Green spaces

Late talent identification of sport abilities endowed among the little boys and girls especially in under developed nations has delayed the proper attainment of sport prowess among most players. A huge desert of unnoticed talents is created and unknowingly let it grow between the tender ages to junior levels of the child. African education systems are devoid of the expertise or might be incapacitated to identify and tap the sport potentialities born in our children during their early ages of growth. The adoption of Early Child Education by numerous African states is silent about sport talent identification; talented players are picked at adult ages, unfortunately, nearing retirement from sport show-casing. This scenario has not benefited the players as well as the nations. Therefore, this study aimed to identify strategies Early Learning Centers can utilize in identifying sport talents in children enrolled in their centers for the benefit of sport coaches, player-agents, the child a...

This study aimed to investigate women's preferred activities and elements of private green spaces in informal settlements of Kabul city. This study was conducted in three of the 22 police districts (PDs) of Kabul city, which included 400 women. The women were selected using a non-probability sampling technique of convenience sampling. A survey was conducted using questionnaire. 'Recreational activities' were the most preferred group of activities by both the owners and visitors of private green spaces. This could be due to the nature of private green spaces which can provide recreational opportunities. As far as the elements are concerned, a mix of softscape and hardscape elements were preferred the most. Majority of the items in the first construct were aesthetic elements. The women's preference for aesthetic elements, both softscape and hardscape, can be understood from the ability of these elements to respond to the recreational need. There was no statistically significant difference in preferred activities and elements of women who had private green space at home-owners and those who did not have private green space-visitors. There was a statistically significant difference in the preferred activities of owners as well as visitors differentiated by employment status, marital status, age groups, educational level and ethnic groups. The output of this research can be used as a planning tool in responding to the environmental needs of women in informal settlements of Kabul city and other similar areas. The results can also be used by authorities for upgrading projects as well as by the head of households to fulfil the environmental needs of their women.

This research focuses on the problem of ecological green potential’s conservation and concerns the green element (vegetation) especially one of the main regulatory tools which helps increasing the vegetation in urban area. The biotope per area factor (BAF) is one of these tools. Its purpose is to promote the presence of vegetation by using specific density factors aiming to guarantee a minimum amount of vegetation at the parcel scale. We will focus on this tool in order to adapt it to urban scale and see how can be the effective result concerning the promotion of green areas.
The research approach involved the case studies of the different experiences of the BAF around the world to understand its system and application details in view to adapt it to our context and urban scale and use it in Algeria.
Our case study is one of Algiers communes (BabEzzouar). It shows the symptoms of a mineral configuration which is the result of the combination of fast development and high density projects not respecting the sustainable urban planning.

Dalam rangka akuntabilitas publik, Pemerintah Kota Surabaya telah
menyusun Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD) Kota Surabaya atau
State of the Environment Report (SoER), yang mengalami perubahan tata cara
penulisan sesuai pedoman Nirwasita Tantra  menjadi dokumen Informasi Kinerja
Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (IKPLHD) Kota Surabaya. Dokumen
IKPLHD merupakan laporan kinerja Kepala Daerah tentang pengelolaan lingkungan
hidup. Laporan tersebut  menggambarkan keadaan lingkungan hidup, baik penyebab
dan dampak permasalahannya, maupun respon pemerintah, masyarakat dan pihak
lainnya dalam upaya pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sesuai prinsip pembangunan
berkelanjutan.
IKPLHD disusun untuk memenuhi Undang-Undang Rl Nomor 32 Tahun
2009 tentang  perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dalam bab VIII
Tentang sistem informasi pasal 62 ayat (1-3) yang menjelaskan Pemerintah
dan Pemerintah Daerah mengembangkan sistem informasi lingkungan hidup
untuk mendukung pelaksanaan dan pengembangan kebijakan perlindungan dan
pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Sistem informasi lingkungan hidup dilakukan
secara terpadu dan terkoordinasi dan wajib dipublikasikan kepada masyarakat.
Sistem informasi lingkungan hidup paling sedikit memuat informasi mengenai
status lingkungan hidup, dan informasi lingkungan hidup lain.
IKPLHD Kota Surabaya menjadi sangat penting karena menyajikan
perubahan penduduk baik kuantitas maupun aktivitasnya yang memberikan tekanan
terhadap lingkungan. Keterbatasan lingkungan dan teknologi mengharuskan tekanan
terhadap lingkungan dikendalikan agar tidak terjadi bencana ekologi. Kesadaran
agar lingkungan tetap berlanjut untuk menopang pembangunan dapat ditinjau dari

