Mazandaran

Maraşi Devleti 1359 1582 yılları arası Kuzey iran da Mazendran ve Deylemde kurulmuş olan devlet .

Devlet Kuranlar Aslen Maraşlı (Kahramanmaraş) olduğu için Mar‘aşîler (Mar‘aşiyyân) diye anılan hânedanın kurucusu Seyyid Kıvâmüddin b. Abdullah Mar‘aşî’nin soyu İmam Ali Zeynelâbidîn’e dayanmaktadır .

Located in the Caspian forest south of the capital city of Sāri in Mazandaran, the rural district of Kalijān Rostāq is home to a number of close-knit villages which share a local Mazandarani dialect. The vernacular offers some authentic features in phonology, morphology, and lexis that are otherwise lost in the urban variety spoken in Sāri due to contact with Persian. In an attempt to elucidate on the loosely-known aspects of the Mazandarani language, this study offers a sketch grammar of the dialect of Kalijān Rostāq with a view to typological features. The glossary that follows includes many Caspian cultural items that are already moribund in the language.

The catastrophic Mongol incursions into the heart of the Muslim world during the thirteenth century left a path of death and destruction in their wake. Though the assaults succeeded in vanquishing Baghdad, toppling the Muslim caliph himself, it is notable that the famous contemporary historian, 'Ata-Malik Juwayni, does not describe this as the pinnacle of Mongol conquest. Rather, for this Sunni historian, the zenith and culmination of the Mongol invasion is the obliteration of the tiny rival enclave of the Ismailis, a Shi'i sect centered at the mountain fortress of Alamut. It is to this singular event that Juwayni dedicates the concluding one-third of his History of the World Conqueror. The Mongols sought a complete destruction of Alamut and the extermination of the Ismailis. Many of the Persian historians, led by Juwayni, believed that they were successful in this endeavor. Until recently, the complete extermination of the Ismailis in the face of the Mongol behemoth was also accepted as fact in Western scholarship. In this article it is maintained that Ismaili activity in the region in the aftermath of the Mongol invasions was even greater than previously suspected. Inconsistencies and exaggerations in Juwayni's testimony; a correction of his narrative based on other historians, including Rashid al-Din; and the evidence of regional histories, geographical tomes and inscriptions clearly point to sustained Ismaili presence in the region. This evidence is further supported by the fifteenth-century Nasa'ih-i Shah-rukhi, a hostile Khurasani source that clearly indicates that Alamut was a center of the Ismaili da'wa to which community funds were sent. The testimony of the Nasa'ih is supported by that of the da'wa literature of the Indian subcontinent, which provides very suggestive evidence that the residence of the Imam Islam Shah was Alamut. From this, it becomes clear that the south Caspian region continued, perhaps sporadically, as an important center of the Ismaili community for over a century after the Mongol irruption. The eagle had, so to speak, returned.

The beginning of the Iron Age on the Caspian Sea coast and the adjacent areas on the Iranian plateau and the neighboring lands was accompanied by extensive social, political and cultural changes that led to the collapse of urban centers and exchange economics, the formation of scattered and rural communities, which were often followed by livestock or nomadic economics. Changes in the social structures in the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, for whatever reason, caused extensive changes in the cultural material of the Iranian plateau and the Caspian Sea and formed settlement patterns from which only the associated cemeteries have often been identified and excavated. However, the residential structures, the spatial organization of the settlements and their relationship with the cemeteries are not well known. Excavation at Tepe Parija, 3 km from Qaem-Shahr-Kiakola road on the low shores of the Caspian Sea, resulted in the identification of two stages of settlement from the Iron Age and the Early Islamic period. The Iron Age finds include pottery, metal objects, stones, bones, animal remains, and the remnants of architectural structures. According to the obtained evidence, the largest volume of cultural layers in Parija is related to the Iron Age. The present study indicates that the Parija Tepe has an important place not only in better understanding of the pottery traditions of the Iron Age in the Caspian lowlands, but also in identifying mud-brick architecture and the pattern of sedentary life in this region. Further archaeological excavations of the site will undoubtedly give a clearer perspective on the social organization and settlement patterns of the Iron Age in the coastal areas of northern Iran.

