Geoweb

El turismo es una actividad que se basa en el territorio, conformado por la combinación entre el mundo físico y el mundo online. Los recursos turísticos, las rutas y las empresas se encuentran en un lugar concreto donde los turistas disfrutan de diversas experiencias y las comparten en las redes sociales. Los portales web han evolucionado, de modo que, cuando ofrecen información geográfica no sólo la geolocalizan sobre un mapa sino que se transforman en geoportales, una herramienta de comunicación entre el turista y el destino que le permite conocerlo durante todas las fases de viaje: antes de acudir a él, durante su estancia en el destino a través de dispositivos móviles y compartiendo la experiencia a posteriori. Todo ello teniendo en cuenta la importancia creciente de los datos (big data) en un entorno de destinos turísticos inteligentes (Smart Destinations). El presente estudio tiene por objeto el análisis de la estructura y funcionalidad de la información geográfica online en los destinos turísticos de España a través del análisis de sus páginas web. El resultado obtenido es una visión de la situación actual, generando un listado de propuestas innovadoras para la implementación de geoportales en las webs de destino de España y que ayuden a los destinos a mejorar la forma en que ofrecen información geolocalizada a los turistas mediante el uso de las nuevas tecnologías.

Tourism is an activity that is based on territory, formed by the combination of the physical world and the online world. Tourism resources, routes and businesses are in a particular location where tourists enjoy various experiences and share them on social networks. The websites have evolved so that, when they offer geographic information not only geolocalizan on a map but are transformed in geoportals, a communication tool between tourists and destination that lets you know during all phases of trip: before to come to him during his stay at the destination through mobile devices and sharing the experience afterwards. All this taking into account the growing importance of data (big data) in an environment of smart tourist destinations (Smart Destinations). This study aims to analyze the structure and functionality of the online geographic information at tourist destinations in Spain through the analysis of their web pages. The result is a vision of the current situation, generating a list of innovative proposals for implementing geoportals on websites destination of Spain and help destinations to improve the way they provide geographic location information to tourists by using of new technologies.

Au sein de ses nouveaux environnements en ligne, les modalités de représentation de l’information géographique (déjà bouleversées par les SIG) évoluent selon de nouvelles logiques propres à l’Internet en général (infographie, Web design, datavisualisation). Au-delà d’un artefact marketing ou d’un effet de mode, le développement rapide du géoweb tend à modifier en profondeur les manières de visualiser comme de représenter le monde par le biais des données et des cartes numériques. Afin de bien comprendre cette nouvelle cartographie et les enjeux sous-jacents, cet article revient sur les fondements socio-techniques
du géoweb et le langage cartographique qui y prend forme en explorant les nouvelles modalités de représentation spatiale des données numériques en ligne.

Big data is increasingly seen as a way of providing a more 'scientific' approach to the understanding and management of cities. But most geographic analyses of geotagged social media data have failed to mobilize a sufficiently complex understanding of socio-spatial relations. By combining the conceptual approach of relational socio-spatial theory with the methods of critical GIScience, this paper explores the spatial imaginaries and processes of segregation and mobility at play in the notion of the '9th Street Divide' in Louisville, Kentucky. Through a more context-sensitive analysis of this data, this paper argues against this popular spatial imaginary and the notion that the Louisville's West End is somehow separate and apart from the rest of the city. By analyzing the everyday activity spaces of different groups of Louisvillians through geotagged Twitter data, we instead argue for an understanding of these neighborhoods as fluid, porous and actively produced, rather than as rigid, static or fixed. Ultimately, this paper is meant to provide a conceptual and methodological framework for the analysis of social media data that is more attentive to the multiplicity of socio-spatial relations embodied in such data.

