ITO

We report on the formation of low-resistance and highly transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) ohmic contacts to p-GaN using a Sn–Ag alloy interlayer. Although the as-deposited Sn–Ag(6 nm)/ITO(200 nm) contacts show non-ohmic behaviors, the scheme becomes ohmic with specific contact resistance of 4.72×10−4 Ω cm2 and produce transmittance of ∼91% at wavelength of 460 nm when annealed at 530 °C. Blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated with the Sn–Ag/ITO contacts give forward-bias voltage of 3.31 V at injection current of 20 mA. LEDs with the Sn–Ag/ITO contacts show the improvement of the output power by 62% (at 20 mA) compared with LEDs with Ni/Au contacts.

One of the major issues in today's agriculture fields is detecting weed plants in between the crops. Weeds consume more water, nutrients, and light compared to crop plants. Being hardy and vigorous in growth habits, they grow way to faster than crops and consume a huge amount of water and nutrients, results causing heavy losses in yields, the process of removal of weeds manually is a difficult job and it requires more manpower. To date, weed removal can't be automated without manpower. Herbicides play a crucial role in removing the weeds but that leads to soil infertile and later the weeds dominate the field automatically. In solution to reduce the weeds is using herbicide in a higher amount than normal day by day. Usage of herbicides in that amount causes the land infertile. This paper deals with detecting the weeds in the crop using a convolutional neural network, Image processing, and IoT. The weeds in the field and between the crops are detected and removed by using the image processing technique. CNN algorithm is implemented in Matlab software to detect the weed areas in the fields. A robot model is connected to the controller through the motor driver which is also used to carry the camera through the field to detect the weed. The videos and images taken by the camera send to the Matlab and they are trained by using the CNN algorithm and that classifies whether it is a weed or a normal crop. And the necessary instructions send to the Arduino through Zigbee. If the camera detects any weed then the cutter is on 10 seconds to cut the weeds. And the robot model moves further until it finds the next weed. Users can also control the robot model whenever itneeds.

My lecturer wishes to explore the racial formation of Israel’s Eurocentered IP settlers’ regime through the interplay between the Zionist appropriations of Arab-Jewish TK [traditional knowledge] and folklore and the proliferation of  Ashkenazi [European Jewish] academic careers. Critical studies on the structure and meaning of Israeli academe have found out that it is mainly deployed by the Ashkenazi liberal-progressive hegemony as an arm of governance over Mizrahim [Jews who immigrated to Israel mainly from the Arab World] and Palestinians.

Salvaging Mizrahi cultures, the Israeli academe-regime has established a financial monopoly over the materiality of exotic Judaica discourse not only in scholarly knowledge production but also in the expert trade of intellectual, cultural and real properties. When it comes to protecting Mizrahi TK and folklore, WIPO’s 2002 post-TRIPS forum recommendations interrelating IP and TK are yet to arrive to Israel from Oman.  As is Israel’s compliance with the 1886 Berne Convention, or with the Hague 1954 Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property, or with the UNESCO 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property – when these treaties are scrutinized through the optics of collective Mizrahi IP.

My talk will be very preliminary – a collection of ruminations stemming out of my archival research into the Yemeni-Jewish scriptures and ornaments affair of the 1950s, its brief surface into the Israeli public sphere in the mid 1980s, and the possibilities for post-TRIPS Mizrahi activism against the appropriation and commodification of Mizrahi identity in light of the current postcolonial reshapings of the notion of authorship, and the repatriation of cultural properties from the Eurocenter back to communities of color. 

Printed, expanded Hebrew version available here: 2007.
“Cultural Property Rights and the Racial Construction of the Mizrahi as a Trade-Mark: Notes on the Revolving Door of Israel’s Academe-Regime.” In 2007. A Rainbow of Opinions: The Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow’s First Decade. (Keshet Shel De`ot: `Asor LaKeshet HaDemokratit HaMizrahit, Hebrew) Pp. 198-204. Tel Aviv: November Press. REPRINTED IN 2008 Mahbarot Kolno`a Darom  (“South Cinema Notebooks”, Heb. – a Humanities periodical) 2:161-166.