ISouth-central Alborz is a language transition zone bounded by the Caspian, Persian, and Tatic language groups. In the upper valleys of the Jajrud and Karaj rivers, separated from both Tehran and Mazandaran by mountains, rest dozens of villages with vanishing dialects that show various degrees of affinity with the neighboring languages. The dialectological position of this area in relation to the rest of West Iranian has not been identified, nor is the intra-dialectal relationships of the area explored. The objective of this study is to categorize the relationships among the dialects by making explicit the areal distribution of major linguistic differences in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. The analysis is based on 48 isoglosses from 35 localities spread out throughout the region. Due attention is paid to historical, socio-economic, and migrational factors.

Keywords: Rudbar-e Qasran, Jajrud and Karaj rivers, Shemiran, Tabari (Mazandarani), Persian, Central Caspian dialects, typology, areal distribution, language convergence

Yushij is the dialect of Yush, a mountainous village in the Mazandaran province of Iran. An endangered variety of the Tabari language, Yushij exhibits transitional characteristics between Tabari proper, spoken in the urban centers of Mazandaran, and the Central Caspian language group, neither of which has received proper scholarly attention.

This article identifies toponymic patterns in the Central Alborz, a region bonded by the Caspian Sea on the north and Tehran on the south. The patterns studied include the element sūl and suffixes -ūs and -ī̆j. The component sīâ in toponyms pertains to the pigment found in green plants rather than to pitch-black. The prefusion of the component dīv “demon” in onomastics of the Alborz testifies to a precarious stance among the Caspian people of the Zoroaster’s rejection of the daēuuas. Hypercorrections underlying some toponyms are also examined.

Spoken in the district of Kujūr in the Māzandarān province, Kujūri is the westernmost dialect of Māzandarāni, also known as Ṭabari, a language of some four million speakers. Kujūri exhibits transitional characteristics between Māzandarāni proper, spoken in the plains of eastern Māzandarān, and the Central Caspian language group, neither of which has received proper scholarly attention. This study offers a sketch grammar of Kujūri, with an emphasis on its typological traits, followed by a toponymic survey of the district, an account of the Dailami calendar and festivals as practiced in Kujūr, a depiction of Kujūri literature, and a short glossary.