Information has always had geography. It is from somewhere; about somewhere; it evolves and is transformed somewhere; it is mediated by networks, infrastructures, and technologies: all of which exist in physical, material places. These geographies of information about places matter because they shape how we are able to find and understand different parts of the world. Places invisible or discounted in representations are invisible in practice to many people. In other words, geographic augmentations are much more than just representations of places: they are part of the place itself; they shape it rather than simply reflect it. This fusing of the spatial and informational augmentations that are immutable means that annotations of place emerge as sites of political contestation: with different groups of people trying to impose different narratives on informational augmentations. This paper therefore explores how information geographies have their own geographic distributions: geographies of access, of participation, and of representation. The paper offers a deliberately broad survey of a range of key platforms that mediate, host, and deliver different types of geographic information. It does so using a combination of existing statistics and bespoke data not previously mapped or analysed. Through this effort, the paper demonstrates that in addition to the geographies of uneven access to contemporary modes of communication, uneven geographies of participation and representation are also evident and in some cases are being amplified rather than alleviated. In other words, the paper comprehensively shows one important facet of contemporary information geographies: that geographic information itself is characterised by a host of uneven geographies. The paper concludes that there are few signs that global informational peripheries are achieving comparable levels of participation or representation with traditional information cores, despite the hopes that the fast-paced spread of the internet to three billion people might change this pattern.

Since their release in 2005, Google Maps-based tools have become the de facto solutions for a variety of online cartographic projects. Their success has been accompanied by a range of critiques denouncing the individualistic market-based logic imposed by these mapping services. Alternative options to this dominant model have been released since then; uMap is one of them. uMap is a free, open-source online mapping platform that builds on OpenStreetMap to enable anyone to easily publish web maps individually or collaboratively. In this paper, we propose to reflect on the potential and limits of uMap based on our own experiences of deploying it in six different mapping projects. Through these experiences, uMap appears particularly well-suited for collaborative mapping projects, due to its ease in connecting to remote data and its high level of interoperability with a range of other applications. On the other hand, uMap seems less relevant for crowdmapping projects, due to its lack of b...

Since their release in 2005, Google Maps-based tools have become the de facto solutions for a variety of online cartographic projects. Their success has been accompanied by a range of critiques denouncing the individualistic market-based logic imposed by these mapping services. Alternative options to this dominant model have been released since then; uMap is one of them. uMap is a free, open-source online mapping platform that builds on OpenStreetMap to enable anyone to easily publish web maps individually or collaboratively. In this paper, we propose to reflect on the potential and limits of uMap based on our own experiences of deploying it in six different mapping projects. Through these experiences, uMap appears particularly well-suited for collaborative mapping projects, due to its ease in connecting to remote data and its high level of interoperability with a range of other applications. On the other hand, uMap seems less relevant for crowdmapping projects, due to its lack of b...

Familiarisation avec l’application en ligne CartoDB
- Cartographie de données nombreuses
- Jointures attributaires et spatiales
- Analyse spatiale (buffer, intersection, calcul d’aire, etc.)
- Mise en place d’une visualisation
- Intégration d’une visualisation CartoDB dans une page
HTML

Les données et les codes sont disponibles ici :
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/39122527/Data%20et%20Doc%20Seance%201.zip

As emerging sources of so-called 'big data' are increasingly utilized in order to understand social and spatial processes, so too have these new data sources become the subject of harsh criticism from more critically-oriented geographers and social scientists. This paper argues that one of the major issues preventing a more productive dialogue between critical human geographers and those already engaging in the mapping and analysis of these new data sources is around the ways that space and spatiality are conceptualized in social media mapping. As such, this paper draws on and extends earlier critiques of the 'spatial ontology of the geotag', in which the geographic analysis of geotagged social media data over-privileges the single latitude/longitude coordinate pair attached to each individual data point, often leading to the kind of simplistic mappings and interpretations prevalent today. The goals of this paper are twofold: first, to demonstrate how the spatial ontology of the geotag is implicitly operationalized within mainstream social media mapping exercises, and how this understanding of space remains incongruent with existing conceptions of space drawn from human geography. Second, using the example of tweeting in the wake of the August 2014 killing of an unarmed African-American teenager by a police officer in Ferguson, Missouri, this paper demonstrates how a more geographically-situated analysis of this kind of data, inspired by relational or multidimensional conceptualizations of space, can yield alternative understandings of the social processes embedded in such data.

The geographic domain has widely been studied in ontology research. However, integrating the conceptualization of time and temporal referencing of geographic concepts in data models is a complex task that has by no means been " solved ". Existing geospatial ontologies have adopted a space-time model that, for example, distinguishes endurant entities (lasting through time, e.g., fixed natural features) from perdurant entities (e.g., processes or events). Such a model might exclude indigenous conceptualizations of time that are far more sophisticated. We find that conventional ontologies make assumptions about time that fail to take into consideration indigenous notions including: 1. Time is not linear; 2. Nothing is completely fixed in time; 3. Time has agency; and 4. Time is not temporal but social.

