National Economy

Seit jeher hegen Entscheidungsträger insbesondere in Politik und Wirtschaft den Wunsch nach einer optimalen Informationsbasis für ihre Tätigkeit.
Informationssystemen zur Entscheidungsunterstützung, die ein solches Optimum an Information verheißen, gilt daher die besondere Förderung durch diese Kreise. Nichtsdestoweniger mangelt es aber vor allem für komplexe Entscheidungsprozesse an den geeigneten Modellen, die deren Abbildung auf Informationssysteme ermöglichten.
Anhand des statistischen Informationssystems der DDR bietet sich nun die Möglichkeit, den Versuch zu begutachten, eine gesamte Volkswirtschaft mit Hilfe eines solchen Systems zur Entscheidungsunterstützung zu planen und zu leiten. Daß es sich hierbei um ein ausgesprochen komplexes Unterfangen handelte, das die Verarbeitung großer Datenmengen erforderte, macht dieses Beispiel in meinen Augen zu einem Untersuchungsgegenstand von hohem Aussagewert.
Den technischen und organisatorischen Lösungen, die zur Bewältigung dieser Aufgabe entwickelt worden waren, habe ich mich in meiner ersten Arbeit über das Informationssystem der staatlichen Statistik recht ausführlich gewidmet 1). Die Ausführungen belegten den hohen Grad an Perfektion, den diese Lösungen aufwiesen, und den Nutzen für die Implementierung großer Informationssysteme, der sich aus einem sorgfältigen Studium dieser Entwicklungen ziehen ließe.
Darüberhinaus läßt sich jedoch vermuten, daß gerade gewisse grundlegende Problembereiche hinsichtlich der Konzeption von Entscheidungsunterstützungssystemen bei der Untersuchung dieses Systems weitaus schärfer zu Tage treten werden, als dies bei der Analyse von weniger umfassenden Systemen der Fall wäre. Dieser Gedanke nun scheint es mir wert zu sein, ihn weiter zu verfolgen.
Auch hinsichtlich der Quellenlage bietet sich das statistische Informationssystem der DDR für eine solche konzeptionelle Untersuchung an.
Das jähe Ende der DDR schuf insoweit günstige Voraussetzungen, als man es mit einem modernen und somit aktuellen Informationssystem zu tun hat, für das die meisten relevanten Unterlagen noch verfügbar und viele der an der Informationsgewinnung und -nutzung beteiligten Personen noch befragbar sind. Gleichzeitig jedoch wird eine Untersuchung nicht mehr durch die Schutzbedürfnisse eines Betreibers behindert, wie es bei einem im Einsatz befindlichen Informationssystem zweifellos der Fall wäre.
In meinen Augen lassen sich anhand des Informationssystems der staatlichen Statistik der DDR zwei Problembereiche besonders deutlich aufzeigen, die im Bereich der Entscheidungsunterstützung von grundsätzlicher Natur sind. Dies betrifft zum einen die Frage der Umsetzung umfangreicher Datenmengen in Entscheidungen seitens der verantwortlichen Entscheidungsträger. Zum anderen geht es um den Einfluß des politischen, wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Umfeldes auf die Wirksamkeit der geleisteten Entscheidungsunterstützung. Diese Zusammenhänge werde ich im Folgenden als Ausgangsthesen meiner Untersuchung formulieren.
Eine kurze Darstellung des Informationssystems und des ihm zugrundeliegenden Entscheidungsmodells soll dann die notwendigen Kenntnisse  über das System vermitteln, die es dem Leser gestatten werden, dem weiteren Argumentationsverlauf kritisch zu folgen. Für Interessenten an detaillierteren Informationen über das System und seine Funktion innerhalb der Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft der DDR sei hier noch einmal auf meine erste Arbeit zu diesem Thema(1) verwiesen.
Wie erwähnt, finden Systeme zur Entscheidungsunterstützung bei den verantwortlichen Entscheidungsträgern allgemein sehr große Beachtung, ja, es wird an sie sogar nicht selten die Hoffnung geknüpft, Informations- und Entscheidungsproblemen auf weit höherer Ebene begegnen zu können.
Der Versuch einer kritischen Untersuchung dieser Thematik erfordert daher eine sehr differenzierte Betrachtung des Untersuchungsgegenstandes sowie eine sorgfältige und genaue Argumentation. Diese Anforderungen zu erfüllen, wird die notwendige Voraussetzung sein, um aus der Bestätigung der Ausgangsthesen konstruktive Gestaltungsvorschläge abzuleiten.
Ein weiteres Argument für die Anwendung größter Sorgfalt liegt in der Tatsache begründet, daß eine Untersuchung anhand des Beispiels der staatlichen Statistik der DDR auf eine Bewertung der jüngsten Vergangenheit hinausläuft. Der Betrachter muß also damit umgehen, daß er selbst und ebenso der Leser erst wenig Zeit hatten, sich ein differenziertes Bild der Zusammenhänge zu machen. Darüberhinaus berührt eine solche Bewertung fast zwangsläufig die ganz aktuellen Interessen unterschiedlicher Personen, was das Finden von Wertmaßstäben nicht eben erleichtert.
Es eröffnet sich aber auch die Chance, aus Erfahrungen zu lernen, die bisher weder durch den Prozeß des Vergessens oder des Verdrängens noch durch eine Idealisierung der Vergangenheit getrübt sind. Empirische Erkenntnisse in die Überlegungen einzubeziehen, kann also nur von Vorteil für die Untersuchung sein.
Die Ergebnisse der zahlreichen Gespräche, die ich mit Statistikern und Informatikern, die für die staatliche Statistik der DDR tätig waren, sowie mit ehemaligen Wirtschaftsleitern bis hinauf zur Ministerebene führte, werden aus diesem Grund sowohl Ausgangspunkte als auch Prüfsteine für meine Thesen und ebenso für die theoretischen Überlegungen sein. Die Aussagen meiner Gesprächspartner werde ich nur insoweit, wie sie von verschiedenen Seiten bestätigt sind und als gesichert gelten können, unkommentiert wiedergeben. Andernfalls sind sie unter Beachtung des Kontextes als persönliche Ansichten erkennbar.
Ich hoffe nun, indem ich die zu formulierenden Thesen belege, einige neue Aspekte zur Diskussion über die Informationssysteme zur Entscheidungsunterstützung beizutragen bzw. Erkenntnisse auf diesem Gebiet anhand von aussagekräftigen Beispielen verdeutlichen und in Erinnerung bringen zu können.