چنانچه برای آثار تبری سه دوره قائل باشیم: دوره کهن که از سال های اولیه قرن یکم قمری آغاز می شود و تا اواسط قرن هفتم قمری ادامه می یابد و مشتمل بر آثاری در بازیابی اسطوره های باستانی و احیای فرهنگ پهلوانی است، دوره میانه که پس از سلطه متشرعین در قرن هشتم قمری آغاز می شود و تا قرن دوازدهم قمری ادامه می یابد و بیشتر بر کلام دینی دلالت دارد، و دوره نو شامل آثار شرق شناسان و پژوهش های مربوط به آنها که پس از ورود مستشرقین از قرن نوزدهم میلادی آغاز می شود، با پژوهش در آثار ذیل که به زبان تبری تولید نشده اند فلذا از نظر سنت ادبی در دوره میانه زبان تبری قابل رده بندی نیستند ولی از نظر تاریخ و دوره زمانی به دوره میانه زبان تبری تعلق دارند شاید بتوان ردپایی از ویژگی های آوایی، واژگانی، صرفی، و نحوی و سطوح ساختاری و بافتاری زبان تبری را در آنها یافت.
آثار میانه غیر تبری شامل: زیج ملخص میرزایی اثر عبدالقادر رویانی از علمای ریاضی و ستاره شناسان قرن نهم قمری و شاگرد ملا علی قوشچی - آثار نصیرالدین محمد طبری که مولف الذریعه وی را از بزرگان قرن نهم قمری معرفی نموده است - آثار بدرالدین طبری آملی از عالمان قرن نهم قمری مانند شرحى بر سى فصل در تقویم خواجه نصیرالدین طوسى، شرحى بر كتاب اقلیدس – کتاب در علم سیاحت اثر عبداله بن محمد بن کیای مازندرانی از ریاضی¬دانان قرن نهم قمری که در سال 1952 میلادی در آلمان به چاپ رسیده است - کتاب پنجاه باب سلطانی، زیج جامع سعیدی،  زیج ایلخانی از آثار سید رکن الدین بن شرف الدین آملی از ستاره شناسان قرن نهم قمری – اشعار میرزا زین العابدین نشای مازندرانی از اولاد جهان شاه ترکمان و فرزند مستوفی خالصه مازندران میرزا علی اکبر در قرن نهم قمری - آثار شیخ عزٌالدین بن جعفر بن شمس الدین آملی ریاضیدان قرن دهم قمری همدرس محقق كركى و شیخ ابراهیم قطیفى از شاگردان على بن هلال جزائرى و ملازم تاج‌الدین حسن وزیر مازندرانى مانند شرح نهج البلاغه، شرحی در فضایل علی (ع) – آثار محمد بن فخرالدین علی رستمداری از مشاهیر قرن دهم قمری که کتابش رساله الاجزاء المحوله را برای سلطان محمد فرزند شاه طهماسب صفوی نوشته است - و الی آخر.

گاوبارگان بادوسپا یا پادوسپانیان که در اوج قدرت در نیمه دوم قرن اول قمری کلار و کوهستان کلار را نیز در اختیار گرفتند پس از فراز و نشیب های بسیار و 961 سال حکمرانی در سال 1006 قمری به دست شاه عباس صفوی سرنگون شدند. حوزه نفوذ گاوبارگان پادوسپا پس از شکست از دشت نشینان گیلان در اواسط قرن هفتم قمری به نمک آبرود کشانده شد و از این به بعد پادوسپانیان به نام ملوک رستمدار در رویان حکومت می کردند

Background/Aims: One of the first steps in developing quality improvement programs for hospitals and reducing patients’ waiting time is to understand the customer’s expectations and then aligning the health care services with those expectations. The current study investigates the factors that cause waiting line of receiving intensive care unit services for the patients in the hospitals of Mazandaran province in 2011. 

Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-base study was carried out among a randomly selected sample of 84 matrons, supervisors and ICU and CCU managers of 15 hospitals of the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Using a Likert scale, respondents rated different factors that influence their waiting time in the hospital. The collected data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics, the average of standard deviation, frequency and frequency percentage, as well as statistical T test.

Results:  Validity of the questionnaire was approved with a high Cronbach's alpha of 0.912.Average length of stay in ICU and CCU was 5.46 and 2.78 days, respectively. The analysis of factors affecting the long line of waiting showed that, in ICU, factors related to increasing needs for hospitalization averaged 4.2, (p<0.002) and factors related to equipment had a mean score of 4.2 (p<0.001); whereas in CCU, factors relating to medical personnel was 3.8 (p<0.003), and factors related to increased needs to hospitalization was 4.1 (p<0.024).

Conclusion:  Hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences face a lack of beds in their intensive care units. Besides, the increasing community needs, problems related to staffing, inadequate equipment and a lack of cooperation are the main factors that affect the patients’ waiting time. Thus, increasing the number of beds is inevitable. This study suggests two main strategies as to how tackle the issue.

Le māhā’i, parlé dans le village de Māhā (Mahābād) au sud de Firuzkuh, sur les pentes de l’Alborz, est l’un des dialectes les plus méridionaux du māzandarāni, langue qui compte de nombreuses variétés. Ce dialecte, en voie de disparition, était utilisé par seulement cinq familles en 2011. Cette étude tente d’éclairer certains aspects méconnus du māzandarāni, en esquissant une grammaire du dialecte māhā’i, avec un intérêt particulier pour ses caractéristiques typologiques.