In this paper I trace the origins of “neogeography” (a constellation of new mapping practices and populations on the geospatial web) to its roots in computer hacker culture, notably through early mapping mashups, known originally as “map hacks”. I argue that a return to the figure of the hacker—via the proposed concept of hacker cartography—offers a productive lens for understanding the affordances and limitations of participatory knowledge production on the geoweb. Drawing on theorizations of hacker communities and the “hacker ethic” in the literature, I explore how hacker politics (and their critiques) can be observed on the geoweb, using specific examples from OpenStreetMap. I argue that the figure of the hacker—a highly expert individual who nonetheless frequently contributes labor without financial compensation, often producing software and data for his or her own use—presents a fresh way to rethink the expert/novice, professional/amateur and producer/consumer axes that have frustrated geographers' theorizations of participation on the geoweb. I show how the utopian ideals of the hacker ethic offer a promising yet problematic answer to the desires of Critical GIS and Participatory GIS to create more empowered users of geospatial technology.

While the term “cyber atlas” was more widely used at the turn of the 21st Century to characterize atlases available on the Internet, like its synonyms “online atlas” or “web atlas,” its popularity has faded dramatically since then (see Fig. 1). This fading is by no means a sign that atlases are no longer popular in the Web 2.0 era; rather, it is a sign that atlases have changed dramatically in the process of becoming online. Online atlases are now protean and multifunctional. They represent nodes and networks, bodies and stories, satellite and street images, authoritative and less authoritative data; they can be a series of pdf maps, GIS layers, interactive virtual globes, geoportals, and story maps; they are used not only to communicate, share, inform, educate, convince, and control, but also to collect data about their users, to sell ads and services, and to orient their users in the physical world as well as in the digital one. The boundary between maps and atlases has blurred along with the multiplication of options for producing maps via online mapping services, virtual globes, and web mapping tools. The concept of an atlas as a book of [digital] maps, with an authoritative tone, an encyclopedic ambition, a spatial and/or thematic unity, and a narrative structure has been expanded throughout the process of moving atlases to the web. These expansions are assessed and articulated in this article through a review of what can be considered four main families of online atlases: national atlases, world atlases, road atlases, and community atlases.

In this paper, we describe and reflect upon our journey through Indigenous online mapping in Canada. This journey has been planned according to an academic goal: assessing the potential of online cartography for decolonial purposes. To reach this goal, we have followed methodological directions provided by Indigenous scholar Linda Tuhiwai Smith to review 18 Indigenous web-mapping sites across Canada. Supported by a series of ten interviews, this content analysis enabled us to sketch some of the contours of contemporary Indigenous cartography. On one hand, Indigenous communities largely control the data that are shared on these websites. They also partially control the way these data are represented through the mobilization of digital storytelling technologies that are better aligned with Indigenous ways of envisioning relationships to places than conventional maps. On the other hand, they do not have much control over the technological aspects of these projects, for which they remain heavily dependent on non-Indigenous partners. Throughout this journey, we noticed that women's voices remained marginal in most of these mapping projects, but we also identified evidence supporting the idea that these voices are starting to play a vital role in the ongoing effort of decolonizing mapping processes. La cartographie sur Internet peut-elle être un instrument de décolonisation? Regards sur la cartographie autochtone au Canada Dans cet article, nous proposons une réflexion sur la cartographie autochtone sur Internet au Canada. Cette réflexion est structurée autour d'un objectif universitaire: évaluer le potentiel cartographique contemporain à des fins de décolonisation. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons utilisé un cadre méthodologique développé par la chercheuse autochtone Linda Tuhiwai Smith pour étudier 18 sites Web autochtones de cartographie au Canada. Appuyée par une série de dix entrevues, cette étude nous a permis d'esquisser les grandes lignes de la

Since their release in 2005, Google Maps-based tools have become the de facto solutions for a variety of online cartographic projects. Their success has been accompanied by a range of critiques denouncing the individualistic market-based logic imposed by these mapping services. Alternative options to this dominant model have been released since then; uMap is one of them. uMap is a free, open-source online mapping platform that builds on OpenStreetMap to enable anyone to easily publish web maps individually or collaboratively. In this paper, we propose to reflect on the potential and limits of uMap based on our own experiences of deploying it in six different mapping projects. Through these experiences, uMap appears particularly well-suited for collaborative mapping projects, due to its ease in connecting to remote data and its high level of interoperability with a range of other applications. On the other hand, uMap seems less relevant for crowdmapping projects, due to its lack of b...

