grey”
wages).

Two hundred paremiological expressions from four different sources have been analyzed with the help of language corpora and questionnaires. Of interest was the contemporary usage of the units analyzed (and their variants) and the possibility of determining their meaning with the help of the context they are used in. A list of the two hundred units analyzed is presented with the results of the analysis and an estimation of the quality of the four paremiological sources. The units with proven contemporary usage and determined meaning will be included in the first issue of the growing online Dictionary of Proverbs and Similar Paremiological Expressions.

The paper revolves around the similarities and differences between Romanian and Russian constructs, with examples, about food items used in expressions. The paper is written entirely in Romanian while the Russian examples are written in Cyrillic.

Nekonvencionalna replika: ustaljena, neustrezna ter večinoma humorna (zlasti absurdna) replika osebe B na izjavo osebe A. Pragmatična funkcija je zelo oslabljena, težko določljiva ali pa odsotna.
Mehanizmi vzpostavljanja povezave med stimulom (repliko A) in nekonvencionalno repliko (replika B): neposredna kritika izjave A - A: Kaj? B: Prosim se reče. (replika potrjena tudi v slovaščini in poljščini);
lakoničen odgovor - A: Zakaj? B: Zato. (replika potrjena tudi v slovaščini in poljščini); taka dopolnitev izjave A, da skupaj z repliko B pomeni nekaj čisto drugega - A: Čo? B: Koláda. (A: Kaj? B: Kolada.) in A: Si v njega? B: Kamne metala. ter A: Jaz sem vate. B: Vrgel gate. namenoma nepravilno dekodiranje izjave A z navidez ustrezno repliko, ki pa ne prinaša želenega podatka: -  A: Kakšna je voda? B: Mokra. namenoma nepravilno dekodiranje izjave A s popolnoma neustrezno repliko -  A: A gre? B: Mora gret. (replika potrjena samo v slovenščini) popolna absurdnost replike B - A: Zakaj? B: Mačka ima pa rep nazaj. (replika potrjena samo v slovenščini).

ENGLISH/SLOVENE
Slovene and Slovak paremiology are being compared with the help of Ďurčo's typology of phraseological equivalents and interlingual suprasemantic differences. The basis for the comparison is the paremiological optimum of the most well-known Slovene proverbs, which was established with a wide demographical research. The frequency of the Slovene units and their Slovak equivalents was checked in language corpora. The research is also exploring how different types of suprasemantic differences are connected with each other.

Slovensko in slovaško paremiologijo primerjamo s pomočjo Ďurčeve tipologije frazeoloških ustreznic in medjezikovnih suprasemantičnih razlik. Osnova za primerjavo je paremiološki optimum petdesetih najbolj poznanih slovenskih pregovorov, ki je nastal s široko demografsko raziskavo. Pogostnost slovenskih enot in njihovih slovaških ustreznic smo preverili v jezikovnih korpusih. Razmišljamo, kako so tipi suprasemantičnih razlik medsebojno povezani.

Empirical paremiological researches on the types of equivalency and suprasemantic differences in Slovene and Slovak language

The article uses the typology of equivalency based on the formal and semantic relations (relation of identity, of privative or equipollent opposition and the relation of disjunction) as it was developed in phraseology by Ďurčo. The article examines the paremiological minimum that consists of fifty proverbs marked as the most well-known by Slovene native speakers in the recent demographical research conducted by Meterc in 2012 in the form of a full text presentation (FTP). The first part of the article tries to establish which types of equivalency occur in the relation between the Slovene paremiological minimum and the Slovak minimum represented by Ďurčo. This allows us to show the distribution of the equivalency types between the two Slavic languages along with the data on the proverb knowledge. Not all the equivalents are present among the fifty and not even among the five hundred most well-known Slovak units. That is why the Slovak units from secondary sources also had to be included. In the second part of the article, empirically gained data on proverb familiarity and data on proverb frequency based on the situation in Slovene and Slovak language corpora are being used to shed light on suprasemantic differences. We are interested in the diachronic, diatopic, diaintegrative, diamedial, diastratic, diatextual, diafrequent, diaphasic, diaevaluative, dianormative and diatechnic aspects of phraseological equivalency. The article mentions the possible causal connections between the types of suprasemantic differences as well as speculates on where further research is needed in order to prove them.

