Newcastle

The political and religious symbolism of buildings is of enduring interest in historical archaeology. Similarly, ideal concepts in urban planning, and utopian communities have been of recent concern. This paper moves beyond iconography and ideology to examine how a new, post-Civil War English elite tried to implement a policy of reforming their town as a New Jerusalem. A group of merchant houses reveals an attempt to build Scripture into the physical environment, and establish the elite as Elect " watchmen " over the lives and souls of the townspeople. Contemporary sermons are integral to the analysis, as are the agency and interrelationships of a tightly-knit social group. There are two strands to this paper: one is the relationship between the iconography of buildings and their inhabitants; the other is the concept of ideal relationships at the heart of settlement planning. The two come together in the analysis of an extraordinary group of merchant houses built in the town of Newcastle upon Tyne in the NorthEast of England, in the mid-seventeenth century, in the period following the execution of King Charles I, when England was ruled as a republic and a severely Protestant or puritan Commonwealth under the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. The prominent external characteristics of the houses are the rows of windows in three horizontal bands, seemingly continuous, and giving the impression of a unifying, though not uniform, façade. The archaeological study of ideal urban forms ranges across the centuries. For example, Lilley (2004a, 2004b, 2007) has pursued a sustained project to examine the planning and iconography of medieval towns between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. He proposes that planned towns of this period were intended to represent ideals of the Heavenly Jerusalem on earth. However, these ideals were only apparent

Sting, aka Gordon Sumner (b. 1951 in Wallsend, close to Newcastle upon Tyne), is a famous songwriter and performer who grew up in a Catholic environment. Although he does not identify as Catholic anymore, the religious images and notions he grew up with appear rather frequently in his work. This article explores examples of religious imagery in his album The Last Ship (2013), and in the musical of the same name based on the album. To date, the musical has been produced from two very different books: a US version by John Logan and Brian Yorkey (2014), and a UK one by Lorne Campbell (2018). The US version includes many religious notions, and in particular, includes a priest as one of its central figures. The UK version has little to no religion in it. The article suggests that each
of these versions reflects a certain historical moment in the life of Wallsend, from where, supposedly, the ‘last ship’ was launched.

In a previous book, Sting and Religion: The Catholic-Shaped Imagination of a Rock Icon (Cascade Books, 2021), I analyzed, among other things, the religious environment of a Catholic community in Wallsend, a small town near Newcastle Upon Tyne in North East England, from around 1950 to around 1970. Many of the historical events and geographical circumstances that led to the particular religious environment in that time and place were only superficially explored in that book, due to the need to keep the study at a reasonable length and focused on its main subject. This separate short book can thus function as a background introduction to Sting and Religion, or as an entirely independent historical survey of, as its title says, religion in England from prehistoric times to the early 1980s, with a special emphasis, when relevant, on Catholicism, and the country’s North East.

In Australia, governing the integration of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) into Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is becoming a pressing field of action. This governance is shaped by normative elements such as strategies, policies, and plans (SPPs), which set goals for coping with climate change-related risks. This paper investigates CCA and DRR as integrated into SPPs by Local Governments of Newcastle, Singleton, and Lake Macquarie, NSW. A content analysis of documents publicly available on City Councils' websites has been performed. The analysis found: i) differences between urban and rural Local Governments in terms of climate change-related risks consideration; ii) a convergence of common topics and milestones for some of the SPPs; iii) the necessity to target vulnerabilities and resilience for some specific subgroups of local communities; iv) land-use and development as common topics; and, v) a required focus on drought and on the inclusion of CCA into disaster response. The paper recommends exploring governance of CCA&DRR integration at the local level in order to advance the current state of the art.

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a major viral disease of poultry. The morbidity and mortality rates of chickens vaccinated with NDV in broiler farms in Diyala Province were 100% and 80%, respectively, rates due to suspected infection with the highly virulent NDV. The present study aimed to isolate and identify the NDV virus and evaluate its pathogenicity in infected broiler chickens at poultry farms.