1) Markus Güttler, Die Datenverarbeitung im statistischen Informationssystem der DDR - Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Vereinigung und zur Geschichte der Informatik, Technische Universität Berlin, Forschungsberichte des Fachbereichs Informatik, Bericht 1990-36, Berlin 1990

Pakistan and most of the developing countries are in energy crisis. Pakistan spends almost 7 billion US$ on import of fossil fuels annually to fulfill its energy needs. The renewable and sustainable energy resources are best substitute to the conventional fuels and energy sources. Pakistan takes the opportunity to have almost of its population rural. Having a large amount of animals that give 652 million kg of manure daily from cattle and buffalo only this can be used to generate 16.3 million m3 biogas per day and 21 million tons of bio fertilizer per year. So by installing the biogas units we can overcome the energy crisis which we are facing to. They are low-cost and can be run with very small budget. Biogas energy corridor can work as a good substitute for nearly 70% of country’s population residing in rural areas. Installation of plants to store the biogas can be additional opportunity. The need of a national policy is imperative to bring this technology at farmer’s doorstep.

This article is devoted to the consideration of the role and essence of cluster in the national economy. In addition, the article studies opportunities of creating cotton cluster in conditions of Uzbekistan and prospects of its application in the national economy. Based on the research results, the author has developed relevant conclusions.

In this paper a linear programming technique is applied to determine the optimise other process cost of cultivation of major veg - tables in Coimbatore by using TNAU Horticulture department data with respect to various factors. In this paper we are using simplex method to maximizing the profit. Linear programming technique is relevant in optimization of resource allocation & achieving effectively in production planning particularly in achieving increased agriculture production of food crops (tomato, bhendi, chilli).

Ukraine as a young independent state is always looking for strategic model of social and economic development and effective institutional factors of providing it. The use of foreign experience of economic liberalization, import of European institutions, opening of the economy and policies to attract foreign investment, boost of domestic demand, and restructuring of the economy towards the development of services – has not brought the expected results. The problem of understanding the model of further economic development of Ukraine, given the current stage of globalization, is researched not only by the representatives of government and academic institutions, also scientists and economists of various regions of Ukraine combined their efforts to address this strategically important issue within public organizations, such as, for example, National Union of Economists. However, in order to practice effective instruments of state regulation of social and economic development it is absolutely necessary to have a clear understanding of the current state of the national economy within the overall dynamic performance and according to the structure of reproductive processes and public consumption. This assessment should be made with regard of specifics of the open economic system.
In the context of solving these problems the article offers author’s research connected with identification of the national economy according to the stages of the economic cycle, the general trend of development in the conditions of independence, consumption patterns and positions in the global economic environment, the results and conclusions of the author's research.

Realization of activities in the agrarian sector of the national economy in modern conditions requires the transformation of organizational-legal forms of management. This is due to a change in the economic conditions of the agrarian market; aggravation of competition in the industry; emergence of foreign investors who are interested in investing in agribusiness and other business structures of agricultural production; optimization of production and marketing activity and increase of efficiency formation and use of resource
potential; ensuring the quality of agrarian products and the competitiveness of producers in the agroindustrial market; introduction of advanced technologies in the field of plant growing and livestock, etc.
In order to economically substantiate the effectiveness of the transformation of organizational-legal forms of management in the field of agribusiness, it is possible to use appropriate methodical tools and information support for economic diagnostics.
It should be noted that the outlined scientific problem has a close connection with the practical activity of agribusiness enterprises that are experiencing problems due to changes in market conditions; this is
reflected in the state of dynamics agricultural development and the final result of economic diagnostics the agribusiness enterprises.
Further research is required on the use of methodical tools for economic diagnostics in order to identify promising directions for the integration of agribusiness enterprises by creating modern organizational-economic structures that allow obtaining a synergistic effect and ensure the long-term competitiveness of enterprises in the agro-industrial complex market.

This article examines how the economic concessions given to foreign companies during the Ottoman Empire were assumed by the new Turkish Republic and readjusted under the new circumstances that arose after the First World War. Using mainly the documents of the French diplomatic archives and of the Turkish state, the article focuses on the negotiations between the Turkish government in Ankara and the representatives of the French companies, in the summer of 1923. Taking into account the nationalist ideas of the new Turkish government, the European governments and companies were concerned about the economic path that young Turkey would follow and they were worried about their economic interests in this country. The article puts forward that the rigorous attitude of the Turkish government regarding national sovereignty and political independence was a determining factor in these first years of the new regime but did not constitute an obstacle to the privileges of the foreign capital in Turkey.