Латинские образцы польской диалектной фразематики В данном случае рассматриваются латинские кальки в польской диалектной фразеологии. Как оказалось, из польского литературного языка в польские говоры проникло множество фразем латинского проис-хождения. Их источники делятся на три вида: 1) античные (мифология и словесные выражения людей), 2) библейские (Священное Писание), 3) средневековые (легенды, басни и предания). Количество латинских фразематических калек в польских говорах невозможно точно подсчитать в связи с тем, что понятие «диалектная фразема» толкуется по-разному. Один подход подразумевает под «диалектной фраземой» единицу, неизвестную в польском литературном языке. Согласно другому подходу, трактующему говор как код, который не зависит от польского литературного языка, фраземой являются все единицы, зафиксированные в польских говорах, вне зависимости от их происхождения. Несмотря на то, что польский язык не родственен латинскому, примеры влияния латинского языка на польский достаточно много-численно представлены в разных разделах языка, начиная с акцентологии (некоторые слова, такие как fizyka, matematyka, gramatyka, согласно нор-мам польского языка, имеют такое же ударение, как и в латинском, т.е. ударным слогом будет третий слог с конца), словообразования, морфемики (окончание-а в формах akta, grunta тоже имеет латинское происхождение), лексики, синтаксиса, заканчивая стилистикой и фразематикой. О латинских заимствованиях в польском языке писали уже неоднократно (Анна Ленартович-Загрода (Lenartowicz-Zagroda 2014) сравнила более 200 работ, посвященных этой тематике), однако фразематические взаимосвязи между латынью и польскими говорами до этого времени не были темой отдельных работ. Запас общепольских фразем, которые являются кальками латинских, достаточно обширен. Исходя из списка, выложенного в интернете 29 , их более 800 (восьмисот) единиц. Это фраземы, зафикси-рованные во всех лексикографических источниках, специализированных исследованиях, например, предназначенных для историков. Разумеется, только часть единиц употребляется в современном языке, и в основном образованными людьми. Однако мы не располагаем перечнем фразем, в которых только компоненты являются латинскими заимствованиями. Польско-латинским фразематическим заимствованиям (а точнее фразематическим калькам с латыни) уделено много внимания в сборниках Юлиана Кшижановского Mądrej głowie dość dwie słowie (MG), Nowej 29 https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sentencje_i_zwroty_%C5%82aci%C5%84skie.

Авторское резюме
В сообщении анализируем избранные русинские фразеологические единицы с компонентом – животным. Мы объясняем семантическое значение отдельных фразеологических единиц, которые сравняем с их русскими фразеологическими эквивалентами. Цель работы – показать меру сходств и отличий во фразеологии двух славянских языков – русского и русинского, что касается не только фразеологизмов с одинаковым или приблизительно одинаковым значением и использованием, но мы также подчеркиваем сходства и отличия в символике русинских и русских фразеологизмов, или же символике животных, которые являются компонентами отдельных фразеологических єдиниц. В связи с изучением поставленной проблемы материальной основой для ана¬лиза послужили русинские и русские фразеологические словари (Вархол, Ивченко 1990; Поп 2011; Мокиенко и др 2005).

Abstract
In this work we analyze selected Rusyn phraseological idioms connected with animals. We offer the semantic meaning of the idioms and then compare that with Russian equivalents.
The goal of the work is to show similarities and differences in the phraseology of the two Slavic languages, Russian and Rusyn, and not only in terms of equal, or nearly equal, meaning and usage, but also to show similarities and differences in the symbolism of Rusyn and Russian idioms--specifically the symbolism linked with animals which figure in these idioms. We derived material for this work from Rusyn and Russian phraseological dictionaries by N. Varchol and A. Ivčenko; D. Pop; and V. M. Mokijenko.

The paper represents the first attempt to examine Slovene paremiology as it is shown in the corpus of spoken Slovene (GOS) which is composed of 120 hours of recorded speech. Thirty seven units were found with the corpus research which included 300 most well-known paremiological units from the Slovene paremiological minimum. We describe the range of proverb variants, actualisations as well as transformations, and show examples of non-prototypical usage of proverbs. After analyzing the text introducers of the proverbs, we show how these can be used to detect new phraseological material in corpora. We also analyze the distribution of units in different types of discourse and discuss the place of paremiology among other sentential phrasemes.

Key words: corpus of spoken Slovene GOS, phraseology, paremiological minimum, paremiological unit, proverb

Prispevek predstavlja prvi poskus raziskave slovenske paremiologije v korpusu govorjene slovenščine GOS, ki obsega 120 ur posnetega govora. S korpusno raziskavo, v katero smo vključili 300 najbolj poznanih paremioloških enot iz slovenskega paremiološkega minimuma, smo našli 37 enot. Opisujemo razpon variant, prenovitev in transformacij pregovorov ter prikazujemo primere njihove neprototipne rabe. Po analizi uvajalnih sredstev pregovorov pokažemo, kako ta sredstva lahko uporabimo za odkrivanje novega frazeološkega gradiva v korpusih. Analiziramo tudi zastopanost enot v različnih tipih diskurzov in razmišljamo o mestu paremiologije med preostalimi stavčnimi frazemi.