Most of the scientific papers on urban planning and sustainable development begin by emphasizing the multiple benefits of urban open green space. When it comes to the benefits of urban green and open space, one should concern on the facilities provided to promote human or societal wellbeing, either directly or indirectly. In this study, a review of identified peer-reviewed literature from the most popular online databases was carried out and its contribution to improve our understanding of urban open green spaces and their environmental benefits to the human being are discussed. These many benefits cover various areas such as natural conservation which increases biodiversity of flora and fauna, affecting urban climate by reduction of air temperature and urban heat islands, improving air quality, decreasing air pollution and carbon sequestration, noise reduction and cleaning up contaminants. As urban open green spaces contribute to human and social well-being, they are essential for livable and sustainable cities.

Thirty-one ethnographic interviews were conducted with health and well-being sector businesses to examine the dynamics of innovation in the UK (Cornwall) and across Finland. The Nordic countries are at the leading edge of these types of public health nature-based interventions, consequently, Finland was chosen as a comparator to the UK. We found that the construction of natural environment based services for health and well-being follows a five-step model: (1) Services are specifically designed for individuals' needs; (2) These services are based around routine behaviours of that individual and their personal and social habits; (3) This creates a process of normalisation that relates to former states of health prior to being ill; (4) These routines generally function at a habitual level if they are to be of use on a daily basis (we are not conscious of all of our actions all the time); and (5) nature is used to embed these new routines because it allows access to the latent forms of thought, not ones that require direct conscious learning. We found this emergent process closely resembles Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus. A number of health and well-being businesses have moved towards mixed models of service provision– combining profit-making activities in the tourism and leisure markets with care services to create a sustainable service model in response to increasing pressures on funding sources. However, more still needs to be done in terms of training for public health and well-being businesses if this service model is to become financially sustainable for all.

Introduction: Emerging empirical evidence suggests exposure to natural amenities (e.g., green-space, oceanfront) may improve health behaviors and mental health outcomes such as increased levels of physical activity and lower levels of depression associated with sleep quality. Little is known about the relationship between self-reported sufficient sleep and natural amenities. Methods: A subsample (n=253,550) of the US 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a randomized survey of risk factors among US adults ≥18 years of age, was used to examine the association between self-reported sleep sufficiency (the number of days individuals indicated as having sufficient sleep in the past month) and access to natural amenities. Participants with geographically referenced data were assigned an amenity score based on an index developed by the United States Department of Agriculture to reflect the natural landscape of counties including varied topography such as lakes, ponds, oceanfront...

A small scale study exploring mental health benefits of outdoor education, with a focus on the use of blue spaces for social prescribing and citizen science projects based around wildlife and biodiversity as vehicles for developing a connection with nature and positive conservation attitudes. The study blends together concepts of blue and green spaces, social prescribing, and meditation and mindfulness when looking at mental health and education.

Note* This was an undergraduate study to achieve a Bachelor's Degree in Education Studies, this paper follows a graded format, and was awarded a first class grade, culminating in a first class honours degree.

Britain's urban green spaces are coming under pressure, with financial and development constraints, coupled with a surprising lack of data, raising the possibility of a decline in the quantity and quality of our urban green spaces. Park Land calls for a new freely-available national urban green space map for the UK to help make sure people living in cities have adequate access to good green spaces, test whether public money is being well spent and allow clever innovations in improving green spaces to be easily shared.

Urbanization is a global phenomenon which is projected by the United Nations to grow annually at 65 million between 2000 and 2030 in developing countries. As an archipelagic nation, the Philippines is considered to be a highly urbanized nation where over three-fourths of its population is estimated to reside in urban areas, posting a proportion of one person residing in rural areas for every three in urban areas. The National Capital Region (NCR), the core region of the counry, registers a 100% urbanization level, and it is where the most densely populated areas converge.
It generally exhibits an urban population growth rate that exceeds the national growth rate. Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, is the second largest and the world’s most densely populated city given its small land area and huge
human population. The concentration of people in this city and the urbanization processes are foreseen to create environmental stress leading to potential biodiversity losses coupled with other urban environmental occurrences such
as flooding, air pollution, sea level rise, earthquakes, subsidence, traffic congestion, water pollution, among others. These natural and man-made hazards pose a challenge to the multi-functional uses and various benefits of urban green
spaces (UGS). UGS play a significant role in enhancing the quality and resiliency of the environment as well as in improving the health and general well being of city dwellers. It is in this context that the challenges and opportunities
of UGS are examined. This paper attempts to identify and determine the factors that influence UGS as a basis for urban biodiversity planning and management.