Автореферат дисертації на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук, 2012 p.
Наукова новизна одержаних результатів:
вперше:
- запропоновано концепцію державної економічної політики в торгівлі на принципах маркетингового управління, складовими якої є сукупність заходів стимулювання внутрішнього попиту домогосподарств та реструктуризація попиту фірм на факторні ресурси через розвиток інститутів сфери обміну, пришвидшення темпів і технологічну зміну способів ринкових трансакцій на принципах холістичного маркетингу та інноваційності, що дозволить підвищити ефективність товарного ринку, стабілізувати економічну ситуацію в державі, знизити норму заощадження населення, а отже, збільшити кількість інвестиційних ресурсів в економіці та вивільнити додаткові засоби для її подальшого зростання;
- доведено на методологічному і методичному рівнях доцільність та адекватність застосування нового класу виробничої функції – функціональної залежності обсягів реалізації товарів і послуг від комбінації факторів збутової діяльності сфери обміну, що сприятиме досконалішому макропрогнозуванню та плануванню економічних процесів у торгівлі з урахуванням чинника інформаційних технологій, з одного боку, та створенню методологічної індикативної бази для формування національного бенчмаркінгового інформаційного банку моделей у сфері обміну – з другого.

In the monograph the authors consider the economic security as an interdependent system of its various levels from the standpoint of ensuring the economic security of the state and regions and the economic security of enterprises. The authors reveal the essence of the concept of “economic security”, describing its main elements, principles and functions. The main components of economic security of the state, region and enterprises are proposed.
Collective monograph is published in author's edition.
The editorial board is not responsible for the authenticity of the statistical and other information provided in the manuscripts, the correctness of the citation of the material, and reserves the right not to distribute the views of some authors on certain issues that are considered in the parts.
Collective monograph is intended for scientists, lecturers, post-graduate students, students of higher educational institutions, business and public organizations.
Collective monograph is published as part of crosscutting theme of the research “Ensuring national economic security in the context of geopolitical transformations”, the state registration number 0118U001942.

Em nosso texto, analisamos a relação entre Caio Prado e Fernando Novais no que diz respeito
aos estudos acerca da colonização. Colocando-se como discípulo do primeiro, Novais expõe sua concepção
de colonização como aprofundamento e superação do modo como o autor de Formação do Brasil
contemporâneo entendia o fenômeno colonial. Essa maneira de colocar essa relação acabou sendo aceita tanto
pelos partidários como pelos críticos de Novais, adquirindo foros de verdade. No entanto, para entroncar
sua concepção de colonização na de Caio Prado, Novais concebeu-o de uma maneira particular, isto é,
como um historiador do ‘sentido da colonização’. Um exame da concepção de colonização de Caio Prado
mostra, todavia, que ela é parte integrante da sua interpretação da história do Brasil em seu conjunto.
Resulta disso que não podemos isolar uma da outra, sem prejuízo para o entendimento da obra de Caio
Prado. Retomar a obra de Caio Prado em sua historicidade constitui, pois, o resultado de nosso texto.

English:
In this paper we propose to analyze the relationship established by Fernando Novais with
Caio Prado regarding the studies about the colonization. Putting himself as his disciple, Novais exposes his
conception of colonization as a deepening means and a way to overcome the way by which the author of
Formação do Brasil contemporâneo understood the colonial phenomenon. This way of putting this relationship
has been accepted by both the critics and supporters of Novais, thus acquiring certainty of truth. We show
in this paper that by rooting his conception of colonization in Prado’s conception, Novais conceived him in
a particular way: as an historian of the ‘sense of colonization’. The analysis of Prado’s concept of
colonization shows, however, that this is part of his interpretation of the history of Brazil, as a whole. It
follows that we can’t isolate one from the other without disturbing the comprehension of Prado’s
conception. The result of our text is thus retaking the Prado’s conception in its historicity.

