Milas

After his first trip to Karia, L. Robert noted the exceptional character of the rock-cut ‘temple’ grave of Berber İni near Mylasa in Karia. He was so impressed by the structure
that he suggested, in a later publication, that it could be the tomb of Hekatomnos. The author offered no argument to support this thesis, which was limited to a short footnote. Since then, other scholars have had the same idea. But, none of them provided any specific evidence to support this theory. The aim of the present study is to have a new look at the question, based on a geographical, topographical, architectural and structural analysis of this unique grave, and to discuss the consequences of such a possible identification.

Mylasa is one of the most important cities in Karia region in ancient times and has a very important place in terms of shedding light on the archeology of the region. The fact that the city was located in a geography that kept its importance from antiquity to today has caused it to be settled continuously and therefore few of the archaeological remains of the city have survived until today. The Corinthian column capitals at the Milas Museum, which is considered within the scope of the study, are important in terms of shedding light on the history of this destroyed urban architecture. These headings, belong to different architectural structures brought from Mylasa and its environs to the Museum, constitute  the main subject of the research. In this study where twenty Corinthian type column headings in the museum garden and store were examined, the fact that the history of the headlines was not clear brings up the problem of location. For this reason, the headings were dated and compared with similar examples

Mylasa is one of the most important cities in Caria region in ancient times and has a very important place in terms of shedding light on the archeology of the region. The fact that the city was located in a Geography that kept its importance from antiquity to today has caused it to be settled continuously and therefore few of the archaeological remains of the city have survived until today. The Ionic-style column capitals at the Milas Museum, which is considered within the scope of the study, are important in terms of shedding light on the history of this destroyed urban architecture. These capitals, which are made of marbles extracted from the quarry known as Sodra Marble in the region, belong to different architectural structures brought from Mylasa and its environs to the Museum, constitute the main subject of the research. In this study seven Ionic column capitals in the Milas Museum were examined, the fact that the history of the capitals was not clear brings up the problem of location. For this reason, the headings were dated and compared with similar examples. In this context, O. Bingöl, who made a detailed classification on Ionic column headings, was taken as the basis and
it was tried to determine the periods by grouping the titles by the decoration and form criteria determined by him. At this point, the form of the volutes and abacus on the front of the heads, the processing of the eggs and arrowheads of the ion kymation placed between the volutes and the decoration of the lesbos kymation on the abacus are seen as typological important comparison elements. In addition to these decorations seen on the front of the head, the polster part forming the side section of the column head and the decorations made on the polster in the middle are considered as important date criteria. As a result of the comparison of both form and decoration elements, seven Ionic capitals in Milas Museum; one is dated to the Classical Period, one to the Augustus’ period, three to the Hadrian Period, and two to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. These capitals, which were given to the different periods from the Classical Period to the Roman Imperial Period; The architectural structure in the city of Mylasa is very important data to show that it continues to exist at the highest level in every period. The small number of capitals is considered as an indicator of the destruction of the city. With the new excavations to be made in the region, the architectural construction of the city will be better understood.

Şeyhli ve Peçin'i ziyaret etmiştir. Bu ziyareti esnasında Menteşe kitabelerini bizzat yerinde incelemiştir. Aldığı notları Arapça, Farsça ve Osmanlı Türkçesi ile kendi Defter'ine kaydetmiştir. Merhum Yinanç, bilindiği gibi, bu Defterler'e sadece Menteşe kitabelerini değil, bununla beraber hemen hemen tüm Anadolu İslami kitabelerini kaydetmiştir. Bu defterler henüz yayımlanmamıştır. Eğer bu defterler bir bütün halinde yayımlanırsa, Anadolu'nun Türk-İslam tarihi üzerine yeni bilgiler elde edilebilir. Bir örnek teşkil etmesi açısından, biz, Peçin ve Milas'ta keşfettiği ve bizatihi okuduğu kitabeleri yayınlıyoruz. Kuşkusuz bu notlar, hem Anadolu hem de Menteşeoğulları tarihi açısından değerlidir. Bu inceleme ziyareti esnasında Yinanç, Menteşe oğulları ile ilgili iki önemli keşifte bulunmuştur. Bunlardan birincisi, Milas Selahaddin Camii kitabesinde okunamayan ismi, Selahaddin Akçin olarak okumasıdır. Bu zat, Menteşeoğlu Orhan Bey'in saltanatı devrinde Milas naibi olarak görev yapmıştır. İkincisi de, Peçin'de bulunan Menteşeoğlu Ahmed Gazi Bey'in mezar kitabesinde geçen ve bu hanedana ismini veren Menteşe Bey'in babasının ismini, Beğ-Karı olarak okumasıdır. Bu okuyuş yeni ve doğrudur. Zira bu kitabeler üzerinde çalışmış olan başka akademisyenler, bu ismi, farklı şekillerde, Kara, Kuru, Kuri, Kır Bey ve Baykara şeklinde okumuşlardır. Mevcut birkaç delil dikkate alınırsa, Beğ-Karı okuyuşunun daha kabul edilebilir olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