This research paper examines the apartment building design serves as healthy living environment.
I have discuss the key factors need to be considered like natural light, air flow and interaction with
nature for a healthy living environment. I have l further discuss the importance of these factors
individually in terms of health and economic benefits, while also helps in reduction of energy
consumption. I have  drag the attention on the facts that why these design element are not
successfully implement in apartment building design. And I have compare and contrast the buildings
for the better understanding about implementation of these design elements. I have look global
case studies of apartment building which serve a healthy living environment. I have discuss the
facts that in spite of the health benefits of these factors, how they are very much productive in
reduction of energy consumption like electric units consumption. I have also discuss the ways to
cater the impact of sunlight that result in increase in room temperature in summers. In this
research paper for my qualitative research I have taken individual interviews from the Architects
while an interview from a psychiatrist too. While for my Quantitative Research I have taken an
online survey from the residents of different building typologies in Karachi.

Our quality of life significantly depends on open spaces. They offer facility provision for a wide range of social interactions and provide habitats for flora and fauna. A classification of spaces would be useful in preparing public open space policies and fulfilling structure plan. This study aims to propose a comprehensive open space categorization using classification system for Malaysia. A deep investigation in sources in Malaysia reveals that there is lack of comprehensive classification of open spaces and just a hierarchy of open spaces presented. A critical literature review were carried out for this study to understand the approaches of this comprehensive classification and adapted them according to Malaysia context. In order to come up with a comprehensive classification in Malaysia, an analysis of comparison between several cities in different countries was done. The outcomes of the study will provide a systematic classification use for planner and policy makers in preparing open space strategies and in setting development plan policies. It is also useful for designers to obtain the best possible conceptual ideas when designing open spaces.

Late talent identification of sport abilities endowed among the little boys and girls especially in under developed nations has delayed the proper attainment of sport prowess among most players. A huge desert of unnoticed talents is created and unknowingly let it grow between the tender ages to junior levels of the child. African education systems are devoid of the expertise or might be incapacitated to identify and tap the sport potentialities born in our children during their early ages of growth. The adoption of Early Child Education by numerous African states is silent about sport talent identification; talented players are picked at adult ages, unfortunately, nearing retirement from sport show-casing. This scenario has not benefited the players as well as the nations. Therefore, this study aimed to identify strategies Early Learning Centers can utilize in identifying sport talents in children enrolled in their centers for the benefit of sport coaches, player-agents, the child and the nation at large. The study has concluded that it is possible to introduce children at early age of growth to any sport skills provided proper approaches, modifications and training is done. Furthermore, the theory Capture them Green, is vital if all ECD teachers are properly oriented to it. The study also recommends the adoption of the concept Capture them Green, in order to start developing children into future elite sports persons. This study recommends for further researches into strategies to value-add and beneficiate our African players before they are whisked off by dodgy sport agents from developed sport nations.

This chapter aims to analyze the review the existing literature on some important features of urban green spaces such as the components, functions, services, community involvement, initiatives, and actions from an ecosystem perspective. The analysis begins from the assumption that urban green spaces are ecosystems of vital importance in enhancing the quality of life in an urban environment and supplying ecosystem services such as biodiversity and climate regulation. Meeting the needs of users is related with the functions and services that urban green spaces provide to communities. The methods employed in this analysis are the empirical literature and documents review, analysis of existing data on uses and users, interviews with authorities, and more detailed examination of a case specific data. Also, as some concluding remarks, some wider environmental, economic, and social initiatives for local authorities and communities are suggested that can justify initiatives by all represented and involved stakeholders. Finally, the study advances some opportunities, challenges, and further research.