Widmet man sich in diesen Tagen der Beschäftigung mit Themen in und um die DDR, so sieht man sich geradezu widersinnigen Doppelgestalten gegenüber. Die Aktualität und Geschwindigkeit der Entwicklung erlaubt es kaum, einen dieser Themenkreise im Moment der Ruhe zu beleuchten, während gleichzeitig allerorten der Eindruck vermittelt wird, es handle sich dabei um Geschichten aus längst vergangener Zeit.
Vor diesem Hintergrund nun mache ich mich daran, ein Kapitel der Informationsverarbeitung in der DDR zu untersuchen, das aufgrund der engen Verbindung von staatlicher Statistik und Parteiapparat in Gefahr ist, zusammen mit dem ideologischen Ballast über Bord zu gehen und in Vergessenheit zu geraten, während zudem die DDR-Informatik als Ganzes in dem Ruf der Rückständigkeit und Überflüssigkeit steht. Es ist jedoch gerade diese vielfältige, ja sogar verwirrende Ausgangssituation, die mich zur Bearbeitung des Themas veranlaßt hat.
Ich möchte im folgenden einige Arbeitshypothesen zum Komplex der staatlichen Statistik und der Datenverarbeitung innerhalb des statistischen Informationssystems der DDR aufstellen, die gewissermaßen eine gemeinsame Basis für die anstehende Untersuchung bilden sollen. Es handelt sich dabei um verschiedene Betrachtungsweisen der Thematik, wie sie sich aus der Beschäftigung mit ihr ergeben können. Teilweise widersprechen sie einander, teilweise werden sie vielleicht erst im Laufe meiner Ausführungen verständlich werden, manchmal sind sie etwas provozierend formuliert.
Sie zeigen jedoch, wie ich meine, die Bandbreite der möglichen Einstellungen, mit denen man sich diesem Thema nähern kann. Zu den häufiger geäußerten Ansichten zählen mit Sicherheit die folgenden, daß das statistische Informationssystem zusammen mit der Partei, zu deren Unterstützung es konzipiert war, abgewirtschaftet hat und daß es, nicht zuletzt ob seiner technischen Rückständigkeit den Anforderungen einer gesamtdeutschen Statistik nicht mehr entspricht.
Desweiteren stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit das System der Kommandowirtschaft mit dem Aufbau der staatlichen Statistik verknüpft war und in welchem Maße wiederum die Statistik die Organisation der EDV in der DDR mitbestimmt hat.
Der Klärung scheint mir auch der eigentliche Charakter der staatlichen Statistik und des Informationsystems zu bedürfen. Muß man sie nun als wichtiges Kontrollorgan von Staats- und Parteiführung oder als eine Art staatliche Buchhaltung betrachten.
Bei der Analyse des Datenflusses und der -verarbeitung im statistischen Informationssystem könnte sich aber auch ein ganz anders geartetes Bild ergeben, das es als flexibles und leistungsfähiges Informattionssystem zeigt, dessen zentralisierte Struktur verglichen etwa mit der föderalen der bundesdeutschen amtlichen Statistik ausgesprochene Vorteile bietet, wobei gerade der Rückstand in der Hardwaretechnik die Entwicklung effizienter Verarbeitungsverfahren auf organisatorischer Ebene verlangte.
Schließlich läßt sich die Frage aufwerfen, ob nicht die Unterstellung der Statistik unter Partei- und Staatsführung und damit die Verbindung von Statistik und Vollzug in entscheidendem Maße verantwortlich für das Scheitern der Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftspolitik war. Das heißt, muß vielleicht eine staatliche oder amtliche Statistik wirklich unabhängig von Politik und Verwaltung arbeiten können, um dem Staat zu dienen?
Bei der Frage nach Gründen für das Scheitern des DDR-Systems gilt es ebenfalls zu untersuchen, in welchem Maße es gerade durch das statistische Informationssystem oder aber trotz seiner Existenz zu dem Realitätsverlust auf den Leitungsebenen wie auch bei der Bevölkerung kommen konnte und welche Rolle in diesem Zusammenhang die Menge der erhobenen Daten spielte.
Insbesondere die Beantwortung der letztgenannten Fragen wird mir eine Bewertung der Einflüsse von politischen Ideologien einerseits und Organisationsstrukturen andererseits auf die Leistungsfähigkeit von Informationssystemen ermöglichen und somit einen grundlegenden Aspekt der Informationsverarbeitung beleuchten helfen.
Zur Bestätigung, Widerlegung oder Gewichtung dieser Hypothesen werde ich mich nun an die Untersuchung des statistischen Informationssystems und seiner Randbedingungen begeben. Zu diesem Zweck werde ich zunächst einige Begriffsbestimmungen vornehmen und die Aufgaben von Rechnungsführung und Statistik innerhalb der sozialistischen Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft erläutern, bevor ich mich dann der historischen Entwicklung von Statistik und Datenverarbeitung zuwenden werde. Den Hauptteil meiner Untersuchung werde ich dann entlang des Informationsflusses im statistischen Informationssystem und seiner Rahmenbedingungen entwickeln.
Hier ergibt sich nun angesichts der Rasanz der politischen Entwicklung die Schwierigkeit eine geeignete Perspektive für die Betrachtung zu finden. Ich habe mich daher entschieden, das Informationssystem im Zustand seiner Aktivität, das heißt in der Gegenwart zu untersuchen und zu beschreiben, um sowohl der Aktualität des Themas und der geringen zeitlichen Entfernung Ausdruck zu verleihen als auch ein möglichst lebendiges Bild von der Arbeit der Statistik und EDV zu zeichnen.
Der Problematik von Datenschutz, Datensicherheit und Ordnungsmäßigkeit werde ich aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung für die Verarbeitung statistischer Daten einen eigenen Abschnitt widmen. Hieran anschließend werde ich mich mit den Neukonzeptionen für das Informationssystem des Statistischen Amtes der DDR auseinandersetzen und ihre Verwertbarkeit im Rahmen einer gesamtdeutschen amtlichen Statistik prüfen, bevor ich im Schlußabschnitt zur Bewertung der aufgestellten Hypothesen schreiten werde.
Es erscheint mir ratsam, darauf hinzuweisen, daß der Gebrauch des Begriffes 'statistisches Informationssystem' in der Literatur nicht einheitlich ist. Je nach Zusammenhang wird hierunter entweder die gesamte Informationsgewinnung durch die staatliche Statistik oder auch nur der
EDV-orientierte Teil derselben verstanden. Ich werde mich prinzipiell dieser Praxis anschließen, um nicht einen neuen, ungebräuchlichen Begriff definieren zu müssen. Welche Sichtweise im Einzelfall gemeint ist, wird sich aber aus der Thematik des jeweiligen Abschnitts ersehen lassen.

The post-World War II reconstruction of global trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) has been a significant topic of discussion in the analyses of numerous bilateral economic relations, including those that are located in Asia Pacific.  Since the reconstruction, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) have increasingly internalised trade and FDI in markets where they are active.  Markets and MNE activities have grown together while governments have become more responsive to this process.  This paper discusses the above process along with an analysis of the rise and development of the economic relationship between Australia and Japan from the immediate post-World War II phase through Australia’s neo-liberal trade policy phase.  The post-World War II relationship began in the 1950s, and grew during the Cold War years, the end of which has created competitive pressures on the Australian economy.  Australia has tried to overcome this by progressively adapting a unilateral neo-liberal trade policy and encouraging its trade and investment partners to do the same, unsuccessfully in most cases where such partners have extensive state subsidy structures in place.  The paper discusses the effects of major events such as the Plaza Accord and the end of Japan’s ‘bubble economy’ on the relationship.  The discussion extends into the development of new challenges in the 2010s.