This paper introduces a counter-mapping attempt augmented by a Geoweb 2.0 platform in the context of two Belgian inner-city neighborhoods. The two aims of this project were to build a platform for the collective construction of a better understanding this dynamic super-diverse arrival environment and bring the various qualities and aspects of these super-diverse urban neighborhoods to foreground. In this study we report on the first results of this project which took place in Ghent and Brussels in 2014. Around 300 architecture students registered, interpreted and geocoded visible signs along preconceived tracks by means of a Geoweb 2.0 platform. Through field observations and interviews, the students created dynamic and interactive maps. We found that the large-scale mapping through Geoweb 2.0 makes it possible to discern different layers of use in arrival neighborhoods. These layers referred to different population groups which continuously have to negotiate each other's prese...

El curso de Técnicas Especiales de Investigación III: análisis espacial de conflictos territoriales ofrece un espacio de formación para el eje Análisis geográfico: espacial y temporal. Adicionalmente, se articula con el eje de formación Espacio, cultura y conflicto.  El objetivo de este curso es la aprehensión de la variedad de conflictos territoriales dentro y fuera de Colombia, y la adquisición de destrezas y herramientas metodológicas que, desde la disciplina geográfica, favorezcan analizar los conflictos territoriales. En el transcurso del semestre, el estudiante discutirá las complejidades de conceptos tales como territorio, territorialidades, espacio, espacialidad, lugar, actor territorial y conflictividades. El/la estudiante desarrollará sus destrezas de escritura académica, produciendo documentos de posición respecto los siguientes temas: territorialidades superpuestas, conflictos por límites territoriales, territorios indígenas y ancestrales, conflictos socioambientales, e interacciones entre dinámicas locales y globales. El/la estudiante también adquirirá una caja de herramientas que abarca desde las cartografías participativas y SIGP hasta el geoweb y las narrativas transmedia. Las últimas sesiones se dedicarán a desarrollar los proyectos finales, donde los estudiantes tendrán la oportunidad de aplicar el conocimiento adquirido en las sesiones anteriores del curso.

Reviews of tourism amenities posted online by tourists represent an emerging source of data to support tourism research. To obtain this user-generated content (UGC), either a time-consuming manual transcription or the use of automated web harvesting – a controversial practice – is required. This paper describes the use of automated web harvesting to extract review data on the Canadian province of Nova Scotia from a major travel review website. We present a summary of the reviews by type, spatial distribution, and star rating. We then discuss the benefits of and challenges to the collection and use of UGC. We conclude with four potential approaches for tourism researchers interested in obtaining access to UGC.

Le développement des Technologies de l'Information Géographique entraine la multiplication des ressources informationnelles géolocalisées et de leurs échanges via le Web. A travers une analyse complémentaire menée à l'échelle nationale et locale, cette communication propose d'analyser la contribution de ces ressources informationnelles aux processus de gestion territoriale en zone côtière. Des décalages sont mis en évidence entre les potentialités of-fertes par ces ressources informationnelles et leurs effets réels sur l'aide à la ges-tion territoriale en dépit de la mise en oeuvre de politiques publiques en faveur du numérique.

The chapter examines the role of geospatial data in Russia’s online ecosystem. Facilitated by the rise of geographic information systems and user-generated content, the distribution of geospatial data has blurred the line between physical spaces and their virtual representations. The chapter discusses different sources of these data available for Digital Russian Studies (e.g., social data and crowdsourced databases) together with the novel techniques for extracting geolocation from various data formats (e.g., textual documents and images). It also scrutinizes different ways of using these data, varying from mapping the spatial distribution of social and political phenomena to investigating the use of geotag data for cultural practices’ digitization to exploring the use of geoweb for narrating individual and collective identities online.