The traditional approach of landscape architecture has always focused on the aesthetic and visual aspects of landscapes while giving less attention to other aspects. This view has limited the benefits that can be derived from designed landscapes, despite the wide-ranging potential they carry for humans; socially, environmentally and economically. As a result, many researchers and practitioners are currently challenging this view to develop a more holistic and multidimensional approach. The present research therefore aims at proposing a new perspective for public designed landscapes based on fundamental human needs. The study methodology was comprised of critical content analysis for three main domains: sustainable development, human needs in specific relation to public landscapes, and significant approaches to fundamental human needs. Reconciliation among these domains was achieved based on a modified version of Max-Neef’s matrix of fundamental human needs. Human needs in public landscapes were merged into the matrix to reach a comprehensive yet specific perspective. The study concluded with a conceptual framework that can provide a wider perspective to human needs in designed landscapes. It proposes a new tool for the analysis of the benefits of public landscapes and their value for humans, which can be further used in various applications.

In addition to increasing the attractiveness of urban environment, the advancement of living conditions in this environment provides a good basis for achieving the major goals of sustainable development. Nevertheless, the rapid growth of urbanization and other issues related to urban development have raised and augmented problems in these settlements. This situation is well understood in many Iranian cities in which the consequences of rapid urban growth and insufficient financial and human resources in the management process are obviously felt. The purpose of this research is to analyze the livability of Tehran Metropolis in terms of the fulfilment of biological needs with regard to land uses for residential purposes, urban infrastructures, sanitation, green spaces, industry, administration, transportation, military, and commercial purposes. To this end, initially the pattern of distribution of biological services all over Tehran Metropolis was analyzed using the Standard deviational ellipse method; and then, using the SAW technique, the livability of districts in Tehran was measured with respect to the fulfilment of biological needs. The findings of this research show that different districts of Tehran Metropolitan do not have similar conditions of livability regarding their access to biological services and these services have not been distributed among them equitably. The present study introduces the spatial districts which are high on the list of priorities and which require greater attention so as to promote just distribution of biological services in Tehran.

Space" traditionally relates to physical location, and "place" to a sociocultural perception of space, while "territory" usually refers to the governance context of space, with policy implications. However, these terms have increasingly become intertwined when it comes to the relationships between socio-cultural values, social cohesion and governance. Public spaces, especially urban green spaces, are outstanding contributors to social cohesion in any society. Nonetheless, their potential in postconflict societies has been largely overlooked so far. Through a literature review and through the observation of the use of green spaces in different societies in their post-conflict periods, this article aims to assess the potential for these components of the urban territory to foster peace and sustainability. This requires appropriate policies, with special relevance to the new socio-political context in Colombia following the implementation of the Peace agreements.

The main objective of the present study was to explore preferences and eumotion perceptions of people in Rasht and Ardabil (Iran) to some ornamental plants in order to help designing appropriate urban green landscapes. The study surveyed urban park users in the two cities in 2017 to identify and compare the most important factors underpinning the viability of public open spaces from the perspective of users (mental aspect) and the extent to which these mental factors match the visual features of the selected spaces (visual aspect). A random sample of 232 individuals was taken from students in Ardabil (119 persons) and Rasht (113 persons). A considerable part of the participants (37.2%) reported a feeling of tranquility when they saw flowers, while 28.8% of the participants reported a feeling of love. Flower-bearing plant species were more appealing to the participants than leafy ornamental plants. Red was the most preferred flower color (52.1%) followed by violet (18.6%) and orange (11.4%) among the ornamental species commonly used in the design of green spaces, while tulip (Tulipa ges-neriana) (29%), rose (Rosa hybrida) (25%), and Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) (19%) were in the first top ranks of preferences, respectively. Coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides) and garden croton (Codiaeum variegatum) were also reported among preferred species. The results support the assumption of similarity in preferences and requirements of citizens of large cities and despite great diversity in geography, culture, and ethics, people in large cities exhibit similar emotion perceptions. The study findings are expected to support public authorities and urban planners to effectively design and manage urban green spaces to meet users' needs.