Materials and Methods: Broiler chickens at two commercial poultry farms were suspected of being infected with virulent NDV due to high mortality rates. Virus isolated from samples of intestinal tissues, lungs, trachea, spleen, kidneys, and air sacs was adapted in the allantoic cavity of embryonated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs. The NDV pathotype was determined based on the mean death time (MDT) in eggs as well as the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and intravenous pathogenicity index pathogenicity indexes of the isolated samples. Broilers were experimentally infected by inoculation with fluids collected from the allantoic cavities of 60 broilers aged 35 days. Serological and molecular tests were followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine levels of anti-NDV immunoglobulin G, and isolates were identified using a hyperimmune (HI) test and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results: Suspected and isolated NDV field samples propagated in the allantoic cavity of 10-day-old fertile SPF chickens were NDV positive in the rapid hemagglutination test within a few seconds. Pathogenicity indices and MDT showed that the isolated NDV was viscerotropic and velogenic. The virus was identified as NDV by the HI test using specific anti-LaSota HI serum and RT-PCR with specific primers and probes. Propagation of the virus in the allantoic cavity of embryonated hen eggs produced a viral titer of 109.5 EID50/0.1 mL.

Conclusion: The virus isolated from broiler chicken farms in Diyala Province, Iraq, was viscerotropic and velogenic according to the pathogenicity indices and RT-PCR. The isolated NDV caused 100% morbidity and 90% mortality in NDV-vaccinated and experimentally infected broiler chickens.

Robert Gilchrist (1797-1844) was a sailmaker and poet from Newcastle/Gateshead, England. He won some local renown for his verse, which attempted to emulate the likes of Robert Burns through romantic poems that dealt with the universal themes of love, loss and landscape; though he also retained a sharp eye for his local surroundings, producing some intriguing dialect verse that celebrated the local characters and eccentrics that inhabited Newcastle's quayside. Gilchrist published in the local press and three volumes of his verse appeared during his lifetime. His work was reproduced in local song collections, notably Fordyce's 1842 Newcastle Song Book, Joseph Robson's 1849 Songs of the Bards of the Tyne, and Thomas Allan's 1862 Tyneside Songs and Readings, which also featured a lengthy biography of him. A further short biography appears in Richard Welford's Men of Mark 'Twixt Tyne and Tweed (1895). Robert Gilchrist was part of a culture of self-educated local poets and songsters whose existence is partly responsible for the development of music hall in the mid- to late-nineteenth century.

On the back cover of one of his most groundbreaking solo albums, . . . Nothing like the Sun of 1987, Sting (Gordon Matthew Sumner, b. 1951 in Wallsend, UK) somberly stands close to a statue of Mary, the mother of Jesus. The album was released a few months after his own mother, Audrey, died. The picture was taken on the island of Montserrat, where he was recording the album, apparently on the day of her death. "I said goodbye to my mother, as I had a recording date in Montserrat, and she died a week later." When asked by the author if his mother was particularly connected to Mary, and if this was why he chose this image, he replied "No, but I did."

This evocative photograph and Sting's quick answer encapsulate the two pillars of this book: a microhistory of a specific British Catholic parish in the 1950s-60s, and the impact that growing up there had on Sting's artistic output. And beyond that, this book opens a window onto the influence of Catholic education and imagination on millions of less famous people who had similar upbringings.

www.stingandreligion.com

La publicación de Carter (2017) en la colección ·'Al margen", Sajalín editores recupera­ba una de las obras esenciales del escritor Ted Lewis (Manchester, 1940-Scunthorpe, 1982). La buena aceptación de crítica y público llevó a Sajalín a publicar la precuela La ley de Carter y No solo morir en 2018.
La edición suponía el reviva] de la película Get Carter (Mike Hodges, 1971) traducida en España como Asesino implacable, la primera de sus tres adaptaciones al cine. Esta cinta es probablemente uno de los noir o neo noir más relevantes de la historia del cine británíco y obra esencial del género.
De Ted Lewis se conoce lo esencial. Estuvo interesado por la ilustración y se diplomó en la Hull Art School. Fue músico y pintor y participó en el equipo de animadores de la película Yellow Submarine (id., George Dunning, 1968). Fue guionista televisivo de la serie Z-Cars (1976-78). historia realista de una patrulla policial cuyo ambiente trasladó posterionnente a sus novelas. Poco más, a partir del éxito el declive, el divorcio de su mujer, el alcoholismo y su muerte a los cuarenta y dos años en una pequeña ciudad a la que se había trasladado a vivir con su madre.
Lewis fue un escritor bastante particular, de estilo descamado y poco redundante cuyas tramas se dirigen a lo esencial. En este sentido, su obra tiene un componente rítmico y visual que lo acerca a la narrativa cinematográfica siguiendo la tradición literaria del pulp norteame­ricano pero insertando los personajes y espacios de las ciudades británicas.