Auseinandersetzung mit der untergegangenen DDR tut Not; so läßt sich wohl die Situation in Deutschland im zweiten Jahr der Vereinigung beschreiben. Als ich im Sommer 1990 meine erste Arbeit über die Datenverarbeitung im statistischen Informationssystem der DDR schrieb (1), schien es vielen, angesichts des sich allerorten schnell vollziehenden Wandels, nicht an der Zeit, allerjüngste Vergangenheit aufzuarbeiten. Heute wiederum sind es die drängenden Probleme, die der Vereinigungsprozeß überall in der Gesellschaft auslöst, die scheinbar nicht den Raum für Vergangenes lassen. Betrachtet man je-doch die zwei Jahre seit dem November 1989 im Rückblick. so zeigt sich. daß es eine Zeit der verpaßten Chancen zu solch einer Auseinandersetzung mit der DDR, ihrer Gesellschaft und ihren Institutionen war.
(1) Markus Güttler, Die Datenverarbeitung im statistischen Informationssystem der DDR : ein Beitrag zur deutschen Vereinigung und zur Geschichte der Informatik, Technische Universität Berlin, Forschungsberichte des FB Informatik, Bericht 1990-36, Berlin, 1990

Abstract This article examines how the economic concessions given to foreign companies during the Ottoman Empire were assumed by the new Turkish Republic and readjusted under the new circumstances that arose after the First World War. Using mainly the documents of the French diplomatic archives and of the Turkish state, the article focuses on the negotiations between the Turkish government in Ankara and the representatives of the French companies, in the summer of 1923. Taking into account the nationalist ideas of the new Turkish government, the European governments and companies were concerned about the economic path that young Turkey would follow and they were worried about their economic interests in this country. The article puts forward that the rigorous attitude of the Turkish government regarding national sovereignty and political independence was a determining factor in these first years of the new regime but did not constitute an obstacle to the privileges of the foreign capital in Turkey.

There has been a performance laxity in core integration aspects of the East African Community attributed to poor macroeconomic integration. National selfish interests have been blamed for the lagging integration that has delayed the success of the community. For instance, some member states have viewed the provisions of the EAC treaty as unfair to their domestic affairs, which has contributed to laxity in adhering to some EAC policies and resolutions. This research was aimed at examining the effect of national economic interests on the success of regional integration in the EAC. The study objective was to assess the effects of national economic interests on the success of regional integration in EAC. The study was anchored on the customs union theory, which suggests that trade patterns in integration can lead member states to shy away especially if the integration leads to unfair trade practices. A descriptive research design was adopted for this study while stratified sampling was used to sample 103 respondents from a population of 450 staff of the EAC Secretariat. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed through SPSS and Microsoft Excel 365. It was observed that national economic interests have been influencing the implementation of the EAC treaty by slowing the implementation of the customs union and the common market. This study recommends the need for the EAC to find policy solutions that will help the organization maneuver contextual problems without relying on successful integration case studies.

This article examines the political campaign of the Brexit Party via the conceptual frameworks of cultural performance and the politics of victimhood. The Brexit Party election broadcasts focus predominantly on the post-industrial working class communities by depicting them as forgotten and betrayed and attack the Labour Party as their formerly natural representative for its stance on Brexit. While there is a growing body of research that convincingly examines the rise of national populism as a direct result of distrust towards politicians and the establishment and of demographic and cultural changes there is little as to how notions of victimhood, the white working class and the “left behind” are constructed and performed by the agents of contemporary national populism. By deploying Jeffrey Alexander’s (2011; 2017) conceptualisation of cultural performance as a social process by which actors display for others the meaning of their social situation the paper identifies the current status of victimhood and its political communication in the wider Brexit debate. As a result, the post-industrial working class becomes at once the victim of failed social and economic policies and the authentic representative of a country unable to assert its dominance in the world economy. The social actors in the Brexit Party’s campaign are being motivated by and towards moral and cultural concerns the meaning of which are defined by signifiers of regional inequality and nostalgia. The article makes two different yet interconnected arguments. First, the cultural performance of victimhood is a precondition for contemporary articulations of nationalism and belonging. Second, the cultural performance of victimhood is an indispensable component for the communication of loss, democratic deficit and for presenting the working class as a racialised minority.

In this essay I consider the changing articulation of the economic and the political in contemporary capitalism. This topic is often reduced to the changing relationship between markets and the state. The following account broadens such analyses by examining the cultural and social embeddedness of market and state and their discursive and the ways in which they are articulated both discursively and extra- discursively. To illustrate this claim I refer substantively to changes in the state form that has been centrally associated with Atlantic Fordism.

The consequential failures of breakeven in respect to business expectations in Northern Nigeria drive around the competent knowledge acquired by entrepreneurs. This knowledge can be translated into identifiable opportunities with lucrative business openings. As such impacting knowledge on Entrepreneurship Education to yield employment opportunities through the entrepreneurship development was the bases of this Research work. Survey Method was designed and used with Multistage sampling procedure. The responses were categorized into four Stages. (9) local governments were randomly selected from three (3) senatorial zones in Stage One. In the second stage, fifty (50) Ramat Polytechnics graduates engaged in Entrepreneurship businesses in the areas of Technical, Vocational, Businesses etc. courses were purposively selected from 27 local governments of the state. Descriptive statistic and five point likert scale were used to analyze the data. The result shows that; there were several type...