ÖZET

Tanzimat’la başlayan ve 1908’den sonra zirveye çıkan konulardan bir tanesi eğitimin yaygınlaştırılması için Arap harflerinin düzenlenmesi ve yazımı olmuştur. Bu fikri savunan kişilerin başında Doktor Milaslı İsmail Hakkı gelmektedir. Yazarın amacı hem yayınlarıyla hem de konuşmalarıyla Arap harflerini yazarken birtakım yeni kuralların getirilmesi hususunda bir kamuoyu oluşturmaktır. Yazar; çabalarının sonucunda amacına ulaşmış ve Islah-ı Huruf Cemiyeti, Tamim-i Maarif ve Islah-ı Huruf Cemiyeti, Yeni Yazı Öğretme Derneği gibi birkaç cemiyet kurulmuştur. Cemiyetlerin; yazarın ve dönemin aydınlarının gayretleriyle de harflerin ayrı yazılması fikri Enver Paşa tarafından kabul görmüş ve I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ilk olarak askerî alanda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Fakat yanlış bir zamanda tercih edilen huruf-ı munfasıla fikrinin ömrü, çok kısa sürmüştür. Ayrıca Enver Paşa; Doktor Milaslı İsmail Hakkı’nın önerdiği huruf-ı munfasıla fikrini değil, Tanin Gazetesi’nde neşredilen sistemi kabul etmiştir. Buna rağmen İsmail Hakkı Bey, belki de kendi önerdiği sistemin kabul edilmemesinden olacak, önerdiği ve savunduğu huruf-ı munfasıla fikrini 1914 yılından sonra da yazılarıyla müdafaaya devam etmiştir.
Doktor Milaslı İsmail Hakkı; harflerin ıslahı, düzeni ve yazımıyla ilgili pek çok kitap ve makale neşretmiştir. Neşrettiği yazılardan birisi de Yeni Yazının El Yazısında Da Bitişmemesi Büyük Meziyettir adlı makalesidir. Yazar bu makalesinde; harfleri bitişik yazmanın hız, kolaylık, açıklık ve bütünlük açısından ayrı yazmaya göre daha zor olduğunu, birleşik yazmanın iyi bir şey olmadığını, şu an için amaçlarının köylülere varıncaya kadar herkese okuma yazma öğretmek olduğunu, bu yüzden harfleri bitiştirmeden yazmak gerektiğini verdiği örneklerle teorik ve pratik olarak ispat etmeye çalışmaktadır.
Doktor Milaslı İsmail Hakkı’nın literatürde kaydedilen hayatı ve eserleri hakkında bilgilerin bazıları eksik ve yanlıştır. Tespit edilen yeni bilgi ve belgelerle bunlar da düzeltilecek ve zenginleştirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Doktor Milaslı İsmail Hakkı, Arap Harfleri, El Yazısı, Yazım, Yazı

ABSTRACT

One of the topics that began with Tanzimat and peaked after 1908 was the breeding and therefore spelling of letters for the dissemination of education. Dr. Milaslı Ismail Hakkı is the head of the people who advocate this idea. The author’s goal has been to create a public opinion with both his publications and his conferences. As a matter of fact, as a result of his efforts, he achieved his goal and several societies were established, such as the Islah-ı Huruf Cemiyeti, Tamim-i Maarif ve Islah-ı Huruf Cemiyeti, Yeni Yazı Öğretme Derneği. The idea of writing letters separately with the efforts of societies, authors and intellectuals of the period was also accepted by Enver Pasha and first used in the military field during the World War I. The life of the idea of huruf-ı munfasıla, which was preferred at the wrong time, was very short. In addition, Pasha accepted not the idea of huruf-ı munfasıla proposed by Dr. Milaslı Ismail Hakkı, but the system promoted in the newspaper Tanin. Despite this, Dr. Milaslı Ismail Hakki continued to defend the idea of huruf-ı munfasıla, which he proposed and defended, perhaps due to the lack of acceptance of his proposed system, with his writings after 1914.
Dr. Milaslı Ismail Hakkı has published many books and articles about the breeding, layout and spelling of letters. One of the articles he wrote is his article called great virtue that the new letter does not end in handwriting. In this article, the author tried to prove theoretically and practically that writing letters adjacent is more difficult than writing separately in terms of speed, convenience, clarity and integrity, that writing together is not a good thing, that their goal is to teach everyone to read and write until they reach the villagers, so it is necessary to write letters without merging. Some of the information about the life and works of Doctor Milaslı Ismail Hakkı recorded in the literature is incomplete and incorrect. These will also be corrected and enriched with the new information and documents identified.
Keywords: Doctor Milasli Ismail Hakkı, Arabic Letters, Handwriting, Spelling, Writing.

Cultural heritage; fosters local economy, creates employment opportunities, builds national identity, increases  social cohesion, and links the generations in a society. The gender plays a considerable role in cultural heritage. Some cultural heritages are mainly produced by women. In Turkey; the carpet weaving tradition is considered mostly as a feminine activity. This traditional handcraft has
origins from nomadic times. In today’s
modern life like many types of handcrafts and old jobs the carpet and kilim weavers are getting rare in Turkey.  Rural areas, once producers of abundant amounts of woven textile confront various challenges. This study aims to discuss the importance and role of Turkish women in the production and sales of carpets in Turkey. The historical roles of nomadic women and the current problems encountered by contemporary women will be discussed. The growing role of tourism in the economy, and the relation between tourism and feminine cultural heritage production will be analyzed. The problems faced by women carpet weavers in marketing their handmade products to tourists will be clarified. This study follows the qualitative methodology to collect  primary (via interviews with carpet weavers, local chiefs) and secondary data (literature) for interpretation. The results and inferences drawn will be converted to recommendations for public and private sectors. Keywords:
Cultural heritage, Tourism, Women, Turkey, Carpet weavers