Universities all over the world have green spaces (GS) as an integral part of their campuses because of the significant benefits derived from them. Aside enhancing the image of universities, GS influence the academic performance of students by reducing stress. This paper examines the preferences and uses of green spaces on UCC campus by non-African foreign students (NAFS). Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and by the use of Arc-GIS 10.1 software. Sixteen NAFS were interviewed during the second semester of the 2013/2014 academic year. The study found that the usage of GS was influenced by factors such as easy access to Wi-Fi connectivity, proximity of GS to lecture and residential facilities, fresh air they provide, the aesthetic nature of those spaces, and the quiet/serene environment they offer. The respondents also lamented on the use of GS as pathways by other users. Hence, the study recommends that future development plans of the university in terms o...

Universities all over the world have green spaces (GS) as an integral part of their campuses because of the significant benefits derived from them. Aside enhancing the image of universities, GS influence the academic performance of students by reducing stress. This paper examines the preferences and uses of green spaces on UCC campus by non-African foreign students (NAFS). Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and by the use of Arc-GIS 10.1 software. Sixteen NAFS were interviewed during the second semester of the 2013/2014 academic year. The study found that the usage of GS was influenced by factors such as easy access to Wi-Fi connectivity, proximity of GS to lecture and residential facilities, fresh air they provide, the aesthetic nature of those spaces, and the quiet/serene environment they offer. The respondents also lamented on the use of GS as pathways by other users. Hence, the study recommends that future development plans of the university in terms o...

The native aesthetics of plant presence in Moroccan architecture is the prevailing taste and approach to plant planting in its native architecture. This approach, which defines a relation between architecture and natural green elements, is the product of the native architects’ look at these natural elements, arising from their subjective identity and mindset in their thinking. This position has led to the formation of aesthetic principles in the creation of space, which examines the beauty of the plant not only with decorative and formal aspects, but also with functional aspects and in relation to the architectural space. In this study, we analyze the status of native species of Moroccan architecture, which are the result of the observation of their abundance and interpretation. By defining the native species and selecting four categories of “residential architecture”, “mosques”, “schools of theology” and “Riyadh”, we have studied examples. The abundance of these features has been analyzed in the next stage, which has led to dual semantic and physical principles. These principles, based on the lack of a holy and respectable position of the plant, are the cause of its connection to the material world and its lack of attention to specialization, Finally, plants are considered to be beautiful, smaller, portable by pots, sculptures or pendants, with a tiny texture and scale. This aesthetics that comes from the decorative and climatic thinking - in some cases limited - has resulted in a superficial, intimate presence between the architecture and the natural green elements associated with it, which could return to the roots of the climate, lifestyle, or even the powers that dominate the land. This aesthetics can also be a model for landscape architects and environmental planners to create original and native landscapes.

s: Greenspace has positive influences on urban environment and human health, and thus it is desirable to acquire data for (urban) greenspace mapping. Nowadays, global and regional open land-use/land-cover datasets have become essential sources for greenspace mapping, but few studies have quantitatively compared them. To fill this gap, this study carries out a quantitative comparison of six global and regional open datasets (CGLS-LC100, CLC, GLC30, UA, FROM-GLC10 and OSM) for greenspace mapping. First of all, the most appropriate land-use/land-cover classes selected as greenspace are analyzed for each open dataset; then, different open datasets are evaluated and compared in terms of five measures (accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score and green coverage rate). Five urban areas in UK are chosen as study areas. Two Liao Y, Zhou Q, Jing X. 2021. A comparison of global and regional open datasets for urban greenspace mapping[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 127132. 2 categories of reference datasets are used for evaluation, including an Ordnance Survey (OS) greenspace dataset in UK and a number of sampling points classified by referring to Google Earth. Results show that: the OSM dataset performs the best, while comparing with the OS dataset (characterized by a narrowly interpreted greenspace); and the FROM-GLC10 dataset performs the best, while comparing with the sampling points (characterized by a broadly interpreted greenspace). Moreover, by using these two open datasets, most quantitative results are close to or higher than 80%, in terms of the accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score; in most cases there also is the smallest difference between using these two open datasets and corresponding reference datasets, in terms of the green coverage rate. These findings have benefits for researchers and planners to choose an appropriate open dataset for greenspace mapping.

طموحات عمران ما بعد جائحة كورونا

المدينة الصحية-النشطة-الخضراء-المستدامة

قطر ومدنها في السياق العالمي.