Global terrorism constitutes a veritable threat to international peace and security. On the other hand, Nigeria has witnessed sustained attacks through militancy and other forms of insurgency orchestrated by different groups since the inception of the 4th Republic in 1999. The operations of these armed groups with varying and conflictual ideological, political and ethno-religious agenda have become ominous to Nigeria’s quest of joining the league of the 20 largest economies in the world by 2020 as encapsulated in the Vision 20:2020 Economic Transformation Blueprint. This paper, therefore, examines the implication of militancy on the actualisation of the Vision 20:2020. Using the Radical Approach to National Security, the paper concludes that the answer to the national security question, sustainable economic development and the Vision 20:2020 is hinged on the welfare and security of the people. The paper recommends the formulation and effective implementation of populist policies and...

This paper aims to create an image both in terms of description and in terms of graphical representation, with multiannual coverage (2007–2019), the evolution of the financial indicators of the population, and their impact on the national economy. The main objective is to establish the basic pillars of the concentrated table of population financial indicators in terms of the values of absolute primary indicators, on the basis of which the values of the three relevant relative indicators that characterize the financial situation of the population were calculated directly for the potential and performance of the national economy, especially in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research methodology was based on a series of numerical data from public databases, tools, and appropriate research methods based on the calculation of primary indicators, and indicators derived by appropriate calculation formulas, for the identification of factors influencing the financial statu...

This work is set to measure the contribution of real estate to the production output of manufacturing industries in Nigeria and relate it to the gross domestic product of Nigeria with a view to providing guidance for the industrial investors, measuring past achievements and providing the basis for planning and control decisions. 44 of the 108 industries in industrial town of Ota in Nigeria were randomly sampled to elicit data between 2008 and 2012 from heads of administration of each industry and data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings indicated that at aggregate level, industrial properties in Ota, Nigeria contributed 19% performance to the manufacturing success of industrial establishments. Furthermore, while both contributions of manufacturing sector to the national economy and the industrial real estate to manufacturing output are not steady or specific in trend, the average of the contribution of manufacturing/industrial sector to Nigerian econom...

The author believes that in the future Russia can become a global environmental donor preserving the biosphere of the whole planet for the country’s vast territories and natural landscape have changed little under the human activities. Today in the global economy, Russia plays mainly a role of an exporter of exhaustible energy resources, which puts its future in a risky dependence on various unstable factors affecting the extraction and consumption of such resources. The article proposes a project of changing and expanding the role of Russia as a supplier of natural resources and conditions necessary for the survival and future development of the humankind. The author considers as the main wealth of the country not some minerals, vegetable or animal raw materials, but the entire natural landscape and all natural components of the cultural landscape. The preservation and maintenance of the natural landscape as the most important element of the biosphere, its material, spiritual and information consumption without destruction and depletion should become a priority branch of the Russian national economy. The accumulation of population in urban agglomerations, the lack of population and roads in the former rural areas, the vast military ranges consisting of forests and steppes, and the wild landscapes along the administrative borders of settlements and regions contribute to the transformation of the significant part of Russia into nature reserves and parks, and to the preservation of nature in hunting and fishing grounds for the eco-friendly land use and nature management. The ecological specialization and recreational role of the suburban area of the Ecumenopolis can become priorities of the Russian national economy and provide the country with a unique and indispensable place in the global community.

Im Schlepptau einer mäßigen weltwirtschaftlichen Konjunkturbelebung und angesichts nur leicht verbesserter Wachstumsaussichten für die US-Wirtschaft ist für die meisten lateinamerikanischen Volkswirtschaften im Jahr 2003 lediglich ein verhaltenes Wiedererstarken der wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten zu erwarten. Die Krise in Argentinien wird sich voraussichtlich entschärfen, jedoch noch nachwirken und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in den Nachbarländern belasten. Nachdem das Bruttoinlandsprodukt der Region im Jahr 2002 schätzungsweise um fast 1% gesunken ist, wird für 2003 mit einer Wachstumsrate der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Wertschöpfung von rund 2% gerechnet. Damit bleibt der erwartete wirtschaftliche Aufschwung in Lateinamerika deutlich hinter der Wachstumsdynamik anderer Entwicklungsländer-Regionen zurück. Wie auch schon 2001, sind die Pro-Kopf-Einkommen in den meisten lateinamerikanischen Volkswirtschaften im Jahr 2002 erneut gesunken. Ein Rückgang der Pro-Kopf-Einkommen in mehreren ...

Πότε το νέο είναι πραγματικά νέο; Πότε πρέπει να αρχίσουμε να αμφισβητούμε τις ιδέες και πρακτικές του νέο-φιλελευθερισμού ως μια σειρά πολιτικών και οικονομικών μεταρρυθμίσεων που έχουν αποτύχει πλήρως σε όποια χώρα έχουν εφαρμοσθεί; Εδώ και χρόνια, η οικονομία της γνώσης και η άμεση συσχέτιση της με την αγορά εργασίας αποτελεί τον Δούρειο Ίππο για τον μετασχηματισμό της παιδείας σε μια πλατφόρμα αποκεντρωμένων εκπαιδευτικών μονάδων των οποίων ο σκοπός είναι η άμεση εξυπηρέτηση των αναγκών των εργοδοτών. Με άλλα λόγια, φοιτητές και μαθητές της δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης θα πρέπει να λογίζονται ως δυνητικά μέλη της εγχώριας και διεθνούς αγοράς εργασίας.