دابویهیان یا دابوایه که گاوبارگان دابویه نیز خوانده می شوند از سال 40 قمری بیش از یک قرن حکمرانی کردند. گاوبارگان در اواسط قرن سوم قمری مغلوب خلفای عباسی شدند، اما عباسیان نیز دوام نیاوردند و حکومت به علوی های مازندران رسید؛ علوی های حسنی (داعی کبیر و تنها جانشینش محمد) از 250 تا 288 قمری و پس از وقفه 13 ساله توسط حکام سامانی، علوی های حسینی (حسن اطروش و 5 جانشین) از 301 قمری تا 316 قمری بر بخش هایی از تبرستان حکومت کردند و نهایتاً به دست آل زیار گیلان سرنگون شدند. گاوبارگان دابویه از فرزندان دابویه پسر گیل گاوباره بودند و نژاد و نسب خود را به جاماسب ساسانی می‌رساندند

This project aims to analyze and interpret a substantial collection of a specific type of material culture produced in Iran and Central Asia mainly during the Timurid period (c. 1370 to c. 1510), namely woodcarvings. While only few examples from a secular context have survived, the bulk of the material, mainly
doors, carved wood latticework (mashrabiyas), minbars and cenotaphs, belongs or belonged to religious buildings, mosques, madrasas and mausolea. The latter are often shrines of descendants of the Imams, found all over Iran, but with a strong focus in the northern provinces of Mazandaran and Gilan, areas that are rich in trees and therefore in wood, too. Many objects contain inscriptions of various length. In addition to quotations from religious texts (Qur’an and hadith, among others) they afford historical information on the names of the patrons and wood worker(s) (najjār) and the dates when the objects were produced, permitting us to establish a framework of dated woodwork for the 14th to 16th centuries. Beyond its historical and art historical approach, this project also has a heritage-related aspect: the “virtual protection” of material which has been and still is under permanent threat to be neglected, over-restored, or stolen.