In this paper, we examine the state of the art in augmented reality (AR) for mobile learning. Previous work in the field of mobile learning has included AR as a component of a wider toolkit for mobile learning but, to date, little has been done that discusses the phenomenon in detail or that examines its potential for learning, in a balanced fashion that identifies both positive and negative aspects of AR. We seek to provide a working definition of AR and examine how it is embedded within situated learning in outdoor settings. We also attempt ...

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie widoczności polskich miast w cyberprzestrzeni oraz cyberprzestrzennych powiązań pomiędzy nimi. Widoczność miast w cyberprzestrzeni została określona poprzez analizę wyników uzyskanych przy zastosowaniu wyszukiwarki internetowej Google (liczba wskazań dla nazwy miasta). Powiązania pomiędzy miastami przybliżono jako współwystępowanie nazw dla danej pary miast. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, iż pozycja oraz powiązania pomiędzy miastami w cyberprzestrzeni są ściśle związane z tymi ze świata realnego. Zaprezentowane badania wskazują, iż analiza zasobów informacyjnych sieci WWW może być stosowana w badaniach nad znaczeniem miast oraz relacjami pomiędzy nimi.

Open data and the geoweb have emerged, along with the rhetoric of democratization and a promise that increased user participation would lead to more empowered citizens. Recently, European rules have attempted to make the availability and re-use of data from everywhere much easier. The EU Open Data rules are shifting issues from finding information to selecting the more relevant data and enabling new approaches to the real-time scrutiny of powerful institutions. However, geography, open data and the Internet are obviously not intrinsically subversive. Moving from transparency to accountability, and from critical thinking to political leverage, requires making sense of data and empowering people with it. This suggests that crowdsourcing geography is not so much about collaboratively distributing the production of data but instead about shifting the production of meaning from the few to the many, soliciting contributions for the critical analysis of data, openly distributing problem-solving and using the exchanges between people from different backgrounds all across the world to construct the interpretation. Crowdsourcing geography reduces information asymmetry and enables power strategies, deconstruction and counter-hegemonic initiatives to jump spatial scales, thereby allowing them to leverage public opinion on a global scale. This is an opportunity for guerrilla cartography, transforming data and geographical knowledge into real-time leverage and coming unexpectedly, because it can be launched from virtually any place, crowdsourced, and spawn followers around the world. However, shifting the production of meaning from the few to the many requires more trained brains than dot.com domains. What matters most is grasping ‘dead’ data, giving it ‘live’ meaning, producing reusable information just in time, rapidly transforming data into political leverage and sharing it in an efficient manner. This paper showcases the possibilities of crowdsourcing geography and guerrilla cartography by using the political crisis in Romania that took place during the summer of 2012.

Crowdsourcing is one of the spatial data sources, but due to its unstructured form, the quality of noisy crowd judgments is a challenge. In this study, we address the problem of detecting and removing crowdsourced data bias as a prerequisite for better-quality open-data output. This study aims to find the most robust data quality assurance system (QAs). To achieve this goal, we design logic-based QAs variants and test them on the air quality crowdsourcing database. By extending the paradigm of urban air pollution monitoring from particulate matter concentration levels to air-quality-related health symptom load, the study also builds a new perspective for citizen science (CS) air quality monitoring. The method includes the geospatial web (GeoWeb) platform as well as a QAs based on conditional statements. A four-month crowdsourcing campaign resulted in 1823 outdoor reports, with a rejection rate of up to 28%, depending on the applied. The focus of this study was not on digital sensors...

This short paper is aimed at inspiring dialogue and debate around the theoretical perspectives underpinning research into learning in technology-enhanced augmented places, and the engagement by such learners with blended environments/spaces. The author argues that current theories do not fully model or explain our interactions with technology-enhanced physical environments and that a new theory that combines aspects of these may be required in order to fully understand the way in which we move, interact ...

We all know that cartography is the art and science of making maps. In my introductory map reading, GIS and cartography courses I always stress, probably overstress, that the process of making maps must combine these otherwise disparate practices… to the point that one of my students paid homage, almost certainly with a tongue firmly planted in cheek, on an otherwise forgotten GIS lab chalkboard. But let’s rap on that for a minute. If we consider the technological advances that mapping has made over the past few decades, I see some parallels to an earlier shift in perspective.