In light of the growing interest in the issue of market mediation as an alternative path to providing the appropriate financing for various economic sectors, this study aims to highlight the basic concepts of the financial system and the nature of the mediation it provides through the financing systems it adopts to provide the appropriate financing. Based on the indicators of the performance of the Algerian financial market, the status of this mechanism was identified in the Algerian financial system and its ability to support the national economy. The study found that this market is inactive and unable to play its primary role in supporting the national economy; this is due to a number of obstacles that must be overcome in order to be able to benefit from the various advantages achieved by the market mediation of the Algerian national economy.

Pakistan is the country which is blessed up with enormous reserves of natural resources. The economy of Pakistan is growing at the rate of 2.7%, and consequently the growth demands higher energy consumption. The major energy sources of Pakistan are oil, gas and hydel energy which are backbone of the country. Pakistan has the reserves of oil (0.31 billion barrels), gas (30 TCF), coal (185 billion tons) and shale gas reserves of 51 TCF. Apart from all these resources Pakistan is an agri country and has a strong potential to produce energy through biomass and agriwaste. Also Pakistan has the edge from solar energy and can produce 2.3 million mega watts per annum. Also the country can produce energy from biofuels using its own land and resources for cultivation. But possessing all these resources we are still lacking in fulfilling our energy demand due to several reasons.
With the total reserves of 0.31 billion barrels of oil we are not able to fulfill the demand of oil through home resources because the production of oil in the country is only 59.08 thousand bbl/day and the consumption is 426.72 thousands bbl/day, rest of the demand is fulfilled by oil imports. The reason behind is less exploration and production. While in the gas sector we have 30 TCF reserves of gas and the natural gas consumption is growing rapidly. Due to sudden increase in CNG the current supply of natural gas is not meeting the energy demand in gas sector.
Pakistan is suffering the worst shortage of oil, gas and electricity. The reason behind is improper channelizing of energy, less exploration activities in oil and gas sector, inappropriate distribution of resources, poor management, law and order situation and bad governance. Pakistan can overcome the energy crisis which it is facing by optimizing the indigenous resources, adopting alternate energy technologies, focusing on the renewable energy and improving the government policy to grab the foreign investments.
Besides the conventional energy resources Pakistan has the capability to produce energy through different alternate energy resources. Pakistan produces two million tons molasses per year that is a reasonable amount to produce ethanolfuels for transport sector. Also by the cultivation of Jatropha crucas plants we can produce a large amount of biodiesel for automotives. Also having the edge of sunlight country has potential to produce solar energy. By allocating biogas units in rural areas and at grid levels, adopting fuel cell technology and by biomass to energy production we can overcome the energy crisis by utilizing local resources.
The oil and gas sector of a country is an important part of its economy. The oil and gas sector of Pakistan has massive share in the country’s economy. Development of oil and gas sector is the key to boost up a country’s economy.
Government is trying to offer a better and competitive policy that should meet to the international standards to attract the foreign investments in the country. The need for fulfilling the energy needs is to improve law and order situation in the country for the sake of foreign investments, proper optimization of the sources, improvement in the government policy focus, adequate rationalizing of oil and gas prices and focus management for utilization of resources.

Conventional economic policy objectives of a small open economy like Thailand are to achieve sustainable economic growth while also attaining desirable socio-political stability. Though not ideally realized, these goals have been met at the expense of financial instability and uncertainty in both interest and exchange rates as domestic financial system failed to efficiently allocate the influx of foreign capitals, thereby undergoing a painful structural change. New economic policy adjustment calls for a proper interface between the real and financial economies in which the objectives are shifted towards appropriate human-capital opportunity distribution and systemic stability in the financial sector. It is argued that distribution of human-capital opportunities, rather than of wealth and welfare, not only would strengthen employment and output growth and stabilize price level, but would also enable Thai citizenry to make better and more prudent consumption and investment decisions in light of changing global financial markets environment. Moreover, systemic stability can be achieved through the development of a strong financial infrastructure, which helps complete and perfect the markets in terms of efficient risk allocation and more symmetric information structure.

Die konjunkturelle Abkühlung der Weltwirtschaft, die zur Jahresmitte 2001 deutlich geworden war, hat sich durch die Terroranschläge vom 11. September 2001 weiter verstärkt. Auch die lateinamerikanischen Volkswirtschaften sind von der kontraktiven Entwicklung des Welthandels betroffen. Nachdem schon im Jahre 2001 nur für wenige Länder Lateinamerikas ein dynamisches Wirtschaftswachstum registriert werden konnte, mussten die Wachstumsprognosen für das Jahr 2002 erneut nach unten korrigiert werden. Innerhalb Lateinamerikas sind die Perspektiven für eine baldige Überwindung der konjunkturellen Schwächephase und für die Wiedergewinnung einer gesamtwirtschaftlichen Wachstumsdynamik sehr unterschiedlich. (Brennpkt Lat.am/DÜI

Über viele Jahre gab es auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent kaum Fortschritte der Industrialisierung. Im gegenwärtigen Wachstumsprozess, der mit zunehmenden Investitionen verbunden ist, sollen die Weichen für industrielle Cluster, Industriezonen und die Einbindung afrikanischer Unternehmen in Wertschöpfungsketten gestellt werden. Derzeit ist das Wirtschaftswachstum noch vom Wachstum der Beschäftigung abgekoppelt; ein Industrialisierungsprozess könnte zu inklusivem Wachstum beitragen.