دوشنبه، پانزدهم آذر‌ماه ۱۳۹۵، شصت‌وسومین نشست ماهانۀ فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی برگزار شد. در این نشست دکتر حبیب برجیان، پژوهشگر ارشد بخش ایران‌شناسی دانشگاه کلمبیا ـ نیویورک، در موضوع «زبان‌های منطقۀ البرز» سخنرانی کرد.
    در ابتدای این نشست دکتر محمد دبیرمقدم، عضو پیوسته و معاون علمی و پژوهشی فرهنگستان، در سخنانی کوتاه، با اشاره به ضرورت انجام تحقیقات زبان‌شناختی بر گویش‌های مختلف زبان فارسی گفت: به نظرم ما معلمان و دانشجویان زبان‌شناسی تنها شاهد از بین رفتن گویش‌های مختلف زبان فارسی هستیم.
    معاون علمی و پژوهشی فرهنگستان در ادامه بر وجود تنوع گویشی در ایران تصریح کرد و افزود: درصورتی‌که تحقیقات بیشتری بر روی این گویش‌ها صورت بگیرد، هم دانش زبان‌شناختی از نظر علمی افزایش می‌یابد و هم پژوهشگران ایرانی برای حضور در سطح جهانی علم زبان‌شناسی حرف بیشتری دارند؛ ضمن اینکه نظریه‌های زبان‌شناختی را با مستندات این مطالعه‌ها بهتر و بیشتر می‌توان ارزیابی کرد.
    در ادامۀ این نشست دکتر حبیب برجیان، پژوهشگر ارشد بخش ایران‌شناسی دانشگاه کلمبیا و زبان‌شناس، با معرفی منطقۀ البرز، از خراسان تا آذربایجان، و تقسیم آن به سه بخش مرکزی و شرقی و غربی در کرانه دریای خزر گفت: این منطقه دارای سه جلگۀ گیلان و هامون و تنکابن است که این جلگه‌ها بیشترین جمعیت منطقه را در خود جای داده‌اند و مراکز مدنی در این جلگه‌ها در طول تاریخ تشکیل شده‌اند.
    وی سپس افزود: اگر بتوانیم جغرافیای البرز را به‌سادگی تشخیص دهیم توان فهم توزیع گویش‌ها و زبان‌های منطقه را داریم. یکی از مختصات فرهنگی این منطقه جشن گرفتن تیرماه سیزده، مطابق با چهل‌وسومین روز از فصل پاییز است که اگر مردم منطقه‌ای این جشن را در تقویم خود داشته باشند به نوعی جزو فرهنگ مازندرانی به حساب می‌آیند.
    وی با اشاره به اینکه زبان مازندرانی به دو نام مازندرانی و طبری خوانده می‌شود، گفت: در بسیاری از مطالعه‌ها این دو نام به‌صورت مترادف به کار می‌رود.
    این استاد دانشگاه در ادامه با اشاره به مطالعاتی که در زمینۀ زبان‌ها و گویش‌های این منطقه داشته است، اظهار کرد: در مطالعۀ میدانی‌ای که در این منطقه انجام دادیم سه زبان مازندرانی در خاور، گیلکی در باختر و کاسپی مرکزی در میانه را تشخیص دادیم که میزان تفهیم و تفاهم میان این لهجه‌ها بسیار کم است.
    وی همچنین از انجام مطالعۀ میدانی دیگری در منطقۀ درّۀ جاجرود، مشهور به نام قصران، خبر داد و گفت: در این درّه، بر اساس مطالعه انجام‌پذیرفته، دریافتیم که میزان زبان مازنی از سمت شمال به سمت جنوب این درّه کمتر می‌شود. در مطالعۀ آماری‌ای که بر اساس مطالعۀ میدانی انجام یافته است، متوجه شدیم که در این منطقه، در آبادی‌های بالای سر در جاجرود، سهم زبان مازندرانی بیش از هشتاد درصد و در آبادی‌های سفلی تا دوازده درصد است.
    دکتر برجیان در پایان سخنان خود و بر اساس آمار و اطلاعات حاص از پژوهش‌های میدانی خود در زمینۀ گویش این منطقه تأکید کرد: بر اساس این تحقیقات می‌توان گفت در این منطقه شاهد بریدگی و تسلسل گویشی بین لهجۀ تهرانی و مازندرانی هستیم.
    شصت‌وسومین نشست ماهانۀ فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی با حضور شماری از اعضای پیوسته و وابستۀ فرهنگستان و همچنین برخی از اعضای هیئت علمی، مدیران و پژوهشگران فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی و علاقه‌مندان برگزار شد.

Today, the tourism industry goes beyond an industry, as a dynamic global and social phenomenon that has its own complexity and the exact recognition and scientific analysis of this phenomenon can provide a safe framework for the planning of the tourism industry. Tourism is considered as the greatest social mobility with cultural, economic and spatial multiple effects which always needs to be effective in its current and future development. In this regard, planning for the development of tourism is dependent on the various factors and conditions that can be achieved if they are systematically and structurally applied. This topic indicates the importance of future research and tries to formulate the future need prospects in the development of tourism. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to identify and analyze the key factors of tourism development. In this study, the first 36 factors in five different areas of socio-cultural, economic, management and planning, infrastructure-services and extracted natural factors were obtained through environmental and Delphi scanning techniques and then, using the Delphi method of administrators. The matrix of cross-component effects of the components has been formed. For the next step, the Micmac software is applied in matrix analysis. The results of the dispersion of variables in the scales of influence and dependent of factors in the Mick-Mac software indicate the system's instability in the tourism of case study and on that basis, five categories of variables were identified. Finally, considering the high point of direct and indirect effects of factors, thirteen major factors were identified as key factors in the development of tourism in the cities of Mazandaran province. Among these key factors of case study the variables of the infrastructure and services sector had the highest impact on tourism development of case study, while the natural factors had the least impact degree.