Ključne besede: korpus govorjene slovenščine GOS, frazeologija, paremiološki minimum, paremiološka enota, pregovor

Статья посвящена анализу фразеологизмов с компонентом 'черт'. Рассматривается образ черта и его восприятие в картинах мира двух славянских народов: чехов и беларусов. Чешские глагольные фразеологизмы с союзом jako отождествляют человека с чертом, давая два вида оценки – преобладает отрицательная, но встречается и положительная. Кроме оценочной функции, фразеологизмы со словом 'черт' в беларусском языке выполняют функции обращений и междометий. При сопоставлении тематических фразеологизмов двух языков обнаруживается малое количество эквивалентов. Фольклорные и этнографические источники дополняют национальное «фразеологическое мировоззрение» и указывают на различное восприятие образа черта: сегодня в Беларуси превалирует отрицательная оценка, в Чехии наблюдается снисходительное отношение к этому образу, и нередко – позитивное восприятие.

W artykule zostały scharakteryzowane publikacje z zakresu polskiej frazematyki gwarowej, które ukazały się drukiem w latach 2015–2020. Poza tym autor omówił metody, jakie w nich wykorzystywano – początkowo była to analiza składnikowa, wpisująca się w nurt badań strukturalistycznych, później (mniej więcej od końca lat 80. XX w.) ujęcia etnolingwistyczne, zwłaszcza dotyczące językowego obrazu świata. Co do perspektyw, autor po raz kolejny (robił to bowiem we wcześniejszych
swoich pracach) postuluje przygotowanie słownika frazematycznego gwar polskich.

The article has three goals. The first is to present the history of research on Polish dialectal phrasematics. In particular, attention was paid to the last five years, i.e. the period 2015–2020. The works in question were ordered according to the dialectological key, taking into account the following dialects: Greater Polish, Masovian, Silesian, Lesser Polish,
and the North and South-Eastern dialects. The second goal is to indicate the methodologies that have so far been used to describe dialectal phrasematics. Initially, component analysis was used, which was part of the structuralist research trend, later (more or less from the late 1980s) the ethnolinguistic approach, especially the description of the
linguistic picture of the world, began to dominate. The third goal of the article is to provide perspectives. The author once again (as he did it in his earlier works) postulates the preparation of a dictionary of Polish dialectal phrasematics.

Pregovori predstavljajo pomemben del jezika in ustnega slovstva. V sporazumevanju opravljajo najrazličnejše naloge. Raziskovalci pregovorov in sorodnih žanrov-paremiologi-se posvečamo različnim vidikom njihove rabe, ki jih na kratko oriše ta prispevek. Nekaj besed namenimo tudi zbirkam, slovarjem in ostalim virom védenja o pregovorih; zlasti v okviru slovenščine, pa tudi širše.

full version: http://www.ff.um.si/zalozba-in-knjigarna/ponudba/zbirke-in-revije/zora/priloge/Zora97zasplet.pdf

The project of an online questionnaire on familiarity of the Slovene paremiological units is represented in the article. The main goal of the questionnaire is to gain empirical data to establish a Slovene paremiological optimum in order to compare it with the Slovak paremiological optimum presented by Ďurčo. Ďurčo’s approach was adapted and enriched because of the development of computer technology and internet usage. The preparation and the progress of the project are described along with its main goal. In addition, the article provides estimation what further research possibilities this empirical approach is opening. Therefore it is necessary to add the information about the structure of databases. Based on empirically gained data, these databases are created by modernized software and allow us to use different combinations of filters and other tools.

Cieľom príspevku bolo preveriť, aká je transformovateľnosť rovnako motivovaných paremiologických jednotiek na frazeologické jednotky (ďalej len FJ) inej štruktúrnej povahy (vlastné frazémy) v slovinčine a slovenčine. Zameriavame sa na formálne kritériá určenia  hranice medzi paremiologickou jednotkou a vlastnou frazémou a tým určujeme proces transformácie z jednej do druhej.

Artykuł dotyczy polskiego frazeologizmu X załamie ręce. Jako jednostka należąca do frazeologii naturalnej X załamie ręce jest szeroko rozpowszechnione w folklorze słownym i w różnych językach. Słowniki polszczyzny ogólnej przekonują, że temu frazeologizmowi towarzyszą 2 gesty: 1) wyginanie ku dołowi dłoni splecionych palcami, 2) złożenie dłoni jak do modlitwy. Łączliwość składniowa omawianego przykładu (jego rekcja wymaga przyimka nad + narzędnik) oraz odniesienie np. do kina niemego wskazują na 3. gest – wzniesienie ugiętych rąk do góry. Najprawdopodobniej to właśnie zachowanie niewerbalne jest podstawą motywacyjną frazeologizmu X załamie ręce.

The article is focused on the Polish phraseologism X załamie ręce [wring one’s hands]. As an entity belonging to the natural phraseology, X załamie ręce is widespread in verbal folklore and in various languages. Dictionaries of general Polish prove that this phraseologism is accompanied by two gestures: 1) bending downwards hands with interlocked fingers, 2) folding hands as if in prayer. The syntactic connectivity of this phraseologism (its reaction requires the preposition nad [over] + instrumental) and the reference to, for example, silent cinema indicate the 3rd gesture – raising bent hands up. Most likely, it is the non-verbal behavior that is the motivational basis of the phraseologism X załamie ręce.