La publicación de Carter (2017) en la colección ·'Al margen", Sajalín editores recupera­ba una de las obras esenciales del escritor Ted Lewis (Manchester, 1940-Scunthorpe, 1982). La buena aceptación de crítica y público llevó a Sajalín a publicar la precuela La ley de Carter y No solo morir en 2018.
La edición suponía el reviva] de la película Get Carter (Mike Hodges, 1971) traducida en España como Asesino implacable, la primera de sus tres adaptaciones al cine. Esta cinta es probablemente uno de los noir o neo noir más relevantes de la historia del cine británíco y obra esencial del género.
De Ted Lewis se conoce lo esencial. Estuvo interesado por la ilustración y se diplomó en la Hull Art School. Fue músico y pintor y participó en el equipo de animadores de la película Yellow Submarine (id., George Dunning, 1968). Fue guionista televisivo de la serie Z-Cars (1976-78). historia realista de una patrulla policial cuyo ambiente trasladó posterionnente a sus novelas. Poco más, a partir del éxito el declive, el divorcio de su mujer, el alcoholismo y su muerte a los cuarenta y dos años en una pequeña ciudad a la que se había trasladado a vivir con su madre.
Lewis fue un escritor bastante particular, de estilo descamado y poco redundante cuyas tramas se dirigen a lo esencial. En este sentido, su obra tiene un componente rítmico y visual que lo acerca a la narrativa cinematográfica siguiendo la tradición literaria del pulp norteame­ricano pero insertando los personajes y espacios de las ciudades británicas.
repentino fallecimiento de su hennano Frank. Carter, w10 de los principales asesinos de los mafiosos londinenses Les y Gerald Fletcher, quiere esclarecer la mue11e de Frank, ya que, pese a que no tenían relación, no le cuadra cómo ha mue,10. A partir de alú comienza una rabiosa caffera por desentrañar la verdad en la que Jack Caiier muestra todo un repertorio de violencia que irá in crescendo en su reencuentro con los hampones que le vieron crecer.
Por un lado la mafia local conoce su peligro y no desea a Carter campando a sus anchas por la ciudad. Por otra parte, los Fetcher no quieren que vaya aITeglando asuntos familiares sin su aprobación. Carter desplaza su papel de sicario al de justiciero, intentando desentrañar lo que ha pasado y, una vez que lo ha perdido todo, solo queda inmolarse para ejecutar fríamente aquello que ha comenzado.
Carter es un personaje amoral, violento y desalmado que se guía por un particular código de honor que hace que el lector se identifique con él. incluso, que sienta cie1ta simpatía por su figura pese a que justifique acciones que nos deberían repeler. A ello contribuye la cuidada puesta en escena del protagonista. Como ha definido Antonio Lozano es "probablemente el sicario más atildado y pulcro que ha tenido nunca la mafia inglesa". Una elegancia que es doble. Por un lado, la de su apariencia física: Carter viste un traje ajustado de tres piezas de excelente factura, complementado por los gemelos y reloj, así como un peinado impecable. En el libro, la única concesión son las escasas descripciones que se dedican a la vestimenta de los personajes, detallando los momentos en los que la violencia se desata. Por otro, el de una personalidad fría, cruel y distante que domina cualquier situación. Un canalla que es, a la vez, irónico, inteligente y distinguido.
La novela es una historia violenta de venganza y honor, un doloroso drama cuyo ve1tigi­noso avance no da descanso al lector y en el que aparecen hechos y situaciones que no debie­ron haber acontecido mmca. El pasado es la marca inherente del presente de todos los actores.
Por otra parte, Lewis impone una escenografía en la que aparecen las pe1iferias indus­triales en todo su podrido esplendor. Como contrapunto al brillante malhechor, descubre el mundo industrial del norte de inglatena, ciudades siderúrgicas y oscmas con hileras de angustiosos adosados de ladrillo. Los relatos de Ted Lewis muestran universos desesperanza­dos, un submundo de criminales asentados en otros de peor estofa, bares desgastados, pubs y night-clubs en los que el sexo, las drogas y la pornografía son los motores que los sustentan.
Al fin y al cabo, eran los espacios que el escritor frecuentaba y cuya perniciosa influencia terminaría con su vida.
Como mantiene Michael Hann, Get Carter (Asesino implacable, Mike Hodges, 1971)'tiene tanto valor como pai1e de la historia social como un thriller''. Y es que Get Carter es una película fundamental, un clásico que no fue reconocido en su época (se presentó sin éxito en Estados Unidos como paiie de un programa doble junto a una película de Frank Sinatra), pero que ha recuperado su espacio entre cinéfilos: el de un público joven que la adora y queno había nacido cuando fue rodada y el de directores corno Guy Ritchey y Quentin Tarantino que la reconocen corno una obra de culto. La cinta es de las grandes películas de la historia del cine británico y se reestrenó en los cines del Reino Unido en 1999. La historia de Cet Carter es, a la vez, el empeño de Michael Caine y de Michael Klin­ger -reconocido productor del primer Polansky- en asociarse para crear una película de gánsteres diferente. El actor la considera una obra relevante en su carrera siendo la conclu­sión de una década en la que había trabajado encadenando rodaje tras rodaje sin descanso. También fue el momento en que deseaba producir su propia película y que ésta huyera de los arquetipos hegemónicos del noir. El actor británico hablaba de un film que, contrariamente a las películas comerciales, no idealizara la violencia, sino que la mostraría desde un punto de vista más brutal y descamado:

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease is one of the most common diseases affecting poultry in Bangladesh. The disease can cause up to 100% mortality but is preventable if birds are timely and properly vaccinated with a vaccine of standard virus titer. Different live vaccines are commercially available in the country - most, if not all, are produced using lentogenic strains of the virus with variable virulence. One of the disadvantages of these vaccines is that they are not stable at high environmental temperature, and therefore, a proper cold chain must be maintained during transportation and storage. Information on how long these vaccine viruses can withstand environmental temperature, which is near the vicinity of 37°C in the summer season in Bangladesh, is scanty. The aim of this research was to measure the effect of temperature on virus titer of live ND virus vaccines and to develop a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) standard curve to indirectly determine hemagglutination (HA) titer of virus by this highly sensitive method.

Materials and Methods: In this study, thermostability of five commercial live vaccines containing LaSota, F, Clone 30, and B1 type LaSota strains was observed for up to 35 days keeping them at 37°C. From the most thermostability yielding sample, two rRT-PCR standard curves were developed: (1) By plotting the cycle threshold (CT) values as obtained from 10-fold serial dilutions up to 10-3 against their corresponding log (to the base 10) dilutions and (2) by plotting the CT values obtained from serial HA dilutions up to 2-4 against their corresponding HA titer dilutions. The PCR efficiencies based on which the graphs were fitted were also evaluated.

Results: The vaccine from the LaSota strain withstood 37°C for 35 days with a gradual declination of HA titer over time, and this vaccine also had the highest initial HA titer, which was 211. The vaccine made from F strain was inactivated quickly, and it had the lowest HA titer at the beginning of the study. The first standard curve developed can be used to assess the level of virus titer in a diluted sample compared with the titer in the original undiluted vaccine preparation by plotting the CT value obtained from the dilution by rRT-PCR. The second standard curve can be used to calculate the HA titer of a vaccine dilution by plotting the CT value as obtained from the dilution by rRT-PCR.

Conclusion: The regression equations for the first and second graphs were y=–3.535x+14.365 and y=–1.081x+13.703, respectively, suggesting that, for every 3.53 cycles, the PCR product would have increased 10 times and 2 times for every 1.08 cycles, respectively, indicating nearly (but not exactly) 100% PCR efficiency.

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is considered one of the most important poultry diseases with chicken morbidity and mortality rates up to 100%. Current vaccination programs allow the use of live attenuated vaccines in the field to protect against the disease, which alone is inefficient and requires repeat booster doses. Toll-like receptor agonists (e.g., lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) as adjuvants are the ones, most extensively studied and have shown to be very promising in delivering a robust balanced immune response. In the present study, we have evaluated the potential of LPS to elicit a strong immune response with respect to the elicitation of both Th1 (cell-mediated) and Th2 (humoral) immune arms.