تحديات مدن العالم المعاصرة.
جائحة كورونا وحقبة جديدة.
تجربة دولة قطر في صياغة شمولية المدينة الصحية النشطة المستدامة المرنة.
المستوى الاول: المبنى
المستوى الثاني: الحي
المستوى الثالث المدينة
ملاحظات ختامية وتطلعات مستقبلية

While local-area greenspace is associated with reduced symptoms of mental distress and greater life satisfaction, most previous research has measured the amount of local-area greenspace within administrative boundaries, and found mixed results for associations between greenspace and multidimensional mental wellbeing. The study was designed to examine whether the amount of greenspace within a radius of individuals' homes was associated with mental wellbeing, testing the government guideline that greenspace should be available within 300 m of homes. Individual and Household-level data were drawn from the Annual Population Survey at postcode level (APS, Pooled Dataset 2012-2015), which includes 3 mental wellbeing measures, covering aspects of life satisfaction, sense of worth, and happiness, as well as a range of socio-demographic variables. Greenspace data were obtained Greenspace Information for Greater London Group (GiGL), and was used to calculated the amount of greenspace within a 300 m radius of individuals. Linear regression models revealed positive and statistically significant associations between the amount of greenspace and indicators of life satisfaction and worth. Moran's I, an indicator of spatial autocorrelation, revealed statistically significant clustering of the residuals of these models, so Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models were calculated, in order to adjust for underlying spatial processes within the data and investigate the geographic variation in the association between local greenspace and mental wellbeing. The global GWR model revealed that an increase in 1 ha of greenspace within 300 m of residents was associated with a statistically significant 0.803 increase in life satisfaction, 0.740 and 0.521 for worth and happiness, respectively. This therefore provides some support for the inclusion of greenspace within 300 m of homes. Local GWR coefficients revealed slight variation in the strength of these associations across the study space. Therefore, further analyses are required to investigate whether the walking (network distance), absolute size, or type of each greenspace are able to explain this spatial variation.

Private space using, building and adapting are strongly influenced by the culture of its residents, who define the meaning and the function of the private space they live in. In each culture, private space conception influences public space perception, meant as both a ...

Urban open green spaces have an important role in today's health problems and the necessity for urban health to create green areas that have high accessibility for all citizens.  Acceleration of urbanization in recent decades decays balance of green areas and impervious surfaces in cities because of the rent-seeking society.  The main problem associated with adequate provision of green area and fair access for residents.  According to the “Spatial Planning Policy Framework”, Kirklareli doesn’t provide green space per capita. The aim of the study is to identify the socio-psychological effects of the green areas in the Kirklareli. Objectives of the study is to determine the correlation between socio-psychological criteria with green space accessibility, per capita and visiting time and to discuss the findings rationale. The following hypothesis was proposed “urban green areas on inhabitants have positive effects on human health, quality of life and stress”. In this context, a survey was conducted to analyze the socio-psychological effects of urban green spaces in Kirklareli. The expected outcome of the study is that green areas are associated with positive emotions, green space per capita and accessibility that can assist to decrease inequalities in health.

В статье приведены результаты экологической оценки зеленых насаждений общего пользования г. Волгограда. Подсчитаны коэффициенты комплексной экологической оценки для основных зеленых массивов. Даны рекомендации по оптимизации системы городского озеленения.

Зелените простори во индустриските комплекси се многу значајни, не само за индустриските капацитети и местото каде се тие лоцирани, туку и заради одржливиот развој и унапредувањето на непосредната околина и животната средина во целина. Во индустриските комплекси, во услови на глобални и локални климатски промени, тие се важен фактор во подобрувањето на состојбата на животната средина, особено во загадените подрачја. Предмет на ова истражување се видовите дрвја и грмушки внесени во комплексот на топилницата за фероникел „Фени Индустри“ во Кавадарци. Овие истражувања се однесуваат на адаптибилноста и отпорноста на дрвјата и грмушките засадени во почетокот на 80. години. Емисиите на топилницата не се предмет на непосредни истражувања. Во истражувањата акцент се дава на: адаптибилноста, чувствителноста и отпорноста на дрвјата и грмушките во специфични услови на месторастења (индустриски комплекси). Резултатите од истражувањата се во функција на добивање податоци и сознанија за правилен и соодветен избор на видови дрвја и грмушки, особено во регионот на централна Македонија, кој се карактеризира со неповолни климатски услови за развој на вегетацијата. The green areas in this industrial capacity are very important not only for the category of industry where they are located, but also for it’s surrounding too. In the industry complexes in present period of global and local climate changes, green spaces consider as a very important factor in making the situation better, especially in polluted areas. The subject of this research is appropriate choice of tree and shrub species for revitalization and ennoblement of the industry areas especially near the smelter for ferronickel Feni Industries in Kavadarci. These researches are also for the adaptability, sensitivity and resistance of the trees and shrubs planted there in the 80’s of the 20th century. The emissions of the smelter must have some affection on them through that long period of time. In the research the accent is on adaptability, sensitivity and resistance of the trees and shrubs in the specific life conditions (industrial complexes). The results are in function of getting data for making proper choice of tree and shrub species, especially in the regions of central, southeast and southwest Macedonia, defined as ones with specific climate conditions for plants.