Extended Abstract

1-Introduction

Undoubtedly, tourism is an organized form of human activity in production, consumption which has been an incredible and global attempt. Tourism with promise of employment is one of the most attractive development strategies that can play an important role in the broader concept of development, namely, competitiveness in cities. Competitiveness in any field is not possible without achieving sustained planning and based on the design of the key factors with future research approach. The awareness and understanding of effective issues and factors on development, along with the using of management approaches of future research and the design of key factors, are an effective feature of this approach. Therefore, the necessity of using this approach in the case study was proposed until with this way, key factors of tourism development would be identified.

2-Materials and Methods

The present research is an applied one in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in term of its method. Environmental and Delphi scanning techniques are used to identify variables and indicators. In this regard, in the first stage, online articles and a review of published articles in the effective factors on tourism development were used to collect variables. Then semi-structured questionnaire was distributed among professional experts in the field of tourism who were asked to score in the framework of the matrix of cross-effects of variables, based on the influence and dependent with numbers in the range of 0 to 3 points. In this research, a purposeful sampling method was used to select the participants consciously. The statistical population of this research is 50 experts in the field of tourism including the experts from the municipalities of the studied cities, the Tourism and Heritage Organization, and some university professors in the case Study. Validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and verified by the experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also used by Cronbach's alpha.

3-Results and Discussion

Tourism is a multi-species activity and dependent from large number of factors and influent on many phenomena. On the other hand, the necessity of tourism infrastructure in tourist cities and the uncertainty caused by environmental complexities make it difficult to plan and forecast the future in these cities. So that traditional programming can no longer respond to them, and the need for a new approach, such as a future research approach, has been raised predicting the future and explaining the solutions which can provide access to favorable conditions. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to identify the key proponents of tourism development in Mazandaran province by combining the tourism system attitude with the future research approach.  The status of the dispersion page of the affect variables on the development of tourism in the cities of Mazandaran province is the unstable situation of the system. Regarding the system instability, five variables including determinants or influential variables, two-way variables, regulatory variables, dependent variables or outcome, independent variables were identified in this system. Finally, after conducting different analysis of direct and indirect dependent and influence, 36 factors were ranked and finally 13 factors were selected as the key factors of tourism development in Mazandaran province.

4-Conclusion

This research is based on a new approach to plan (Future Research) with the aim of identifying key factors for the future development of tourism in the cities of Mazandaran, 36 primary factors include socio-cultural factors, economic factors, planning and management factors, infrastructure and service factors, and natural factors were extracted. Then, using the structural analysis in the Micmac software, these factors were measured. Based on the results obtained from structural analysis in the graph, the dependent and influence of the variables in case study show that the factors of the service and infrastructure sector with the total score of 502, the most influential and social and cultural factors with a score of 192, have the least influential on the future of tourism development in the cities of Mazandaran province. Finally, 13 key factors as the most influential factors on the tourism future of Mazandaran province were selected as key factors: Welfare services, urban green space, expansion of tourism-related spaces, competitiveness, regional transportation network, tourism tours, climatic conditions, private sector investment, urban transport network, security, Infrastructure, distribution of facilities. These factors are the most important factors influencing on tourism development in the case study. Finally, based on the results of structural analysis in Micmac software, among the five areas of the case study, the service and infrastructure sector factors were identified as the most influential factors on the system. However, it should be noted that selection is not enough and there should be an accurate and coherent planning about these key factor, so that, with the use of existing potentials and capacities, sustainable development of tourism in these cities is possible.