The study was aimed to explore the innovative and inclusive local entrepreneurship and SME development in Namibia. The study used qualitative methods as a research strategy. Meaning qualitative data was collected and analysed using interpretive techniques through the distribution of google form link to SMEs owner in the 14 region of Namibia. The findings of the study revealed that Namibia SMEs's owner had no knowledge in SMEs networking with other SMEs in the 14 region. The participants further indicated there is no network platform among SMEs in Namibia that share information regarding SMEs growth and development. According to the participants engaged in the study they indicated that since 1990 some are still operating the same way and there is no partnership with other SMEs in the 14 regions of the country since independence. Therefore, the present study recommends that Ministry of trade should come up with strategies and mechanism that can empower SMEs owner to share business ideas, networking and create partnership with other SMEs in the 14 regions of Namibia and the study further recommends that the Ministry of Trade should come up with SMEs annual conference meeting that would enable SMEs owner to attend and share business ideas and be able to compete at global level.

This paper aims to create an image both in terms of description and in terms of graphical representation, with multiannual coverage (2007–2019), the evolution of the financial indicators of the population, and their impact on the national economy. The main objective is to establish the basic pillars of the concentrated table of population financial indicators in terms of the values of absolute primary indicators, on the basis of which the values of the three relevant relative indicators that characterize the financial situation of the population were calculated directly for the potential and performance of the national economy, especially in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research methodology was based on a series of numerical data from public databases, tools, and appropriate research methods based on the calculation of primary indicators, and indicators derived by appropriate calculation formulas, for the identification of factors influencing the financial statu...

This paper aims to create an image both in terms of description and in terms of graphical
representation, with multiannual coverage (2007–2019), the evolution of the financial indicators of
the population, and their impact on the national economy. The main objective is to establish the basic
pillars of the concentrated table of population financial indicators in terms of the values of absolute
primary indicators, on the basis of which the values of the three relevant relative indicators that
characterize the financial situation of the population were calculated directly for the potential and
performance of the national economy, especially in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The research methodology was based on a series of numerical data from public databases, tools,
and appropriate research methods based on the calculation of primary indicators, and indicators
derived by appropriate calculation formulas, for the identification of factors influencing the financial
status of the population at and a comparative analysis of the financial assets and liabilities of
households in Romania and the European Union. The results of the paper are given by the evolution
of primary indicators on the characterization of the financial situation of the population in 2007–2019,
especially for the active population, and are directly influenced by the quality of eligible employment
and employed adults, as well as the sustainability of the national economy. The personal contribution
of the research team consists of the mathematical correlations given by the population finances for
the economy of a state, which are extremely relevant, especially since, depending on their positive
or negative levels, systemic financial and social imbalances are created with direct impact on the
sustainability of the national economy. Thus, we want to determine these financial indicators relevant
to the economy. Additionally, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the related issues to the population
finances have aggravated and as such, there is a need for structural changes and adoptions. Finally,
as an immediate and less costly solution, this study comes up with the suggestion of shifting the
national economy toward frugality, therefore, significantly supporting sustainable development.
Keywords: financial indicators; sustainability; national economy; frugal economy

The article contains an analysis of the impact of technology development on the possibilities of national economy modeling. It is revealed that the development of modern software related to economics directly affects the clarity of the processes related to economic activity. Business informatics and implementation of new technologies have mass character. It was analyzed that economic cybernetics is more connected with the simulation of economic systems. Both disciplines are characterized by interdisciplinarity and are at the crossroads between economic science and computer science. In this relation, there exist a problems of large-scale integration and modeling of the interaction between economic system and other social systems, in order to reflect all important factors of influence related to the national economy.

The main objective of this paper is to identify the most important direct and indirect sources of water use in the Croatian economy and, based on that, to identify the key drivers of water use in the process of Croatian national production. For this purpose, water extended input-output model was constructed and empirically applied in the paper, based on which the indicators of direct, indirect, and cumulative water intensities of production sectors in the Croatian economy have been quantified and analysed, including their cumulative and indirect water use multipliers. Using the aforementioned model, the paper also assesses and analyses domestic, net imported, and total water footprints of production sectors in the Croatian economy, as well as the relative strength of pull-and-push effects of their water use. For the purpose of model construction, the last published input-output table of the Croatian economy for 2010 and the reference data of the Croatian official water statistics were used. The results of the model indicate that direct and indirect water use flows in the Croatian economy are mostly determined by intermediate processes of generating and using the output of the power, chemical, and oil-processing sector. Through the application of the model, it has also been found that these sectors dominate in the structure of the total water footprint of the Croatian economy, whereby the Republic of Croatia, overall, achieves a surplus in the international exchange of virtual waters. Given the new findings on indirect and cumulative water use flows in the Croatian economy, the author's recommendation is that the multiplicative effects of inter-sectoral dependencies in the processes of national production on the total water use must be taken into account when conducting future activities of planning, management, and protection of Croatian water resources.

У даній статті проводиться аналіз розвитку національної економіки у контексті міжнародних
порівнянь, показано диспропорційні тенденції розвитку економіки України під час фінансово-
економічної кризи 2008-2010 рр.
В данной статье проводится анализ развития национальной экономики в контексте
международных сравнений, показ диспропорциональных тенденций развития экономики Украины
во время финансово-экономического кризиса 2008-2010 гг.
In this article the analysis of development of national economy is conducted in the context of
international comparisons, show of disproportionate tendencies to development of economy of Ukraine
during a financial and economic crisis 2008-2010