This paper examines the current wave of US bilateral agreements with respect to their strategic and political value at the plurilateral level. The US government has explicitly recognized its objective of leveraging bilateral agreements in order to influence regional and multilateral negotiations. Although it may be too early to assess the full effectiveness of this US strategy, the paper argues that there are clear signs that the exploitation of bilateral agreements will not independently achieve the goal of strengthening plurilateral patent norms. This finding is supported by an assessment of six potential roads from bilateralism to plurilateralism: chain reaction, pressure for inclusion, coalition building, emulation, legal interpretation, and adherence. The assertion that bilateral trade deals have a great impact on international patent lawmaking, made both by proponents and critics of TRIPs-Plus agreements, is unsubstantiated. The author concludes that the US Government Accountability Office and Congress are justified in questioning whether the negotiation of these bilateral agreements, at least in the realm of IP law, is a wise investment of US Trade Representative’s resources.

United States laws establishing qualifications for temporary, nonimmigrant classifications are potentially in violation of the United States' obligations under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). These violations, if ever the subject of a WTO dispute, may force the United States to choose between accepting trade sanctions and changing existing immigration policy under external pressure. In either case, by consenting to the GATS at the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (Uruguay Round) and not necessarily complying with it, the United States has incurred potential WTO liabilities. If a dispute over immigration law was successful, the United States would be forced by the coercive trade power of its international obligations to change what is normally considered one of the most sovereign of attributes of statehood, the very power to determine which aliens are qualified to enter and remain in the country.

Flexible and transparent cellulose-indium tin oxide (ITO) layered (CITOL) films were fabricated by coating ITO nanoparticle solution on transparent cellulose films using a simple spin-coating method. Surface resistivity and transparency of the films were investigated by means of a two-point probe station and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Electrical and optical characteristics of CITOL films strongly depend on the ITO nanoparticle concentration. The surface resistivity of CITOL films decreased whereas the optical transmittance increased with increasing the ITO concentration. The coated ITO layer was securely attached to the surface of cellulose. Details about the adhesion and characteristics of the films are illustrated. The flexible CITOL film can be used as an optoelectric material for flexible electronics and display devices.

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) nanopowder was synthesized by a sol–gel method. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy. ITO/epoxy nanocomposites (ITO–EP-NCs) were prepared by mechanically dispersing the as-prepared ITO nanopowder into epoxy matrix. The XRD patterns show structural changes depending on ITO content. The interdependence of structural, morphological, optical properties and the dispersed concentration of ITO nanoparticles were investigated. The UV–visible absorption spectra revealed that the ITO–EP-NCs exhibit enhanced UV light absorption properties and wide absorption bandwidth ranging up to 400 nm from 2 wt% ITO loading. Thus, it indicated that UV and IR-shielding properties have been improved with the incorporation of ITO nanoparticles into the epoxy matrix. The gap energy of epoxy matrix was reduced by adding the ITO-NPs, leading to the improvement of its electrical conductivity. Indeed, the AC electrical conductivity of ITO–EP-NCs showed a critical percolation threshold pc=0.21 wt% ITO. For low loading (<2 wt% ITO), the ITO–EP-NCs have combined good transparency in the visible range and enhanced electrical conductivity, which are required for optoelectronics devices.

ITO films of composition (In2O3)0.9 – (SnO2)0.1 have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD).The films were found to be amorphous. The structure and evolution of the films during annealing in air, oxygen atmosphere and reducing atmosphere (CO2) have been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The films annealed in ambient atmosphere start to crystallize under 250 oC annealing temperature. The films treated in oxygen atmosphere crystallize at higher temperature (~300 oC).