SPECIES RICHNESS AND COMPOSITION OF RAPTORS (FALCONIFORMES AND STRIGIFORMES) OF BUENOS AIRES CITY, ARGENTINA.— We carried out field surveys in order to estimate species richness and composition of the raptor community in Buenos Aires City. We recorded 21 species, most of them belonging to Accipitridae, followed by Strigidae and Falconidae. All of the species were observed using green spaces, indicating a general affinity for natural or semi-natural environments. Some species were also observed using built-up areas and densely built-up areas. Falconidae was the group more tolerant to urbanization. Falco sparverius and Glaucidium brasilianum, which nest in tree hollows and fed on small preys, were frequent in the city and can be considered successful urban species.

ABSTRACT Overview Transport is one of the main contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (around a quarter of the total in Europe) and, therefore, of climate change (CC). To reduce the consequences of CC, it is possible to act by adapting our cities to its effects or by mitigating its causes. Not always adaptation strategies are suitable to mitigation and viceversa. The key is to find actions that can help to reduce the GHG emissions and to increase the resilience of our cities, i.e. a way to act locally and think globally. To this respect, a successful way to adapt and mitigate is to promote the systematic use of green walking paths. On the one hand the role of green spaces to increase the adaptive capacity of our urban areas to the global warming is widely recognized; on the other hand the analysis of the factors which affect pedestrian behaviour is a relevant issue to mitigate the impact of climate change, through sustainable mobility. The aim of this work is to develop a tool that can help the planning and designing of green walking networks. To reach this goal, it is useful to understand to which extent green spaces, vegetation and trees affect walking attitude under different climate and weather conditions. An integrated approach is used, thus combining transport and land-use planning concepts with notions of outdoor thermal comfort and network accessibility. Methods The methodology proposed is based on the analysis of walking networks through a revised Multiple Centrality Assessment (Porta et al., 2008). The concepts of node accessibility, equivalent walking distance (Wibowo and Olszewski, 2005) and thermal comfort are integrated using a general cost function of links and weighted nodes. It was applied to test the walking network inside the Campus of the University of Catania (Italy), which includes different functions and where pedestrian paths are poorly experienced by people. This is mainly due to the fact that they are mixed with car routes and they do not adequately protect from high temperatures and wind. The promotion of pedestrian mobility and, in general, of the sustainable mobility of the Campus users is one of the main aim of the University Mobility Management office (MOMACT). Results The results of the case study are in terms of coloured maps, local centrality indexes referred to the activities and global indexes referred to the network as a whole. They mostly show the influence of climate, i.e. high temperatures and wind-chill, together with geometric features, such as slopes, and the paving surface, on the cost function, thus reflecting the walking attitude. Different scenarios were analyzed and, in particular, greening the paths and opening internal corridors to connect the activities seem to benefit the walking network, increasing the global efficiency. Conclusions The methodology proposed can be used as a tool to analyse the impact of weather conditions and the influence of vegetation on pedestrian mobility, thus helping the design of both green spaces and walking networks, with the overall aim to improve the climate change adaptation and mitigation in urban areas. References Porta S., Crucitti P. and Latora V. (2008). Multiple Centrality Assessment in Parma – A network analysis of paths and open spaces. Urban Design International 13, 41-50. doi:10.1057/udi.2008.1 Wibowo S. S. and Olszewski P. (2005). Modeling Walking Accessibility to Public Transport Terminals: Case Study of Singapore Mass Rapid Transit. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 147-156