Materials and Methods: A total of 72 apparently healthy 1-day-old indigenous unvaccinated chicks were randomly divided into six experimental Groups A to F (n=12). At 8-week of age chicks in Group A, C, and E were vaccinated with live attenuated La Sota strain ND vaccine along with LPS, bovine serum albumin, and normal saline solution, respectively, and those in Group B, D, and E were kept separately without vaccination. Sampling was done on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 35, and 60 after vaccination. After vaccination and respective adjuvant application, Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression were measured in mRNA of both blood and tissue samples.

Results: The results were validated by, hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests, to check for the humoral as well as cell-mediated immune response in blood serum levels. The results showed an increase in mRNA expression of the Th1 biased cytokines in Group A (LPS+NDV) as compared to the control groups. Similar mRNA expression pattern was seen in blood as well as tissue samples. Validation of results also indicates an increase in Cell-mediated Immunity as well as a humoral immune response in Group A (LPS+NDV).

Conclusion: The results of the study provided enough evidence to consider LPS as a potential vaccine adjuvants candidate against ND in chicken.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the important infectious diseases in the poultry industry. The traditional poultry markets have great potential in ND transmission. The ducks infected by the ND virus rarely show clinical symptoms, thus they can potentially spread the disease to other fowls. The current study aimed to isolate and identify the ND virus from ducks in a traditional live bird market center in East Java, Indonesia. Cloacal swab samples were taken from 300 ducks. The study consisted of 100 pooled samples, each containing a cloacal swab sample obtained from 3 individual ducks. The samples were inoculated in specific antibody-negative embryonated chicken eggs for 8-10 days. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests were performed for confirmation and identification of ND virus. Based on the result of the current study, out of 100 pooled samples, there were three to nine ducks infected with the ND virus.

Aim: This research was conducted to produce and characterize ND antibody as reagent candidate to develop a rapid immunodiagnostic test tool. Materials and Methods: Four New Zealand White rabbits were used in this study and divided into two groups. First group was injected by Sato ND antigen, and second group was injected by genotype VII ND antigen. This study is divided into three steps: (a) ND antibody production, (b) ND antibody purification, and (c) ND antibody characterization. First group was rabbit injected by Sato NDV (5×10 8.25 egg lethal doses (ELD) 50 /ml) and second group was injected by genotype VII NDV (5×10 6.5 ELD 50 /ml). Antigen induction was performed by subcutaneous administrated for first (day 1) and second (day 14) injection and intravenous administrated for third (day 30) injection. Blood was collected on day 8 after third injection. Results: Antibody production increased on second antigen injection and reached a peak on day 9 after second antigen injection. Sato and genotype VII ND antibody can be produced without adjuvant within 38 days with the highest titer 2 10. Based on antibody titer data, both antigens induced antibody production in a similar trend. The characterization antibody by SDS-PAGE indicated that molecular weight of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is 154.93 kDa (whole IgG), heavy chain 54.39 kDa, and light chain 27.74 kDa. ND antibodies have specificity to homologous and heterologous NDVs in varying virulence. Conclusion: Sato and genotype VII ND antibodies have been successfully produced within 38 days without adjuvant. Specificity of ND antibodies to NDVs in varying virulence and cross-reaction between Sato ND antibody and genotype VII ND antibody indicates that the characterized ND antibodies can be used as a reagent to develop rapid immunodiagnostic test tools.

Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness of rural poultry farmers on vaccination and to detect Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody in local birds (LB) and eggs in Kwara State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Data on farmers' attitude, knowledge, practices, and experiences on ND mortality were obtained through an interview using a structured cross-sectional checklist. NDV antibodies were detected in sera and egg yolks of local chickens (LC) and guinea fowls (GF) using hemagglutination inhibition test. Results: A total of 83 interviewees, 287 sera and 121 egg yolk extracts, were examined. The study revealed that 98.8% (82/83) of the interviewee had never vaccinated their flock before. 90% of the interviewee had reported high mortality in birds within 1-6 months old, while the major clinical signs were cold (40.4%) and torticollis (30.8%). Evidences of LB exposure to wild-type NDV were confirmed by the detection of NDV antibodies in 20.8% and 0% of LC and GF, respe...

Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness of rural poultry farmers on vaccination and to detect Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody in local birds (LB) and eggs in Kwara State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Data on farmers' attitude, knowledge, practices, and experiences on ND mortality were obtained through an interview using a structured cross-sectional checklist. NDV antibodies were detected in sera and egg yolks of local chickens (LC) and guinea fowls (GF) using hemagglutination inhibition test. Results: A total of 83 interviewees, 287 sera and 121 egg yolk extracts, were examined. The study revealed that 98.8% (82/83) of the interviewee had never vaccinated their flock before. 90% of the interviewee had reported high mortality in birds within 1-6 months old, while the major clinical signs were cold (40.4%) and torticollis (30.8%). Evidences of LB exposure to wild-type NDV were confirmed by the detection of NDV antibodies in 20.8% and 0% of LC and GF, respe...

This research was conducted to produce and characterize ND antibody as reagent candidate to develop a rapid immunodiagnostic test tool. Four New Zealand White rabbits were used in this study and divided into two groups. First group was injected by Sato ND antigen, and second group was injected by genotype VII ND antigen. This study is divided into three steps: (a) ND antibody production, (b) ND antibody purification, and (c) ND antibody characterization. First group was rabbit injected by Sato NDV (5×10 egg lethal doses (ELD)/ml) and second group was injected by genotype VII NDV (5×10 ELD/ml). Antigen induction was performed by subcutaneous administrated for first (day 1) and second (day 14) injection and intravenous administrated for third (day 30) injection. Blood was collected on day 8 after third injection. Antibody production increased on second antigen injection and reached a peak on day 9 after second antigen injection. Sato and genotype VII ND antibody can be produced withou...

Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness of rural poultry farmers on vaccination and to detect Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody in local birds (LB) and eggs in Kwara State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Data on farmers' attitude, knowledge, practices, and experiences on ND mortality were obtained through an interview using a structured cross-sectional checklist. NDV antibodies were detected in sera and egg yolks of local chickens (LC) and guinea fowls (GF) using hemagglutination inhibition test. Results: A total of 83 interviewees, 287 sera and 121 egg yolk extracts, were examined. The study revealed that 98.8% (82/83) of the interviewee had never vaccinated their flock before. 90% of the interviewee had reported high mortality in birds within 1-6 months old, while the major clinical signs were cold (40.4%) and torticollis (30.8%). Evidences of LB exposure to wild-type NDV were confirmed by the detection of NDV antibodies in 20.8% and 0% of LC and GF, respe...

The following article fulfils two purposes, first it offers a reflection on last year’s rule changes regarding office to residential conversion; secondly it provides an update regarding the ACES endorsed Northumbria University research project: ‘Investigating the Impact of Vacant Office Buildings on Town and City Centres in the UK.’

Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness of rural poultry farmers on vaccination and to detect Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody in local birds (LB) and eggs in Kwara State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: Data on farmers' attitude, knowledge, practices, and experiences on ND mortality were obtained through an interview using a structured cross-sectional checklist. NDV antibodies were detected in sera and egg yolks of local chickens (LC) and guinea fowls (GF) using hemagglutination inhibition test.

Results: A total of 83 interviewees, 287 sera and 121 egg yolk extracts, were examined. The study revealed that 98.8% (82/83) of the interviewee had never vaccinated their flock before. 90% of the interviewee had reported high mortality in birds within 1-6 months old, while the major clinical signs were cold (40.4%) and torticollis (30.8%). Evidences of LB exposure to wild-type NDV were confirmed by the detection of NDV antibodies in 20.8% and 0% of LC and GF, respectively. The mortality differences experienced in <1 and 1-6 months old LB could be explained by the presence of maternally-derived NDV antibody (49.6%) in egg yolk.

Conclusion: The study showed that LB suffers from NDV as a result of LB keepers' ignorance and neglect by the government. This has limited local investment and subsequent contribution to gross domestic product. This study suggests that the key factors to the prevention of ND remain awareness creation about poultry vaccination, production of affordable vaccines, and availability/accessibility to veterinarian (or trained personnel).

This article begins to address the gap in the quantitative literature on Conservative electoral decline in Northern English cities. Focusing on Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Newcastle, and Birmingham and using local election and census data, this article maps the changing dynamics of Conservative support in Northern English cities from 1958 to 2003. It finds significant local variation in the extent to which Conservative vote share can be attributed to structural factors, and in the rate of Conservative decline. It also finds significant differences between the cities, even when controlling of electoral and socioeconomic factors. Context does indeed matter.